蔡正華, 王學建
(南通大學第二附屬醫(yī)院 神經(jīng)外科, 江蘇 南通, 226001)
23例腦出血致急性梗阻性腦積水行腦室外引流治療的效果分析
蔡正華, 王學建
(南通大學第二附屬醫(yī)院 神經(jīng)外科, 江蘇 南通, 226001)
摘要:目的探討出血性腦卒中導致急性梗阻性腦積水行腦室外引流的手術方法及時機。方法回顧性分析23例急性梗阻性腦積水并行腦室外引流術的患者臨床資料。結果急性梗阻性腦積水23例:高血壓腦出血并破入腦室致腦積水17例,其中14例行單側腦室額角外引流術(左側5例,右側9例),3例行雙側側腦室額角外引流,術后存活16例,1例因并發(fā)肺部感染死亡,需二次行腦室腹腔分流術4例;血管畸形腦出血4例均行單側腦室外引流(左側1例,右側2例), 1例行雙側引流,存活3例,1例因感染最終器官衰竭死亡,其中1例需二次腦室腹腔分流術;腦梗死致梗阻性腦積水2例,行右側側腦室額角穿刺引流,1例存活,另1例因腦損傷死亡。結論對于出血性腦卒中導致的急性梗阻性腦積水,腦室外引流術是有效的治療方法。
關鍵詞:急性梗阻性腦積水; 腦室外引流術; 腦室腹腔分流術
急性梗阻性腦積水是神經(jīng)外科急癥,需要緊急處理以緩解顱內壓[1]。目前比較通行的方法是行腦積水腦室外引流術,可以快速緩解顱內壓,對于腦出血病例還可以達到引流腦室積血,并可經(jīng)引流管注入尿激酶等藥物達到溶解腦出血,實現(xiàn)治療的目的,并可明顯減少后期腦室腹腔分流術的比例。2010年10月—2013年1月本院神經(jīng)外科共收治23例急性梗阻性腦積水病例,應用腦室外引流術治療,取得滿意效果,現(xiàn)報告如下。
1資料與方法
本組23例患者,男14例,女9例,年齡29~72歲,平均43.7歲。臨床表現(xiàn):意識清醒12例,淺-中度昏迷8例,深昏迷3例。高血壓腦出血并破入腦室17例,腦血管畸形出血破入腦室4例,缺血性腦卒中2例。全部病例術前均行頭顱CT或MRI影像檢查,顯示梗阻性腦積水,伴或不伴腦室積血。
所有病例術前均明確存在急性梗阻性腦積水,伴或不伴腦室積血。所有病例均存在顱內高壓的相關表現(xiàn)。手術主要采用右側側腦室額角穿刺,其中對于單側腦室積血采用病側腦室穿刺, 4例存在雙側腦室積血病例行雙側腦室外引流術。
手術方法如下:常規(guī)消毒后,平臥位,頭部抬高20~30°, 取冠狀縫前1 cm, 中線旁開2~3 cm為頭皮穿刺點,顱骨鉆孔,“十”字形切開硬腦膜,電凝硬膜止血,避開皮層血管,以帶針芯穿刺針朝雙耳外耳道假想的連線中點穿刺。進針4~6 mm, 有突破感,進入側腦室額角,拔出針芯可見腦脊液流出,再置入0.5~1 cm。固定引流管,縫合頭皮。引流管外接引流袋。高度根據(jù)患者的顱內壓和引流情況而定。
對于腦室出血多,甚至出現(xiàn)腦室鑄型的病例,作者行尿激酶腦室注入促進溶血,加快恢復腦脊液循環(huán)。具體使用方法為:將5萬U的尿激酶溶于5 mL的0.9%氯化鈉溶液中,經(jīng)外引流管注入腦室內,關閉引流管2 h后,開放引流管,將陳舊性血液、腦脊液排凈, 1 d后可再次注入尿激酶溶液。在引流過程中,觀察并記錄引流量及顏色,必要時可多次注射尿激酶治療。作者最多共注入4次尿激酶,在后期有5例病例加以腰穿腦脊液置管輔助引流及治療腦室積血。
本組外引流管最長留置1周,一般3~5 d拔除。在治療過程中,及時復查頭部CT, 出血消失及梗阻緩解,及時夾閉引流管,如1 d以上(>24 h)無顱內壓增高表現(xiàn),且患者意識障礙未加重,則拔除引流管。
2結果
本組共有急性梗阻性腦積水伴或不伴腦室積血病例23例:高血壓腦出血并破入腦室17例,其中14例行同側側腦室額角外引流術(左側5例,右側9例), 3例行雙側側腦室額角外引流,其中有2例配合使用腰穿腦脊液外引流術,術后存活16例, 1例因并發(fā)肺部感染死亡,需后續(xù)進一步行腦室腹腔分流術4例;血管畸形腦出血4例,均行單側腦室外引流(左側1例,右側2例), 1例行雙側引流,存活3例, 1例因感染最終器官衰竭死亡,其中1例需二次腦室腹腔分流術;腦梗死致梗阻性腦積水2例,行右側側腦室額角穿刺引流, 1例存活,另1例因腦損傷死亡。術后隨訪頭部CT檢查,均提示顱內急性腦積水改善。
3討論
腦卒中導致的急性梗阻性腦積水是神經(jīng)外科急癥,可以造成急性腦脊液循環(huán)障礙,腦積水不斷增多,腦室系統(tǒng)擴大,張力增加。患者會出現(xiàn)顱內高壓的表現(xiàn),并可出現(xiàn)意識障礙加重,嚴重者昏迷甚至死亡。神經(jīng)外科急診腦室外引流手術處理可緩解腦室壓力,引流腦脊液,緩解病情,為進一步治療爭取時間[1-3]。
對于腦卒中導致的急性腦積水的發(fā)生原因,作者認為有以下2個原因: ① 高血壓卒中或自發(fā)性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血等多種原因的出血,導致腦室系統(tǒng)腦脊液的引流及吸收障礙,腦脊液在腦室系統(tǒng)積存,影響腦脊液循環(huán)。如出血堵塞導水管、三腦室積血等情況[4-6]; ②高血壓腦卒中、腦梗死等原因導致腦腫脹、中線移位、腦室受壓等原因,導致中腦導水管等腦脊液循環(huán)通路梗阻,產(chǎn)生梗阻性腦積水[7-8]。急性梗阻性腦積水形成后,因為腦脊液循環(huán)障礙,顱內壓力增加,嚴重影響患者的生存狀態(tài)及意識狀況,會進一步加重患者病情,嚴重者會致死。臨床上應密切觀察病情,必要時行CT等檢查,一旦確診,應積極處理。
本院神經(jīng)外科2010年10月—2013年1月收治的急性梗阻性腦積水并行腦室外引流術的23例病例,其中高血壓腦出血破入腦室17例,血管畸形腦出血4例,腦梗死致梗阻性腦積水2例。雙側側腦室外引流4例,左側側腦室外引流6例,右側側腦室外引流術13例。作者對于置管引流的原則是,一般以右側側腦室額角外引流為首選,但是對于雙側腦室鑄型病例選擇雙側側腦室置管外引流;對于單側腦室積血,選擇病側腦室置管引流。
對于腦室積血梗阻病例,腦室外引流置管治療過程中,予以配合注入尿激酶輔助治療。具體使用方法為:尿激酶5萬單位溶于3~5 mL生理鹽水,經(jīng)引流管注入腦室內,夾閉2 h左右,分開引流,視積血量及引流效果,可連續(xù)使用數(shù)天。但在注入尿激酶后要嚴密觀察病情變化,若患者意識障礙加重、躁動、血壓升高,及時開放引流管。若管內有新鮮出血或放管后患者病情無好轉,需要及時復查頭顱CT。Rohde等[9]早在1995年就報道了在腦室積血行腦室外引流配合使用rt-PA治療,取得了滿意的療效。2000年Naff等[10]報道了一組12例腦室積血病例行腦室外引流結合尿激酶注射治療方案,取得了滿意的效果。急性腦積水緩解后, 3~5 d內夾閉,夾閉24 h, 如意識障礙未加重,則予以拔除腦室外引流管,一般引流管留置不超過1周。Huttner等[11]在腦室內壓力小于或等于20 mmHg達24 h的病例,予以夾閉引流管1 d, 復查頭部CT如無腦室系統(tǒng)擴大,則予以拔除引流管。對于后期仍有腦積水病例,則予以行腦室腹腔分流替代,本組有7例需二次行腦室腹腔分流術。
對于腦積血病例,在后期治療中,配合使用了腰穿置管腦脊液引流術。在早期腦室系統(tǒng)仍處于梗阻狀態(tài),尚未再通時,作者進行腰穿行腦脊液置換術輔助治療,促進腦積血排出。等明確腦室系統(tǒng)不存在梗阻時,尤其在拔除腦室外引流管后,繼續(xù)配合使用腰穿置管持續(xù)引流術。單純運用腦室外引流術雖然能有效引流側腦室內積血,但對于腦室鑄型、血凝塊較大時,僅腦室外引流管畢竟引流有限,尤其對于第三、四腦室的積血病例,接觸少、直接作用少,溶解效果不佳,對丘腦下部、腦干等顱內重要解剖結構壓迫無法迅速解除,從而影響療效。而加用腦脊液置換術可協(xié)助加速溶解及清除顱內積血,緩解顱內壓。
本組病例中有2例發(fā)生非腦室系統(tǒng)的感染,最終死亡,但無1例發(fā)生腦室系統(tǒng)感染,所以作者認為,注意無菌操作及拔管時間,可以有效地避免顱內感染的發(fā)生率。Sykora等[12]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)患者在受到刺激性傷害時,能調節(jié)機體的應變能力以加強抵抗感染;同時,對于卒中病例的感染主要是尿管留置及肺部感染,而非顱內感染。對于腦卒中導致的急性梗阻性腦積水,及時發(fā)現(xiàn)病情,運用腦室外引流術,能夠有效緩解病情,為進一步治療爭取時間。對于腦室積血病例,結合尿激酶溶解積血,可以獲得很好的治療效果。腦室外引流術中注意無菌操作、術后病情緩解并及時拔除引流管可以有效地預防顱內感染。
參考文獻
[1]Adams R E, Diringer M N. Response to external ventricular drainage in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage with hydrocephalus[J]. Neurology, 1998, 50: 519.
[2]Engelhard H H, Andrews C O, Slavin K V, et al. Current management of intraventricular hemorrhage[J]. Surg Neurol, 2003, 60: 15.
[3]Liliang P C, Liang C L, Lu C H, et al. Hypertensive caudate hemorrhage prognostic predictor, outcome, and role of external ventricular drainage[J]. Stroke, 2001, 32(5): 1195.
[4]Shooman D, Portess H, Sparrow O. A review of the current treatment methods for posthaemorrhagic hydrocephalus of infants[J]. Cerebrospinal Fluid Res, 2009, 30: 6.
[5]Cramer B C, Walsh E A. Cisterna magna clot and subsequent post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus[J]. Pediatr Radiol, 2001, 31(3): 153.
[6]Cherian S, Whitelaw A, Thoresen M, et al. The pathogenesis of neonatal post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus[J]. Brain Pathol, 2004, 14(3): 305.
[7]Brott T, Broderick J, Kothari R, et al. Early hemorrhage growth in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage[J]. Stroke, 1997, 28(1): 1.
[8]Mayer S A. Ultra-early hemostatic therapy for intracerebral hemorrhage[J]. Stroke, 2003, 34(1): 224.
[9]Rohde V, Schaller C, Hassler W E. Intraventricular recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for lysis of intraventricular haemorrhage[J]. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 1995, 58(4): 447.
[10]Naff N J, Carhuapoma J R, Williams M A, et al. Treatment of intraventricular hemorrhage with urokinase : effects on 30-Day survival[J]. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2000, 31(4): 841.
[11]Huttner H B, Nagel S, Tognoni E, et al. Intracerebral hemorrhage with severe ventricular involvement: lumbar drainage for communicating hydrocephalus[J]. Stroke, 2007, 38(1): 183.
[12]Sykora M, Diedler J, Poli S, et al. Autonomic shift and increased susceptibility to infections after acute intracerebral hemorrhage[J]. Stroke, 2011,42(5): 1218.
Effect analysis of external ventricular drainage
in treatment of 23 patients with acute obstructive
hydrocephalus induced by cerebral hemorrhage
CAI Zhenghua, WANG Xuejian
(DepartmentofNeurosurgery,TheSecondAffiliatedHospitalofNantongUniversity,
Nantong,Jiangsu, 226001)
ABSTRACT:ObjectiveTo explore operation method and time of external ventricular drainage for patients with acute obstructive hydrocephalus induced by hemorrhagic apoplexy. MethodsClinical materials of 23 acute obstructive hydrocephalus patients with external ventricular drainage were analyzed retrospectively. ResultsIn the 23 patients with acute obstructive hydrocephalus, 17 patients had hydrocephalus due to hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage broke into ventricles of brain, 14 of them were treated by external drainage of frontal horn of the brain ventricle in one side (5 left sides and 9 right sides), 3 cases were treated by two sides. Of the 14 cases, 16 patients survived after operation, one case died due to pulmonary infection, and 4 cases had to accept ventriculo-peritoneal shunt for hydrocephalus. Vascular malformation hemorrhage was observed in 4 cases, and they were treated with external drainage of frontal horn of the brain ventricle in one side (1 left side and 2 right sides). One case was treated by two sides. Of the 4 patients, 3 cases survived after operation, one case died due to organ failure, and one case had to accept ventriculo-peritoneal shunt for hydrocephalus. Cerebral infarction was observed in 2 cases, and they were treated by external drainage of frontal horn of the brain ventricle in right side. One case survived after operation, and one case died due to brain injury. ConclusionFor patients with acute obstructive hydrocephalus induced by hemorrhagic apoplexy, external ventricular drainage is an effective treatment method.
KEYWORDS:acute obstructive hydrocephalus; external ventricular drainage; ventriculo-peritoneal shunt for hydrocephalus
收稿日期:2014-12-15
中圖分類號:R 743.34
文獻標志碼:A
文章編號:1672-2353(2015)09-025-03
DOI:10.7619/jcmp.201509007