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酚醛樹(shù)脂改性脲醛樹(shù)脂膠黏劑的研究進(jìn)展

2015-04-11 04:18張?jiān)骑w劉輝吳艷光張橋
關(guān)鍵詞:脲醛樹(shù)脂酚醛樹(shù)脂黏劑

張?jiān)骑w,劉輝,吳艷光,張橋

武漢工程大學(xué)材料科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院,湖北 武漢 430074

酚醛樹(shù)脂改性脲醛樹(shù)脂膠黏劑的研究進(jìn)展

張?jiān)骑w,劉輝,吳艷光,張橋

武漢工程大學(xué)材料科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院,湖北 武漢 430074

脲醛樹(shù)脂是一種氨基樹(shù)脂類熱固性合成樹(shù)脂,是尿素和甲醛在堿性或酸性催化劑作用下,經(jīng)加成反應(yīng)、縮聚反應(yīng)生成的縮聚物.脲醛樹(shù)脂具有原料廉價(jià)易得、制造工藝簡(jiǎn)單,無(wú)色透明,對(duì)木質(zhì)纖維素有優(yōu)良的粘附力,是木材膠黏劑中用量最大的品種,約占木材液膠黏劑的80%以上,主要用于膠合板、刨花板、密度纖維板等的粘接.脲醛樹(shù)脂膠黏劑有兩個(gè)主要的缺點(diǎn):游離甲醛釋放和耐水性差,是脲醛樹(shù)脂在實(shí)際生產(chǎn)應(yīng)用中亟待解決的問(wèn)題.酚醛樹(shù)脂被廣泛地用于提高脲醛樹(shù)脂膠黏劑的耐水性及降低脲醛樹(shù)脂膠黏劑的游離甲醛的含量.介紹了酚醛樹(shù)脂對(duì)脲醛樹(shù)脂膠黏劑的改性技術(shù),綜述了國(guó)內(nèi)外酚醛樹(shù)脂改性脲醛樹(shù)脂膠黏劑的研究現(xiàn)狀,并對(duì)其發(fā)展前景提出了展望.

脲醛樹(shù)脂;苯酚;低甲醛;改性技術(shù);

0 引言

脲醛樹(shù)脂具有原料廉價(jià)易得、制造工藝簡(jiǎn)單,無(wú)色透明,對(duì)木質(zhì)纖維素有優(yōu)良的粘附力,不污染木材等優(yōu)點(diǎn),是木材膠黏劑中用量最大的品種,約占木材液膠黏劑的80%以上,主要用于膠合板、刨花板、中密度纖維板等的粘接.但是,脲醛樹(shù)脂膠黏劑存在游離甲醛含量高、固化物脆性大、耐水性差、耐老化性較差等缺點(diǎn)[1-5].通過(guò)降低甲醛尿素摩爾比、改進(jìn)制備工藝、改善固化條件等方法可以降低脲醛樹(shù)脂的游離甲醛釋放量以及耐水性和耐老化性能[6-8].此外,還可通過(guò)加入不同改性劑如三聚氰胺[9]、苯酚[10]、單寧[11]、縮水甘油醚[12]、白乳膠[13]等來(lái)提高脲醛樹(shù)脂的綜合性能.其中有關(guān)三聚氰胺和苯酚改性脲醛樹(shù)脂的研究報(bào)道較多.通過(guò)三聚氰胺或苯酚與尿素、甲醛共縮聚,可以綜合利用三醛樹(shù)脂的優(yōu)點(diǎn),使三醛樹(shù)脂的性能得到互補(bǔ),達(dá)到降低生產(chǎn)成本,提高木材膠黏劑綜合性能,滿足不同膠接制品使用要求的目的.近些年,有關(guān)三聚氰胺改性脲醛樹(shù)脂的綜述報(bào)道較多[14-15],較系統(tǒng)的報(bào)道酚醛樹(shù)脂改性脲醛樹(shù)脂的綜述較少[16-17].基于此,本研究綜述了酚醛樹(shù)脂改性脲醛樹(shù)脂膠黏劑的改性技術(shù)并對(duì)酚醛樹(shù)脂樹(shù)脂改性脲醛樹(shù)脂膠黏劑的發(fā)展前景提出了展望.

1 酚醛樹(shù)脂改性脲醛樹(shù)脂的化學(xué)基礎(chǔ)

酚醛樹(shù)脂具有優(yōu)良的膠接性、耐熱性、耐水性以及化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性好等優(yōu)點(diǎn),廣泛應(yīng)用于木材工業(yè)中.但是酚醛樹(shù)脂也存在著固化速率慢、固化后的膠層較脆、易龜裂、成本較脲醛樹(shù)脂的成本貴、苯酚毒性較大等缺點(diǎn)[18-19].從物料性能看,用酚醛樹(shù)脂改性脲醛樹(shù)脂是可行的,利用酚醛樹(shù)脂改性脲醛樹(shù)脂可以克服各自的缺點(diǎn).利用苯環(huán)的疏水性提高脲醛樹(shù)脂的耐水性;利用苯酚與甲醛反應(yīng)平衡常數(shù)比較大的特點(diǎn),降低改性脲醛樹(shù)脂的游離甲醛含量.用酚醛樹(shù)脂改性脲醛樹(shù)脂的優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于使用少量的酚醛樹(shù)脂達(dá)到改性要求,在增加較少成本的基礎(chǔ)上,改善脲醛樹(shù)脂膠黏劑的膠接性能,降低脲醛樹(shù)脂游離甲醛的含量.酚醛樹(shù)脂中含有較多的反應(yīng)性官能團(tuán)羥甲基(-CH2OH),在一定條件下對(duì)許多化合物都有較高的反應(yīng)活性,比較容易進(jìn)行脫水縮合反應(yīng).酚醛樹(shù)脂改性脲醛樹(shù)脂膠黏劑是通過(guò)酚醛樹(shù)脂的羥甲基與脲醛樹(shù)脂的羥甲基、氨基或亞氨基等含有活潑氫的基團(tuán)發(fā)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)形成共價(jià)鍵.據(jù)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,酚醛樹(shù)脂中的羥甲基可以和脲醛樹(shù)脂的羥甲基或氨基分別生成醚鍵或亞甲基鍵[20-22],減少脲醛樹(shù)脂分子結(jié)構(gòu)中的羥基數(shù)目,達(dá)到改善脲醛樹(shù)脂耐水性的目的.在脲醛樹(shù)脂分子結(jié)構(gòu)中引入剛性的苯環(huán)使得固化后的產(chǎn)品機(jī)械強(qiáng)度提高.

2 酚醛樹(shù)脂改性脲醛樹(shù)脂的改性技術(shù)

分析總結(jié)有關(guān)酚醛樹(shù)脂改性脲醛樹(shù)脂膠黏劑的報(bào)道研究,酚醛樹(shù)脂改性脲醛樹(shù)脂的改性方法主要分為三種:一是直接利用苯酚、尿素與甲醛在堿性條件下進(jìn)行羥甲基化反應(yīng),即反應(yīng)早期加入苯酚進(jìn)行反應(yīng)改性;二是利用分子量較高的酚醛樹(shù)脂改性脲醛樹(shù)脂;三是利用小分子的酚醛衍生物改性脲醛樹(shù)脂.下面分別進(jìn)行介紹.

2.1 直接利用苯酚、尿素和甲醛制備改性脲醛樹(shù)脂膠黏劑

采用苯酚、尿素、甲醛在分子水平上進(jìn)行共縮聚的方式是一種比較常用的制備苯酚改性脲醛樹(shù)脂的方法.該方法主要是通過(guò)在脲醛樹(shù)脂制備過(guò)程中添加一定量的苯酚作為改性劑來(lái)制備改性脲醛樹(shù)脂[23-30],如徐亮等[25]以苯酚、尿素和甲醛為原料,在90℃條件下縮聚反應(yīng)制備苯酚-尿素-甲醛共縮聚樹(shù)脂,制備的改性樹(shù)脂游離甲醛質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)小于0.3%,游離苯酚質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)小于0.5%,采用該改性樹(shù)脂壓制的膠合板力學(xué)性能較好,板材甲醛釋放量符合GB18580-2001E2級(jí)水平;劉璇等[28]研究了以苯酚和聚乙烯醇作為改性劑脲醛樹(shù)脂性能的影響,研究結(jié)果表明:將苯環(huán)引入到脲醛樹(shù)脂結(jié)構(gòu)中提高了改性脲醛樹(shù)脂的膠接強(qiáng)度,脲醛樹(shù)脂的耐水性也得到改善,同時(shí)由于引入了柔性的聚乙烯醇分子鏈,固化后的改性脲醛樹(shù)脂的韌性和抗老化性能也得到了改善.值得一提的是,F(xiàn)an等[30]研究表明,利用苯酚與羥甲基脲反應(yīng)可以制備無(wú)醛膠黏劑,為制備環(huán)保型甲醛脲醛樹(shù)脂提供了一個(gè)新的途徑.

通過(guò)直接在脲醛樹(shù)脂制備過(guò)程添加苯酚作為改性劑來(lái)制備苯酚改性脲醛樹(shù)脂具有操作簡(jiǎn)便的優(yōu)點(diǎn),但是該方法存在一個(gè)缺點(diǎn),制備的改性膠中苯酚殘留量較大,這是由于相同pH條件下,尿素與甲醛反應(yīng)速率大于苯酚與甲醛的反應(yīng)速率,因而在脲醛樹(shù)脂制備的pH反應(yīng)時(shí)間條件下,部分苯酚未能與甲醛反應(yīng)生成相應(yīng)的羥甲基酚,造成苯酚殘留.

2.2 利用分子量較高的酚醛樹(shù)脂改性脲醛樹(shù)脂

利用分子量較高的酚醛樹(shù)脂改性脲醛樹(shù)脂包括共混法和化學(xué)改性法.共混法是指先分別制備酚醛樹(shù)脂和脲醛樹(shù)脂,然后按比例混合.共混法制備工藝比較繁瑣,制備得到的分子量較高的酚醛樹(shù)脂與脲醛樹(shù)脂的相容性較差,混合后貯存穩(wěn)定性差,此外,從已有的試驗(yàn)結(jié)果看,無(wú)論是將酚醛樹(shù)脂膠的pH調(diào)低后再混合,還是混合后再調(diào)低pH值,都常常因?yàn)榻Y(jié)塊而無(wú)法使用[1],因而共混法用的比較少;化學(xué)改性法是指先在堿性、較高的反應(yīng)溫度條件下使苯酚和甲醛反應(yīng),生成分子量較高的水溶性酚醛樹(shù)脂,然后添加尿素和甲醛,在較低溫度下反應(yīng)制得改性脲醛樹(shù)脂[30-36].如申迎華等[31]利用化學(xué)改性法在堿性條件下制備得到低游離酚、低游離甲醛含量,水溶性、貯存性好,原料成本低的酚醛樹(shù)脂改性脲醛樹(shù)脂膠黏劑;范東斌課題組[33-34]利用化學(xué)改性法首先在堿性環(huán)境下制備分子量合適的酚醛樹(shù)脂,然后在堿性條件下添加不同量的尿素繼續(xù)反應(yīng)一段時(shí)間制得改性樹(shù)脂,研究結(jié)果表明,隨著尿素用量的增加,改性樹(shù)脂的膠接性能下降,此外,范東斌課題組[35]還研究了堿性環(huán)境下水溶性酚醛樹(shù)脂與羥甲脲化合物反應(yīng)一段時(shí)間制得改性樹(shù)脂的固化性能,研究結(jié)果表明,氧化鋅、氧化鎂等化合物可以加速改性樹(shù)脂的固化,提高改性樹(shù)脂的固化效率.

從所檢索到的文獻(xiàn)分析,化學(xué)改性法制備較高分子量的酚醛樹(shù)脂改性脲醛樹(shù)脂具有一個(gè)大致相同的共性,就是堿性條件下制備分子量較高的酚醛樹(shù)脂,然后添加適量的尿素或脲醛中間體如羥甲基脲等制備得到改性樹(shù)脂.該方法具有操作簡(jiǎn)便以及制備的改性樹(shù)脂能夠滿足多數(shù)木材的膠接要求,同時(shí),該方法也存在一定的不足,比如,尿素的添加量有限造成成本的降低受到限制;堿性條件下羥甲基間容易形成不穩(wěn)定的醚鍵以及尿素和酚醛樹(shù)脂在堿性條件下的反應(yīng)機(jī)理有待進(jìn)一步完善.

2.3 利用小分子量的酚醛衍生物改性脲醛樹(shù)脂

在堿性條件及較低的溫度條件下,甲醛和苯酚進(jìn)行加成反應(yīng),生成各種小分子的羥甲基苯酚化合物,其反應(yīng)機(jī)理如圖1所示[37].有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,苯酚和甲醛在強(qiáng)堿性條件下可以高效地轉(zhuǎn)化為多羥甲基苯酚[38-40],其中三羥甲基苯酚是最主要的酚醛中間體之一,采用小分子量的酚醛衍生物改性脲醛樹(shù)脂可以克服相同pH條件下,苯酚、尿素與甲醛反應(yīng)速率相差太大的缺點(diǎn),也可以避免苯酚在脲醛樹(shù)脂中的殘留,此外小分子量的酚醛衍生物的水溶性較好.

圖1 堿性條件下苯酚與甲醛反應(yīng)示意圖Fig.1 Reaction schematic of phenol and formaldehyde under alkali condition

Tomita B等[20]提出了一種利用三羥甲基苯酚與尿素的反應(yīng)來(lái)制備苯酚改性脲醛樹(shù)脂.該方法是通過(guò)三羥甲基苯酚與尿素在酸性條件下共縮聚反應(yīng)制備得到,制備示意圖如圖2所示.Tomita B指出,酸性條件下,三羥甲基苯酚與尿素以共縮聚為主,羥甲基苯酚間羥甲基間的縮合很少,可以忽略.利用三羥甲基苯酚與尿素反應(yīng)制備的樹(shù)脂可以降低樹(shù)脂中甲醛的含量,也可以提高樹(shù)脂的耐水性.該報(bào)道的貢獻(xiàn)在于證明了可以從小分子中間體的角度出發(fā)制備低毒的木材用膠黏劑,為環(huán)保型膠黏劑的開(kāi)發(fā)提供了新的思路.

榮磊等[41]研究了多羥甲基苯酚以不同的投料方式對(duì)脲醛樹(shù)脂性能的影響.研究表明,多羥甲基苯酚在脲醛樹(shù)脂制備后期加入,可以有效利用低甲醛尿素摩爾比的脲醛樹(shù)脂中后加入的尿素來(lái)提高粘接強(qiáng)度的目的,通過(guò)引入苯環(huán)提高改性脲醛樹(shù)脂的耐水性能.

圖2 酸性條件下三羥甲基苯酚與尿素反應(yīng)示意圖Fig.2 Reaction schematic of trimethylol phenol and urea under acid condition

Zhang Y F等[42]研究了弱堿-弱酸-弱堿工藝條件下三羥甲基苯酚鹽對(duì)脲醛樹(shù)脂性能的影響.研究表明,少量的三羥甲基苯酚鹽就可以對(duì)脲醛樹(shù)脂中游離甲醛起到明顯的降低作用,而且通過(guò)改性樹(shù)脂浸漬濾紙的拉伸實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,三羥甲基苯酚可以提高浸漬濾紙的拉伸強(qiáng)度.不足之處在于添加了三羥甲基苯酚鹽后,固化的浸漬濾紙脆性比較大,此外,關(guān)于三羥甲基苯酚參與脲醛樹(shù)脂的反應(yīng)機(jī)理分析的不夠透徹.

由于酚醛樹(shù)脂在改性脲醛樹(shù)脂反應(yīng)機(jī)理有待進(jìn)一步探究,加上本身制備工藝的多樣化,導(dǎo)致各研究之間對(duì)酚醛樹(shù)脂改性脲醛樹(shù)脂的分子結(jié)構(gòu)的探究有所出入,值得肯定的是,從大部分制成的酚醛樹(shù)脂改性脲醛樹(shù)脂膠的綜合性能來(lái)看,可以認(rèn)為酚醛樹(shù)脂和脲醛樹(shù)脂之間存在某種反應(yīng).具體的反應(yīng)機(jī)理有待進(jìn)一步研究.

3 結(jié)語(yǔ)

開(kāi)發(fā)高性能的脲醛樹(shù)脂膠黏劑是脲醛樹(shù)脂膠黏劑的發(fā)展趨勢(shì).酚醛樹(shù)脂改性脲醛樹(shù)脂可以發(fā)揮酚醛樹(shù)脂和脲醛樹(shù)脂的優(yōu)點(diǎn),可用于綠色人造板的生產(chǎn),具有廣闊的應(yīng)用前景.今后的研究方向可以從理論角度分析酚醛樹(shù)脂對(duì)脲醛樹(shù)脂中甲醛影響規(guī)律及對(duì)脲醛樹(shù)脂穩(wěn)定性和相容性的影響因素,指導(dǎo)穩(wěn)定的高固含量的低毒酚醛樹(shù)脂改性脲醛樹(shù)脂膠黏劑的合成并使其制備工藝趨于多樣化和成熟穩(wěn)定方向發(fā)展.

致謝:

感謝武漢工程大學(xué)材料科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院提供的研究平臺(tái)!

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Research progress on phenol formaldehyde resin modified urea formaldehyde resin adhesives

ZHANG Yun-fei,LIU Hui,WU Yan-guang,ZHANG Qiao
School of Materials Science and Engineering,Wuhan Institute of Technology,Wuhan 430074,China

Urea formaldehyde resin,a kind of thermosetting amino resin,was prepared by the reaction between urea and formaldehyde under alkaline or acidic catalyst.Urea-formaldehyde resin has been widely used as adhesives for wood-based panel such as plywood,particleboards and density fiberboards because of their excellent properties including low cost,fast curing,colorless and excellent adhesion to wood.Nevertheless,their main drawbacks are low water resistance and emission of formaldehyde from the wood panels,which are critical problems to be solved in actual application.Phenol formaldehyde resin(PF)has been widely used to improve the water resistance of urea formaldehyde resin(UF)and to reduce the formaldehyde content of UF adhesives.The modification technology of UF adhesives with PF was presented.Current research progress of PF modified UF adhesive was reviewed and the trends in the future were prospected.

urea formaldehyde resin;phenol;low formaldehyde content;modification technology;

TQ433

A

10.3969/j.issn.1674-2869.2015.04.005

1674-2869(2015)04-0023-06

本文編輯:張瑞

2015-03-25

張?jiān)骑w(1985-),男,安徽宣城人,講師,博士.研究方向:水性聚合物材料.

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