唐懿芳,王秀華,張 平,曹 希,楊洪華
(中南大學(xué) 湘雅護(hù)理學(xué)院,湖南 長(zhǎng)沙410013)
急 性 冠 狀 動(dòng) 脈 綜 合 征 (acute coronary syndrome,ACS)是以指冠狀動(dòng)脈血流突然受阻而發(fā)生的急性心肌缺血發(fā)作的現(xiàn)象。因其起病急、病情進(jìn)展迅速、致死率高,是最常見(jiàn)的心血管系統(tǒng)急癥。在西方國(guó)家,由ACS造成的死亡人數(shù)約占總死亡人數(shù)的1/3,在我國(guó)ACS的病死率也呈逐年上升趨勢(shì)[1]。對(duì)死亡原因進(jìn)行分析的相關(guān)研究[2-3]顯示,急性冠狀動(dòng)脈硬化性心臟病事件死亡約50%發(fā)生于院前,而院前死亡的50%又集中在發(fā)病后的1h內(nèi)。所以,在癥狀發(fā)生后盡早實(shí)施再灌注治療,使血管及時(shí)再通是ACS治療的關(guān)鍵[4]?;颊邔?duì)于再灌注治療的獲益程度卻往往具有時(shí)間依賴性,即患者到達(dá)醫(yī)院時(shí)間越早,患者的結(jié)局越好[5-9]。臨床研究[10]表明,如果再灌注治療能在梗死癥狀出現(xiàn)的1h內(nèi)實(shí)施,可以提高50%的生存率;如在3h內(nèi)實(shí)施則可以提高23%的生存率。故ACS患者在癥狀發(fā)生后的“黃金1h”內(nèi)及時(shí)抵達(dá)醫(yī)院進(jìn)行再灌注治療,最大限度地縮短院前就醫(yī)延遲時(shí)間,是降低院前病死率的關(guān)鍵。但是,仍有許多因素影響著患者及時(shí)就醫(yī),導(dǎo)致就醫(yī)延遲;另外如何評(píng)估患者就醫(yī)延遲的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),相關(guān)學(xué)者也進(jìn)行了相應(yīng)的探討,本研究就上述兩方面的問(wèn)題綜述如下。
就醫(yī)延遲,是指?jìng)€(gè)體在發(fā)現(xiàn)身體異常癥狀或不適后,因各種原因未及時(shí)尋求醫(yī)療幫助的現(xiàn)象。大部分研究[11-14]將就醫(yī)延遲劃分為3類,即院內(nèi)延遲(hospital delay,HD)、患者延遲(patient delay,PD)和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)延遲(transportation delay,TD),后兩者總稱為院前延遲(pre-h(huán)ospital delay,PHD)。國(guó)內(nèi)外文獻(xiàn)[15-16]報(bào)道,ACS患者存在不同程度的延遲,院前延遲占就醫(yī)延遲的絕大部分,且影響因素眾多,是目前研究的一個(gè)熱點(diǎn)?;谏鲜鼍歪t(yī)延遲的相關(guān)現(xiàn)狀,筆者參閱了大量的國(guó)內(nèi)外文獻(xiàn),將ACS患者院前就醫(yī)延遲的相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素總結(jié)如下。
1.1 社會(huì)人口學(xué)因素 ACS患者就醫(yī)延遲與患者年齡、文化程度、經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況等有關(guān),國(guó)內(nèi)外關(guān)于這方面 的 研 究 較 多。 許 多 研 究[17-20]均 認(rèn) 為,高 齡(>65歲)、文化程度低、未婚(或喪偶)、獨(dú)居、低收入、無(wú)醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)等均會(huì)延長(zhǎng)ACS患者的院前延誤時(shí)間。分析其原因,認(rèn)為老年患者生理機(jī)能逐漸退化,對(duì)疼痛的敏感性降低,且活動(dòng)受到限制,不方便及時(shí)就醫(yī);文化程度低的患者對(duì)疾病的認(rèn)知少,往往不能及時(shí)識(shí)別出ACS癥狀,從而影響迅速尋求醫(yī)療幫助;未婚或獨(dú)居的患者,由于缺乏照顧者,當(dāng)癥狀出現(xiàn)時(shí)無(wú)法及時(shí)向他人求助,從而影響及時(shí)就醫(yī);而低收入或無(wú)醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)的患者擔(dān)心醫(yī)療費(fèi)用高或支付不起等,導(dǎo)致其就醫(yī)延遲。但關(guān)于性別因素,目前國(guó)內(nèi)外的研究尚存在分歧。國(guó)外有研究[21-24]發(fā)現(xiàn),女性患者無(wú)論是院前延遲時(shí)間還是院內(nèi)得到有效治療的時(shí)間均長(zhǎng)于男性,甚至發(fā)現(xiàn)女性是心肌梗死患者延遲診治的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,這與女性患者發(fā)病癥狀多不典型等原因有關(guān)。杜蘭芳等[7]研究結(jié)論與此一致,分析原因可能與我國(guó)特殊的國(guó)情和特點(diǎn)有關(guān),即女性知識(shí)水平相對(duì)偏低,對(duì)疾病認(rèn)識(shí)不足,可能存在更為嚴(yán)重的就診延誤。但也有部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為女性不能作為就醫(yī)延遲的獨(dú)立因素,如 Bank等[25]、O’Donnell等[26]研究結(jié)果均表明就醫(yī)延遲在性別間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
1.2 環(huán)境因素 不同的發(fā)病時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)以及居住地醫(yī)療資源狀況等環(huán)境因素不僅影響患者作出就醫(yī)的決定,對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)時(shí)間同樣也有很大的影響[27-28],是導(dǎo)致患者延遲就醫(yī)的另一個(gè)原因。如患者于夜間至凌晨發(fā)病,由于難以尋找到幫手,也不愿打擾他人的睡眠,患者多采取等待癥狀緩解,或者想堅(jiān)持到天亮再就診;發(fā)病地點(diǎn)在家中或者有家人在場(chǎng)時(shí),患者認(rèn)為在家里是安全的,并且有家人在身旁出主意,實(shí)在無(wú)法堅(jiān)持了才會(huì)有意向就醫(yī),以上因素都可延長(zhǎng)患者決定就醫(yī)的時(shí)間,從而導(dǎo)致就醫(yī)延遲。另外,在患者居住地的醫(yī)療環(huán)境方面,若鄰近醫(yī)院級(jí)別低、離醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)的距離遠(yuǎn)、道路交通不暢、交通工具的不便利等,均可影響醫(yī)療資源的可及性,致使患者在發(fā)病時(shí)難以得到及時(shí)的救治,從而延長(zhǎng)就醫(yī)延遲時(shí)間[29]。
1.3 對(duì)癥狀的自我感知 癥狀發(fā)生時(shí),良好的自我感知可以幫助患者意識(shí)到自身處于危險(xiǎn)之中,從而及時(shí)尋求醫(yī)療幫助,減少其就醫(yī)延遲。但患者對(duì)ACS癥狀的自我感知,往往受到疾病類型、起病是否急促、首發(fā)癥狀是否典型、疼痛嚴(yán)重程度、癥狀持續(xù)時(shí)間等因素的影響[30-33]。如ST段抬高型心肌梗死的癥狀更為典型(嚴(yán)重胸痛和呼吸困難)和嚴(yán)重,可以促使患者及時(shí)尋求醫(yī)療幫助。若首發(fā)癥狀不典型,易將心絞痛誤認(rèn)為胃腸道疾患、消化道不良反應(yīng)等問(wèn)題,致使誤診誤治,從而錯(cuò)過(guò)治療時(shí)機(jī)。O’Donnell等[26]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),起病急促、突然發(fā)作、主要癥狀為胸痛且疼痛劇烈、持續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)的患者往往能較快感受到疾病的嚴(yán)重性,從而迅速作出就醫(yī)決定,縮短就醫(yī)延遲時(shí)間。另外,糖尿病、高血壓及心絞痛病史也可影響患者對(duì)癥狀的自我感知[34],分析認(rèn)為糖尿病末梢神經(jīng)病變,使患者疼痛敏感性降低;高血壓患者由于基礎(chǔ)疾病的影響,往往不能正確識(shí)別癥狀起因,從而就醫(yī)延遲較無(wú)高血壓患者普遍;而既往心絞痛史的患者往往先自行處理,心存僥幸,認(rèn)為癥狀會(huì)同以前一樣緩解,從而造成就醫(yī)延遲。目前,對(duì)于吸煙史的研究較少,且吸煙史使老年患者就醫(yī)延遲的原因尚不明確,但仍有研究[35-36]表明吸煙作為心血管事件的一個(gè)危險(xiǎn)因素,同樣會(huì)使患者對(duì)疼痛的敏感性降低,可以延長(zhǎng)就醫(yī)延遲時(shí)間。
1.4 對(duì)疾病基本知識(shí)的了解與心理因素 認(rèn)知行為理論強(qiáng)調(diào),認(rèn)知在個(gè)體解決問(wèn)題過(guò)程中的重要性。同樣,患者對(duì)疾病基本知識(shí)的了解也影響到患者能否及時(shí)就醫(yī)的問(wèn)題。研究[37]表明,患者對(duì)疾病知識(shí)的了解與院前延遲時(shí)間呈線性關(guān)系,準(zhǔn)確識(shí)別出ACS的臨床表現(xiàn)、正確判斷癥狀的嚴(yán)重程度、知曉ACS的危險(xiǎn)、了解ACS的預(yù)防和治療方法等可以幫助患者將癥狀歸因于心臟疾病,從而促使患者及早就醫(yī)[38-40]。若患者對(duì)疾病的特點(diǎn)與救治方法等了解不足,將可能導(dǎo)致癥狀出現(xiàn)時(shí)患者無(wú)法意識(shí)到疾病的危險(xiǎn)性和縮短延遲時(shí)間的重要性,對(duì)自己的癥狀需不需要就醫(yī)持觀望態(tài)度,或者不能采取正確的呼救行為(如在癥狀發(fā)生5min內(nèi)呼叫救護(hù)車),使延誤時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),由此錯(cuò)失“開(kāi)通”血管的最佳時(shí)間[41-43]。另外,患者的僥幸、焦慮、抑郁等心理因素也會(huì)對(duì)就醫(yī)延遲造成影響。如對(duì)于曾有過(guò)類似癥狀緩解經(jīng)歷,特別是心絞痛緩解經(jīng)歷的患者,覺(jué)得此次發(fā)病癥狀與之前經(jīng)歷的癥狀很像,易產(chǎn)生僥幸心理,而不尋求醫(yī)療幫助,從而使得延誤時(shí)間更長(zhǎng)[19,44]。而焦慮、抑郁情緒則會(huì)增加患者做出就醫(yī)決定的困難,當(dāng)癥狀發(fā)生時(shí)往往不能及時(shí)尋求醫(yī)療幫助,而最終導(dǎo)致就醫(yī)延遲[45-46]。
隨著ACS發(fā)病率和病死率的不斷上升,以及人們對(duì)于治療時(shí)間依賴性的更為廣泛的認(rèn)識(shí),就醫(yī)延遲已成為近年來(lái)國(guó)內(nèi)外研究的焦點(diǎn)。若能通過(guò)對(duì)就醫(yī)延遲的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行評(píng)估,識(shí)別出有延遲傾向的高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)人群,并對(duì)其進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)管理,即可最大限度地減少院前就醫(yī)延遲時(shí)間。但是,目前大部分研究?jī)H僅停留在對(duì)于院前延誤的時(shí)間分布和影響因素的分析,尚無(wú)針對(duì)潛在ACS患者就醫(yī)延遲傾向的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估工具。查閱大量國(guó)內(nèi)外相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)后發(fā)現(xiàn),研究者應(yīng)用較多的相關(guān)評(píng)估工具主要有以下幾種。
2.1 ACS反應(yīng)指數(shù)量表(acute coronary syndrome response index,ACSRI) 此量表是美國(guó)學(xué)者 Riegel等[47]在2007年結(jié)合國(guó)際大型隊(duì)列研究試驗(yàn)(the rapid early action for coronary treatment,REACT)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)編制而成,并在美國(guó)、澳大利亞、新西蘭進(jìn)行了應(yīng)用研究,并進(jìn)行了信度和效度檢驗(yàn)。ACSRI量表包括3個(gè)分量表,即知識(shí)分量表、態(tài)度分量表、信念分量表,Cronbachα系數(shù)分別為0.82、0.71、0.74,共計(jì)33個(gè)條目。該量表通過(guò)評(píng)估患者對(duì)可能發(fā)生的ACS癥狀的認(rèn)知、癥狀出現(xiàn)時(shí)的應(yīng)對(duì)態(tài)度和信念,來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)患者對(duì)ACS的應(yīng)對(duì)行為和發(fā)生就醫(yī)延遲的情況。
2.2 中文版的 ACS反應(yīng)指數(shù)量表(the Chinese version of the acute coronary syndrome response index,C-ACSRI) 2010 年,Cao等[48]對(duì) 英 文 版ACSRI量表進(jìn)行翻譯與修訂,并經(jīng)相關(guān)專家進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)和文化調(diào)試,最終形成適合中國(guó)人的量表。此量表?xiàng)l目數(shù)與原量表一致,總Cronbachα系數(shù)為0.81,各分量表內(nèi)部一致性檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果較好??們?nèi)容效度為0.93,有良好的信、效度,可預(yù)測(cè)我國(guó)患者在發(fā)生ACS癥狀時(shí)能否及時(shí)就診,并可作為減少院前延誤的重要理論依據(jù)。但由于研究的限制,目前僅能證明C-ACSRI在我國(guó)山東省境內(nèi)適用性良好,因此需要進(jìn)行更多樣本、更大范圍的研究。
2.3 急性心肌梗死高危者院前延遲行為意向測(cè)評(píng)量表(the rating scale of pre-h(huán)ospital delay behavior intention for high risk of acute myocardial infarction,RSPHDBIHRAMI) 此量表由趙秋利等[49]于2012年編制完成,它以計(jì)劃行為理論為基本理論框架編,并在哈爾濱420名急性心肌梗死高危者中進(jìn)行了應(yīng)用。此量表共包含24個(gè)條目、6個(gè)維度,具體為就醫(yī)決策(7條)、癥狀警覺(jué)(4條)、習(xí)慣反應(yīng)樣式(4條)、癥狀程度判斷(2條)、阻礙就醫(yī)因素(4條)、促進(jìn)就醫(yī)因素(3條)。量表的Cronbachα系數(shù)為0.744,其累積解釋總方差的58.694%,表明量表具有有良好的內(nèi)部一致性信度和結(jié)構(gòu)效度。該量表既可作為測(cè)評(píng)AMI高危者院前延遲行為意向的工具之一,也可為社區(qū)醫(yī)護(hù)工作者有針對(duì)性地進(jìn)行健康教育于預(yù)提供依據(jù)。但仍需在更多樣本、更廣范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證其信效度。
ACS作為常見(jiàn)的急性冠狀動(dòng)脈硬化性心臟病事件,嚴(yán)重地危害人們的身心健康,已經(jīng)成為了一個(gè)普遍的社會(huì)公共衛(wèi)生問(wèn)題,故如何減少ACS患者的院前延誤對(duì)患者乃至全社會(huì)都有很重要意義。綜合國(guó)內(nèi)外目前的研究,不難得出結(jié)論,ACS患者院前延遲的發(fā)生率高,影響因素眾多。而對(duì)于院前延遲原因的探討,主要集中在社會(huì)人口學(xué)因素、環(huán)境因素、患者對(duì)癥狀的自我感知、患者對(duì)疾病知識(shí)的了解與心理因素等方面。筆者認(rèn)為,減少就醫(yī)延遲應(yīng)從以下兩方面著手:一是充分探究影響患者就醫(yī)延遲的主、客觀因素,特別是患者對(duì)疾病的認(rèn)知及心理狀態(tài)等主觀因素,并通過(guò)健康教育等措施進(jìn)行干預(yù);二是目前對(duì)于ACS就醫(yī)延遲風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的評(píng)估研究很少,且現(xiàn)有的量表?xiàng)l目繁多、應(yīng)用欠廣,因此研制一個(gè)科學(xué)實(shí)用、簡(jiǎn)單易行、普適性良好的就醫(yī)延遲風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估工具為未發(fā)病的有延誤傾向的高危人群服務(wù),真正做好一級(jí)預(yù)防,將會(huì)為ACS患者的及時(shí)就診做出實(shí)質(zhì)性貢獻(xiàn)。
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