趙博 王一峰 侯宏紅 靳潔 曹家豪 殷虎虎
摘要:通過四氧嘧啶(alloxan,ALX)誘導(dǎo)建立糖尿病大鼠模型,用中國楤木總皂苷(total saponins of Aralia chinensis,SAC)高、中、低劑量和二甲雙胍分別對(duì)糖尿病大鼠每天進(jìn)行灌胃給藥,并同時(shí)設(shè)有正常組、糖尿病模型組,每天灌胃等體積生理鹽水,連續(xù)4周,觀察大鼠空腹血糖(FBG)、糖化血紅蛋白(HbAlc)、總膽固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)和低密度脂蛋白(LDL)的變化。發(fā)現(xiàn)SAC對(duì)糖尿病大鼠FBG、HbAlc有明顯降低作用,同時(shí)降低TC、TG,升高HDL含量。結(jié)果表明SAC能夠降低糖尿病大鼠血糖,調(diào)節(jié)糖尿病大鼠血脂代謝紊亂。關(guān)鍵詞:中國楤木;思皂苷;糖尿病大鼠;血糖;血脂中圖分類號(hào):Q946.3 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A 文章編號(hào):1007-7847(2015)02-0137-04Effects of Total Saponin from Aralia chinensis on Blood Glucose and Lipid in Diabetic RatZHAO Bo,WANG Yi-feng*,HOU Hong-hong,JIN Jie,CAO Jia-hao,YIN Hu-hu(College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070,Gansu, China)Abstract: Effects of total saponin from Aralia chinensis on blood glucose and lipid was evaluated in diabetic model rat by administration of high-dosage, medium-dosage, low-dosage of total saponin for four weeks, and metfbrmin hydrochloride and normal saline for stomach perfusion were used a positive and negative control, respectively. Fasting blood glucose(FBG), glycosylated hemoglobin(HbAle), total cholesterol (TC), triglye- eridel (TG), high density lipoprotein(HDL) and low density liporotein(LDL)were monitored. Results showed that SAC can significantly reduce the level of FBG and HbAlc in diabetic rat and TC and TG in serum, meantime the HDL level were elevated. SAC may be a potential therapeutic agent for diabetes.Key words: Aralia chinensis; total saponin; diabetic rat; blood glucose; lipid(Life Science Research,2015,19(2): 137?140)糖尿病是全球范圍內(nèi)嚴(yán)重危害人類健康的常見內(nèi)分泌代謝性疾病。近年來,全球糖尿病患病率及死亡率都呈現(xiàn)一個(gè)逐步上升的趨勢[1]。糖尿病不僅發(fā)病率高,而且并發(fā)癥多,可引起心、腦、腎、眼、周圍血管、神經(jīng)等全身多系統(tǒng)和多器官的慢性并發(fā)癥。糖尿病諸多并發(fā)癥的產(chǎn)生,是導(dǎo)致糖尿病致殘率和病死率升高的主要原因。糖尿病已成為僅次于惡性腫瘤和心血管疾病之后的第三大健康殺手[2-4]。因此,探索和積極尋找治療和控制糖尿病的理想方法和藥物,已成為當(dāng)今世界醫(yī)學(xué)界亟待解決和攻克的重點(diǎn)課題之一。楤木屬(Aralia)系五加科(Araliaceae)植物,全世界共有40余種,大多數(shù)分布于亞洲和北美洲,我國產(chǎn)32種,主要分布于江西、陜西、甘肅中南部等地區(qū),資源豐富[5-6]。該屬植物大多具有重要的藥用價(jià)值,其性味甘、微苦、微寒、辛平,主要以根、根皮入藥,具有補(bǔ)氣安神、利尿消腫、活血化瘀、疏肝解郁之功效[7-11]。中國楤木(Aralia chinensis)為五加科(Araliaceae)楤木屬(Aroalia)植物,其中含量較多的活性成分為皂苷]121,這些皂苷類成分具有多種重要的藥理活性,具有調(diào)節(jié)血脂、降糖、抗炎鎮(zhèn)痛、抗腫瘤、保肝、護(hù)肝等作用本實(shí)驗(yàn)通過將中國楤木總皂苷(total saponins of Aralia chinensis,SAC)作用于化學(xué)性糖尿病大鼠模型,觀察SAC對(duì)糖尿病大鼠血糖和血脂的影響。1材料與方法1.1材料與藥品中國楤木(A.chinensis)采自甘肅徽縣;(Spra-gue-Dawle,SD)雄性大鼠,體質(zhì)量(200±20)g,購自甘肅中醫(yī)學(xué)院,合格證號(hào):scxk(甘)2011~0001。四氧嘧啶(alloxan,ALX)(Sigma公司);鹽酸二甲雙胍片(上海醫(yī)藥有限公司信誼制藥總廠);血糖試紙(愛奧樂醫(yī)療器械(深圳)有限公司)。1.2儀器與設(shè)備全自動(dòng)血糖檢測儀(愛奧樂醫(yī)療器械(深圳)有限公司);WGL-230B型電熱鼓風(fēng)干燥箱(天津市泰斯特儀器有限公司);UAR-6數(shù)顯磁力攪拌水浴鍋(金壇市杰瑞爾電器有限公司);Allegra64R臺(tái)式高速冷凍離心機(jī)(普瑞麥迪實(shí)驗(yàn)室技術(shù)有限公司);旋轉(zhuǎn)蒸發(fā)儀RE-52AA(上海亞榮生化儀器廠);SH15-Ⅲ循環(huán)水式真空泵(上海比朗儀器有限公司);LGJ-18S冷凍干燥機(jī)(北京松源華興科技發(fā)展有限公司)。1.3方法1.3.1SAC的制備將中國楤木根皮置于40℃烘箱中24h,粉碎,加入70%乙醇,回流提取1h,重復(fù)提取2次,合并濾液,濃縮。用石油醚萃取脫脂,水飽和正丁醇萃取3次,合并提取液,濃縮干燥,即得SAC。1.3.2糖尿病大鼠模型的建立實(shí)驗(yàn)前將SD雄性大鼠分籠適應(yīng)性喂養(yǎng)5d后,禁食不禁水12h,稱量大鼠體質(zhì)量,測FBG。隨機(jī)取10只大鼠作為正常對(duì)照組,將其余60只大鼠腹腔一次性注射245mg/kg新鮮配置的3%ALX溶液。72h后斷尾取血,用血糖儀測定FBG(測定之前禁食不禁水12h),將FBG≥16.7mmol/L者視為造模成功。1.3.3糖尿病大鼠模型的分組及給藥將造模成功的SD大鼠隨機(jī)分為5組:SAC高、中、低劑量組,二甲雙胍組,糖尿病模型組。分組后每天分別按SAC高劑量組(120mg/kg),SAC中劑量組(60mg/kg)、SAC低劑量組(30mg/kg)、二甲雙胍組(25mg/kg)給糖尿病大鼠灌胃給藥;糖尿病模型組和正常組大鼠每天灌胃等體積生理鹽水,連續(xù)4周。在實(shí)驗(yàn)期間,大鼠自由飲食和飲水,每隔1周,測定FBG和稱量體質(zhì)量(測定FBG前禁食不禁水12h),連續(xù)觀察4周。1.3.4血清的采集連續(xù)灌胃給藥4周后,將各組大鼠斷頭取血,離心收集血清,采用全自動(dòng)生化分析儀測定FBG、HbAlc、TC、TG、LDL、HDL。1.3.5統(tǒng)計(jì)分析實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)均以x±s表示,數(shù)據(jù)分析采用SPSS17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)分析軟件,P<0.05為差異顯著,P<0.01為差異極顯著,有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。2結(jié)果與分析2.1SAC對(duì)糖尿病大鼠血糖的影響SAC對(duì)糖尿病大鼠血糖的作用,如表1所示,SAC高、中劑量組大鼠的FBG均顯著下降,與糖尿病模型組相比,有顯著性差異(P<0.05和P<0.01)。該結(jié)果表明SAC對(duì)糖尿病模型大鼠具有降血糖作用。2.2SAC對(duì)糖尿病大鼠糖化血紅蛋白的影響SAC對(duì)糖尿病大鼠糖化血紅蛋白的作用,如表2所示,SAC高、中劑量組大鼠HbAlc含量顯著下降,與糖尿病模型組比較具有顯著性差異(P<0.05和P<0.01)。該結(jié)果表明,SAC能夠降低糖尿病大鼠HbAlc水平,其效果與二甲雙胍組相當(dāng),無顯著性差異(P>0.05)。2.3SAC對(duì)糖尿病模型大鼠血脂代謝的影響SAC對(duì)糖尿病大鼠血脂代謝的作用,結(jié)果如表3所示,給藥4周后,與糖尿病模型組比較,SAC各劑量組大鼠的TC、TG含量均有所下降,有顯著性差異(P<0.05)。LDL無明顯變化。該結(jié)果表明SAC可以調(diào)節(jié)糖尿病大鼠血脂代謝。2.4SAC對(duì)糖尿病模型大鼠體質(zhì)量的影響如表4所示,與正常組相比較,糖尿病模型組大鼠明顯消瘦,體質(zhì)量逐漸減輕。與糖尿病模型組相比,SAC各劑量組大鼠體質(zhì)量分別有不同程度的增加。該結(jié)果表明,SAC能夠有效改善糖尿病大鼠體質(zhì)量減輕。3討論糖尿病的發(fā)病基礎(chǔ)是以胰島素抵抗為主、伴隨胰島素分泌不足,本研究采用腹腔注射ALX建立糖尿病大鼠模型,ALX是特異性的胰島β細(xì)胞毒劑,選擇性作用于胰島β細(xì)胞,產(chǎn)生的過氧化氫及超氧陰離子等自由基破壞胰島β細(xì)胞的膜結(jié)構(gòu),損傷胰島β細(xì)胞的DNA,大量的胰島β細(xì)胞損傷、壞死,使胰島素抵抗和胰島素分泌相對(duì)不足,導(dǎo)致外周對(duì)葡萄糖利用減少,引起糖尿病[15]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)中,與正常組比較,模型組大鼠FBG明顯升高,表明造模成功。ALX糖尿病大鼠給予SAC灌胃治療4周后,F(xiàn)BG、HbAlc明顯下降,血脂代謝紊亂有所緩解,表明SAC能夠緩解糖尿病大鼠癥狀。糖尿病一個(gè)主要的病理特點(diǎn)是高血糖,由于胰島素生物活性絕對(duì)或相對(duì)不足,造成葡萄糖在肝、肌肉及脂肪組織的利用減少,同時(shí)肝糖原輸出增多,從而形成高血糖[16]。正常生理狀態(tài)下,餐后血糖升高,刺激胰島素分泌,胰島素是體內(nèi)唯一的降血糖激素,其分泌影響糖代謝關(guān)鍵酶的活性,可促進(jìn)肝臟對(duì)糖的攝取來合成肝糖元;促進(jìn)肌肉組織對(duì)糖的利用來合成肌糖元;促進(jìn)脂肪組織攝取葡萄糖合成脂肪;同時(shí)抑制肝糖元分解以及抑制脂肪和蛋白質(zhì)生成葡萄糖即抑制糖異生,最終使得血糖維持在正常范圍內(nèi),糖尿病患者胰島β細(xì)胞功能障礙,使胰島素分泌絕對(duì)或相對(duì)缺乏,最終導(dǎo)致肝臟、肌肉和脂肪等組織處理血糖能力下降,肝糖元和肌糖元合成減少而分解增加,造成空腹血糖升高[17]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,SAC能夠有效降低糖尿病大鼠FBG,其作用機(jī)制可能是SAC能夠減弱ALX對(duì)胰島β細(xì)胞的損傷,改善受損細(xì)胞功能,從而調(diào)節(jié)糖尿病大鼠FBG。HbAlc是人體血液中紅細(xì)胞內(nèi)的血紅蛋白與血糖結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物。血糖和血紅蛋白結(jié)合生成的糖化血紅蛋白是不可逆反應(yīng),糖化血紅蛋白與血糖濃度成正比,所以,測定HbAlc含量可以反映患者近期的血糖水平[18]。糖化血紅蛋白增高會(huì)改變紅細(xì)胞對(duì)氧的親和力,使組織與細(xì)胞缺氧,加速心腦血管并發(fā)癥的形成;可引起腎小球增厚,誘發(fā)糖尿病腎??;還可引起血脂和血粘滯度增高,是心血管病發(fā)生的重要因素。因此,監(jiān)測糖化血紅蛋白對(duì)糖尿病控制情況、并發(fā)癥的預(yù)測情況,都有重要意義[19]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,SAC能夠降低糖尿病大鼠HbAlc水平,能夠改善血糖控制水平,促進(jìn)血糖達(dá)標(biāo),從而減少并發(fā)癥的發(fā)病率。脂質(zhì)是人體必需的物質(zhì),具有十分重要的生理功能,一旦由于某種原因引起血中脂質(zhì)含量過高或過低,都可能給身體健康帶來不利的影響。糖尿病患者幾乎都存在脂質(zhì)代謝紊亂的情況,其機(jī)制可能是由于糖尿病大鼠存在著胰島素抵抗,一方面使得TG的清除發(fā)生障礙,合成異常增多,TC伴隨性升高;另一方面使得HDL水平降低,LDL水平升高,最終導(dǎo)致脂代謝紊亂[20-22]。機(jī)體血脂水平異常,會(huì)引起動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化、冠心病和腦動(dòng)脈硬化,加快腎功能損害,視網(wǎng)膜病變,是糖尿病病情惡化的危險(xiǎn)因素,因此改善脂代謝紊亂對(duì)糖尿病的治療以及預(yù)防并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生具有重要意義[23]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)糖尿病大鼠血脂代謝的檢測結(jié)果顯示,SAC可通過降低TC、TG、升高HDL含量,有效調(diào)節(jié)血脂代謝紊亂,其可能是在降低血糖水平的同時(shí),間接改善血脂代謝紊亂,具體調(diào)節(jié)途徑有待進(jìn)一步研究。由于胰島素相對(duì)或絕對(duì)的缺乏,導(dǎo)致體內(nèi)葡萄糖不能被利用,蛋白質(zhì)和脂肪消耗增多,從而引起乏力、體質(zhì)量減輕[24]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)研究結(jié)果表明,SAC在一定程度能夠改善糖尿病大鼠體質(zhì)量減輕的癥狀,以及糖尿病大鼠多食、多飲、多尿癥狀,對(duì)糖尿病大鼠具有治療作用。本實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)SAC降血糖、改善血脂代謝紊亂作用進(jìn)行初步探討,關(guān)于SAC降糖及降脂機(jī)制還有待進(jìn)一步研究。參考文獻(xiàn)(References):[1]鄭麗,徐濤.糖尿病研究進(jìn)展[J].生命科學(xué)(ZHENG Li,XU Tao. 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