劉鵬

英語中存在著多種“一致”現(xiàn)象，這是其區(qū)別于漢語的顯著特點(diǎn)之一。它廣泛出現(xiàn)在單項(xiàng)選擇、完形填空、短文改錯(cuò)和書面表達(dá)等題型中。英語中“一致”問題主要體現(xiàn)在以下十點(diǎn)：

一、主謂一致

這是最普遍最基本的一致。主要有三個(gè)原則：

1. 語法一致

語法一致指主語在數(shù)和人稱上與謂語動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞在語法上保持一致。在這方面常犯的錯(cuò)誤是第三人稱單數(shù)與謂語不一致。所以應(yīng)保持人稱與數(shù)的一致。

例如：

a. There are some differences between the two words.

b. The boy goes to school by bike every day.

c. He has an hour for sports after classes every afternoon.

d. The teacher， with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class， ______ visiting a museum when the earthquake struck.

A. was B. were

C. had been D. would be

該題答案為A。

2. 概念一致

概念一致指主語的數(shù)和謂語動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞在概念上保持一致。這種情況下只有吃透詞的含義，弄清語境，才能把握好主語的數(shù)。

例如：

a. My family is a happy one.（family 指“家庭”時(shí)，為單數(shù)。）

b. My family are watching TV now.（family指“家庭成員”時(shí)，為復(fù)數(shù)。）

c. Every possible means has been tried.（means受every制約，為單數(shù)。）

d. All means have been tried.（means受all制約，為復(fù)數(shù)。）

涉及概念一致的名詞主要有以下幾種：

（1）形復(fù)意單，為單數(shù)：the United States， news，physics， maths等。

（2）形復(fù)意單，為復(fù)數(shù)：trousers，glasses，scissors等。（由兩個(gè)對稱體構(gòu)成一個(gè)整體。）

（3）形單意復(fù)，為復(fù)數(shù)：people，police，cattle等。

（4）形同意不同，數(shù)不同：politics意為“政治”，當(dāng)“政治學(xué)”講時(shí)，為單數(shù)；當(dāng)“政治觀點(diǎn)”講時(shí)，為復(fù)數(shù)。

（5）形復(fù)，意同，數(shù)不同：這類詞的數(shù)受制于表數(shù)量的定語，如：one works“一家工廠”，為單數(shù)；two works“兩家工廠”，為復(fù)數(shù)。

3. 就近一致

就近一致指一個(gè)句子中有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的主語，謂語要和它鄰近的那個(gè)主語一致。主要體現(xiàn)在there be句型和“neither ... nor ...”、“either ... or ...”、“not only ... but （also） ...”、“not ... but ...”等結(jié)構(gòu)中。

例如：

a. There is a pen and two pencils in the box.

b. Are either you or he going to Beijing tomorrow？

二、主語和表語一致

主要指主語和表語在數(shù)上一致。

例如：

1. ... but after class we become strangers at once.

（stranger → strangers）

strangers要服從主語we，和we在數(shù)上保持一致。

2. The story is an example of human nature.

但是，當(dāng)表示部分與整體關(guān)系時(shí)，主語和表語在數(shù)上可以不必一致。

例如：

There future theme parks are a good combination of fun and learning.

Are you saying under 1500 words is not a short story？

三、主語和代詞的一致

主要指在性別和數(shù)上一致，盡管不必把這個(gè)代詞譯成漢語，但這是英語中不言而喻的內(nèi)在一致。

例如：

1. He does his homework until late into the night.

2. Mary stood there，holding her head high.

3. Tom went there himself.

4. Children wear their smart clothes on Childrens Day.

四、代詞與其指代的名詞/代詞/句子一致

1. He works hard at his lessons and does well in them.

2. Its easier to fall into bad habits than into good ones.

3. I， who am fond of music， often go to the concert.endprint

4. The boy does well in his lessons， which makes his parents happy.

五、名詞的性別和代詞一致

英語不同于漢語之處還表現(xiàn)在某些名詞本身有性別之分。

陽性：king國王，headmaster男校長，bull公牛，dog公狗等；

陰性：queen王后，女王，hostess女主人等。

例如：

1. The waiter is busy with his work now.

2. The actress often offers her extra income to the Hope Project.

3. The hero seldom thinks of himself.

4. Aunt Li usually closes her shop at the end of the day.

六、代詞和與之相關(guān)的“數(shù)”一致

某些代詞有明確的數(shù)量概念，動(dòng)詞、數(shù)詞、名詞等應(yīng)與代詞的數(shù)一致。

例如：

1. Neither / Either of my two brothers is an engineer.（neither / either“兩個(gè)”中的一個(gè)，為單數(shù)。）

2. Each of his hands is dirty.（each≥2，意為“每個(gè)”， 為單數(shù)。）

3. Any of us three has a bike.（any≥3，意為“任何一個(gè)”， 為單數(shù)。）

4. Both of my parents dont work as doctors.（both = 2）

5. I have four sisters. All of them are workers.（all≥3， 指“全部”。）

七、定語/限定詞與所修飾的中心詞一致

這種一致在漢語里直截了當(dāng)，即不需通過詞形的變化來體現(xiàn)，但在英語中既靠不同的詞又需不同的詞性變化來表達(dá)。

例如：

1. Two girls share one room in our school.

2. These four students are from the south.

3. All the students watched the TV program “On Macaus Return”.

八、邏輯一致

主要指上下文和前后句在語義和數(shù)量等方面的一致，主要由轉(zhuǎn)折詞、連詞等體現(xiàn)出來。

例如：

1. “狗在打仗”譯為：A dog is fighting.（不可接受。fight這個(gè)動(dòng)作應(yīng)在同類中的兩個(gè)或以上，或不同類的雙方、多方中進(jìn)行，才合乎情理。）

應(yīng)改為：The / Some dogs are fighting against each other.

2. “參觀者在展覽大廳門口排好了隊(duì)”譯為： The visitor has lined up at the entrance to the exhibition hall. （不可接受。一般情況下，一個(gè)人是不需要排隊(duì)的。）

應(yīng)改為：The visitors have lined up at the entrance to the exhibition hall.

3. Her uncle seemed to be acting rather strangely towards her. They had _____ quarreled several times.

A. still B. therefore

C. even D. certainly

該題答案為C。

由acting rather strangely到quarreled這個(gè)變化過程可知，這是一種遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，even詞譯為“甚至”，合乎邏輯。

4. It was early autumn and _____ the trees had their leaves on.

A. so B. then

C. therefore D. generally

該題答案為C。由于early autumn，所以trees had their leaves on是順理成章的，并且and therefore相當(dāng)于so。

5. I am trying to improve the situation since it doesnt work.

該句中的since應(yīng)改為but，這是通過上下文的意思進(jìn)行邏輯意義方面的改正。

九、動(dòng)詞的形式/時(shí)態(tài)與時(shí)間狀語一致

動(dòng)詞的形式與時(shí)間狀語有直接的關(guān)系，即：時(shí)間狀語決定動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。例如：

1. He joined the Party in 1982.

in 1982這類時(shí)間狀語是用于一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語。

2. She has lived here since she moved here 30 years ago.

一般過去時(shí)受“ ... ago”一類時(shí)間狀語的限制，所以用moved；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)受“since ...”一類時(shí)間狀語的限制，所以用has lived。

3. By the end of last year he had mastered 2000 English words.endprint

4. By the end of next year I will have learned 3000 English words.

十、時(shí)態(tài)一致

主要有兩種情況：一是在含有時(shí)間和條件狀語從句的復(fù)合句中，如果主句是一般將來時(shí)，從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；二是在含有賓語從句的復(fù)合句中，如果主句是一般過去時(shí)，從句要用相應(yīng)的過去時(shí)態(tài)。

例如：

1. The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people _____ to eat more fruit and vegetables.

A. persuade B. will persuade

C. be persuade D. are persuaded

該題答案為D

2. Ill tell him the news as soon as he comes back tomorrow.

3. He said （that） he had already seen the film.

但是，如果賓語從句表示客觀真理，則時(shí)態(tài)不變：

The teacher told us in class yesterday （that） the earth goes round the sun.

鞏 固 練 習(xí)

1. Though the room was very dark，we took the photos in _____.

2. Uncle Wang told us about his travels. Then we had dinner with _____.

3. The wires were very old. The machines were connected with _____.

4. Please remember me to _____ wife.

5. In the terrible hurricane， nineteen people lost

_____ lives.

6. She _____ quiet enough，doesnt she？

7. They tried to put the satellite into the space， _____ the rocket failed.

8. The headmaster often _____ some advice to _____ students.

9. We were all very tired，but _____ of us would have a rest.

10. Most students today _____ their own ideas，and they _____ always depend on their teachers in everything.endprint