王靜

一、基本方法

1.查讀：即根據(jù)問題設(shè)置，帶著問題瀏覽文章，直接查尋符合問題答案的閱讀方法。這對(duì)猜測(cè)詞意類題型非常有用。

2.略讀：即根據(jù)已讀文章，結(jié)合問題，簡(jiǎn)略閱讀文章，以確認(rèn)所選答案的正確性。

3.速讀：即快速閱讀文章，掌握文章大意，判斷某類事件是否在文章中有相關(guān)陳述。

4.細(xì)讀：仔細(xì)閱讀文章，認(rèn)真進(jìn)行推敲，判斷作者的真實(shí)意圖及所持的情感態(tài)度。

二、答題步驟

1.略讀全文，掌握大意

運(yùn)用速讀法，不必花費(fèi)過多時(shí)間，要在短時(shí)間內(nèi)達(dá)到這兩個(gè)目的：識(shí)別文體，掌握結(jié)構(gòu);了解文章的主旨大意。

提示：要特別注意文章的開頭和結(jié)尾，因?yàn)檫@兩個(gè)地方通常是文章的主題句和中心所在。

2.先看試題，跳讀文章

仔細(xì)閱讀試題的題干和四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，了解題目的題型和考查內(nèi)容，有目的地查看文章。題目問第幾段，第幾段就是信息區(qū)。猜詞義、猜句意的題目，答案就在該詞、該句的前后。

提示：試題的設(shè)置通常也是按照文章的先后順序排列的，如命題者一般不會(huì)把答案出現(xiàn)在文章末尾的題目放在開頭提問。

3.仔細(xì)審題，細(xì)讀重點(diǎn)

長(zhǎng)難句的處理方式：關(guān)鍵在于抓主干，確定句子的主要成分，即主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)。生詞的處理方式：如果遇到非解題關(guān)鍵的生詞，只需知道這詞是人名、地名或是什么詞性等即可;如果遇到影響解題的生詞，可通過上下文語(yǔ)境去推測(cè)詞意。

提示：閱讀時(shí)如果遇到生詞，應(yīng)先跳過去，切忌長(zhǎng)時(shí)間死摳生詞，更不要逐詞翻譯，造成前后脫節(jié)，影響對(duì)全文大意的理解。

三、攻略篇

題型一：主旨大意題

主旨大意類試題要求對(duì)文章的整體或局部段落進(jìn)行分析、概括，從而歸納出該部分內(nèi)容的中心思想（main idea）、文章的主題（subject）和作者的寫作目的（purpose）、態(tài)度（attitude）、標(biāo)題（title）等。

1.常見的設(shè)題方式

①The main idea of the story/passage/text is ________.（中心思想）

②What is the passage mainly about？（中心思想）

③The passage mainly focuses on________. （主題）

④The text is mainly written to explain________. （主題）

⑤The passage is intended to ________.（作者目的）

⑥What is the main purpose of the passage？ （作者目的）

⑦What is the authors attitude toward______ according to the passage？（作者態(tài)度）

⑧Which of the following can be the best title of this passage？（標(biāo)題）

2.解題關(guān)鍵：對(duì)于主旨大意題，尋找主題句是解題的關(guān)鍵

（1）尋找主題句的4個(gè)技巧：

①重復(fù)：作者有意識(shí)地重復(fù)的觀點(diǎn)通常為文章的主題。反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的單詞，通常是體現(xiàn)文章主題的關(guān)鍵詞。快速瀏覽文章，使用“重復(fù)”法解答主旨大意題，此法常需要結(jié)合題意綜合作答。

②轉(zhuǎn)折：首段中出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折詞時(shí)，其后的內(nèi)容很可能是文章的主題句。轉(zhuǎn)折詞有but，however，unlike，yet，while，although等。

③疑問句：首段如果出現(xiàn)疑問句，則該問題的答句很可能是文章的主題句。

④標(biāo)志詞：提出文章主題時(shí)常伴有以下標(biāo)志詞，這些詞后面的內(nèi)容很可能就是文章的主題句，如in summary，in a word，as a result，finally，in fact，therefore，thus，in short，in conclusion等。標(biāo)志詞通常出現(xiàn)在文首或結(jié)尾處。

（2）主題句須排除5種錯(cuò)誤：

①以偏概全：答案只涉及某一部分的內(nèi)容，并非全文。

②斷章取義：以文中的個(gè)別信息充當(dāng)全文的主要觀點(diǎn)。

③擴(kuò)大主題：將文章主題的內(nèi)涵與外延擴(kuò)大。

④偷梁換柱：把屬于A的特征加到B上，混淆考生。

⑤無(wú)中生有，似是而非：使用文章出現(xiàn)過的關(guān)鍵詞，但與文章內(nèi)容并沒有直接聯(lián)系。

【案例1】

Saying sorry isnt always enough to earn forgiveness but you have more chances of getting your message across if you speak into someones right ear， research indicates. Scientists found that when we are angry， the right ear becomes more receptive to sound than the left. The discovery has led to the theory that by targeting the right ear the penitent（悔罪者，道歉者） are more likely to succeed in talking someone round. Researchers came to the conclusion after carrying out hearing tests on 30 young men who had been worked up into a fury. The participants were given a folder of hostile statements to read to anger them， while scientists observed their heart rates， blood pressure and testosterone（荷爾蒙） levels rise.

The main idea of the paragraph is________.

A . apologies go down better through right ear

B. why the penitent usually target the right ear（偷梁換柱）

C. what the scientists do to carry out the experiment（以偏概全）

D. which ear is more important to say sorry to others（擴(kuò)大主題）

【解析】答案為A。下劃線標(biāo)出的內(nèi)容為主題句，意思是：一聲“對(duì)不起”往往不足以求得別人的原諒，但一項(xiàng)最新的研究表明，如果這聲“對(duì)不起”是對(duì)著對(duì)方的右耳說，對(duì)方會(huì)更容易接受。接下來文章論述了與這一研究有關(guān)的一些細(xì)節(jié)信息。B項(xiàng)是關(guān)于為什么道歉人對(duì)著對(duì)方的右耳道歉，偷梁換柱。C項(xiàng)是關(guān)于科學(xué)家為了做這項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)做了哪些事情，明顯犯了斷章取義的錯(cuò)誤。D項(xiàng)是對(duì)于別人的道歉，哪只耳朵更重要，明顯擴(kuò)大了文章的概念。只有A項(xiàng)與文章所述的內(nèi)容相契合，為本段主題句。

【案例2】

The Green movement is catching on in many parts of the world. This is especially true in the construction industry. Today's buzz words， which include global warming and zero emissions， are causing everyday people to look for ways to reduce their carbon footprint. Purchasing property that is environmentally responsible is a good investment for those who are concerned about their own health and the well-being of the earth. Based on this trend， entire districts， known as eco-communities， are being designed with green initiatives in mind. Dockside Green in Victoria， BC is one of these communities. Its goal is to become the worlds first zero emissions neighborhood.

What might be the best title for the paragraph？（ ? ）

A. A Common City in Canada （主題擴(kuò)大）

B. A Zero-emission Building （偷梁換柱）

C. An Environmental Charity ?（無(wú)中生有）

D. A Future Green Community-Dockside Green

【解析】本題選D項(xiàng)。下劃線標(biāo)出的內(nèi)容為主題句。A項(xiàng)意為“加拿大的普通城市”，所歸納、概括的范圍過大。B項(xiàng)是“零排放的大樓”，原文是“零排放的社區(qū)”，偷換了概念。C項(xiàng)意為“對(duì)環(huán)境有益的慈善機(jī)構(gòu)”，明顯犯了無(wú)中生有的錯(cuò)誤，只有選項(xiàng)D“Dockside Green—一個(gè)未來的綠色社區(qū)”與文章所述內(nèi)容相契合，為本段落主題句。

題型二：推理判斷題

推理判斷類試題要求考生在通篇理解文章表面文字信息的基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)文章的隱含意義和深層內(nèi)涵做出推理和判斷。推理判斷題一般是根據(jù)文章的表面文字信息進(jìn)一步推理出答案，并不涉及太過復(fù)雜的判斷。解答推理判斷題，要以文章提供的事實(shí)和線索為依據(jù)，緊扣主旨，根據(jù)已知的內(nèi)容推斷未知的內(nèi)容，不能憑空想象。

1.常見的設(shè)題方式

①It can be inferred from the text that________.

②The passage suggests that________.

③We can conclude from the paragraph that ________.

④From the passage we can draw a conclusion that________.

⑤Which of the following can be inferred from the passage？

⑥This text is most probably taken from a ________.

2.典型錯(cuò)誤項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)

①照抄原文：干擾項(xiàng)為文中原句，但并非推斷出的內(nèi)容。

②主觀臆斷：答案符合常識(shí)，卻不是基于文章做出的推斷。

③文不對(duì)題或答非所問：干擾項(xiàng)中有文章出現(xiàn)過的關(guān)鍵詞，但與文章內(nèi)容并沒有直接的聯(lián)系。

④以偏概全：干擾項(xiàng)只涉及某一部分的內(nèi)容，并非全文。

⑤出現(xiàn)絕對(duì)化的詞匯：如all（全部），always（總是），complete（完全的），entire（全部的），only（只有），just（只是）。

【案例3】

International teams have spent nearly half a year looking for evidence of the missing Malaysian Airlines plane， a search that includes the hunt for the aircraft so-called black box， which holds flight data that would likely explain what caused MH370 to move away from its course. But many aviation experts wonder why， in our increasingly networked world， divers are searching the Indian Ocean for a metal box when technology already exists that would enable planes to stream black box data to the ground in the event of an emergency.

Black boxes have been on planes since the late 1950s， and now every commercial aircraft has two： a flight data recorder and a voice recorder. （Although they are referred to as black boxes， they are typically orange in color， making them easier to spot in waters.） Black box recorders are mainly used to investigate the cause of in-flight accidents.

While black boxes are built to survive a crash and long-term submersion （浸沒） in water， it can be a real challenge to find the device if a plane has gone down in the ocean. While each box contains a beacon （無(wú)線電信標(biāo)臺(tái)） ， the unit only has enough battery power to transmit a signal for 30 days. After the crash of Air France Flight 447 in the Atlantic Ocean in June 2009， it took divers two years to find the black box.

Pierre Jeanniot， a Canadian engineer who helped perfect black box technology about 40 years ago， feels that the device， in its current form， is “obsolete”. He started to question its effectiveness more than a decade ago， after seeing the broken pieces of the black boxes in the 2001 attacks on the World Trade towers in New York. Jeanniot is now on the advisory board of a Toronto-based firm that has built a live-streamed black box system. When a plane experiences an irregular event， the system can send streaming data off the aircraft to one of the satellites and then down to ground-based servers， where the message is interpreted and sent to the airline. It seems necessary that the loss of MH370 and other similar cases wake more people up to the fact that the tools being used at this stage are inadequate for dealing with emergency situations， Jeanniot says. He also estimates that if this technology had been on board the missing Malaysian Airlines flight and live-streaming for the estimated seven hours after the flight first experienced a problem， it would have cost about $3，000.

While there is widespread approval of a live-streamed black box system， most airlines see its cost prohibitive（高得買不起的）. The airline industry is an industry with small profits， and is reluctant to add costs that will further cut the bottom line.

However， given how much time， money and effort has been spent on the luckless search for MH370， s black box， the cost of operating a live-streaming version seems like a trifle（區(qū)區(qū)小數(shù)）.

From the passage， we can learn that（ ?）

A. it takes divers one or two years to find the black box after a crash（以偏概全）

B. the new system does not live stream black box data for the whole flight

C. Jeanniot changed his view on black box technology when working for a Canadian firm （斷章取義）

D. operating a live-streamed black box system costs only three thousand dollars（出現(xiàn)表述絕對(duì)化的詞匯）

【【解析】答案選B。國(guó)際搜救隊(duì)花了半年時(shí)間尋找馬航飛機(jī)失蹤的證據(jù)，其中包括尋找飛機(jī)上的黑匣子。黑匣子記載著飛行數(shù)據(jù)，它或許可以解釋為何飛機(jī)會(huì)偏離航道那么遠(yuǎn)。許多航天專家百思不得其解，在當(dāng)今不斷發(fā)展的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)時(shí)代，在緊急情況下，飛機(jī)能夠發(fā)送黑匣子數(shù)據(jù)到地面的技術(shù)已存在時(shí)，搜救人員竟然到印度洋搜尋一盒金屬黑匣子。A、C選項(xiàng)均為內(nèi)容錯(cuò)誤，D選項(xiàng)出現(xiàn)絕對(duì)化的詞匯only，而文章倒數(shù)第二段畫線部分則說航空公司覺得安裝黑匣子系統(tǒng)的費(fèi)用太高，買不起。由第一段but 后面的句子可知， “新的系統(tǒng)只在緊急情況下才能使飛機(jī)發(fā)送黑匣子數(shù)據(jù)到地面”，與B項(xiàng)“新的系統(tǒng)并不是整個(gè)飛行過程中一直在發(fā)送及時(shí)數(shù)據(jù)到地面”相吻合。

題型三：猜測(cè)詞義類試題

猜詞能力是閱讀理解的一項(xiàng)重要能力，歷年高考都會(huì)考查考生對(duì)文中關(guān)鍵詞含意（實(shí)詞、短語(yǔ)、指代關(guān)系等）的理解，而且所考查的單詞或短語(yǔ)的含意往往不是其字面意思，要根據(jù)語(yǔ)境進(jìn)行綜合推斷才能得出答案。

1.常見的設(shè)題方式

①What is the meaning of ... in this passage？

②The underlined word in the first paragraph probably means________.

③The underlined word “them” in paragraph 2 refers to ________.

④By saying...，the author means ________.

⑤The underlined word ... could best be replaced by_____.

⑥Which word has the same meaning as the word ... in the passage？

2.猜測(cè)詞義的常用方法

考生可以根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)、上下文指代關(guān)系、邏輯關(guān)系（轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比、因果）和例證進(jìn)行猜測(cè)。

①根據(jù)定義猜測(cè)詞義。如果生詞由一個(gè)句子或段落來定義，那么理解這個(gè)句子或段落即可推斷出詞義，常用的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有be，mean，deal with，define，be considered to be，be called，represent，refer to等。

②根據(jù)復(fù)述推測(cè)詞義。在復(fù)述中構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系的兩部分內(nèi)容常用逗號(hào)連接，有時(shí)也使用破折號(hào)、冒號(hào)、分號(hào)、引號(hào)，表示同位語(yǔ)關(guān)系的詞匯一般有or，similarly，that is to say，in other words，namely，say等。

③根據(jù)對(duì)比關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義。在一個(gè)句子或段落中，如果有對(duì)兩個(gè)事物或現(xiàn)象的對(duì)比性描述，此時(shí)我們就可以根據(jù)生詞的反義詞猜測(cè)它的意思。表示對(duì)比關(guān)系的詞匯、短語(yǔ)和句子結(jié)構(gòu)主要有unlike，not，but，however，despite，in spite of，in contrast，while等引導(dǎo)的并列句。

④通過比較關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義。同對(duì)比關(guān)系相反，比較關(guān)系表示意義上的相似關(guān)系，表示比較關(guān)系的詞匯和短語(yǔ)主要有similarly，like，just as，also，as well as等。

⑤根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義。在句子或段落中，若兩個(gè)事物或現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系，考生可以根據(jù)這種邏輯關(guān)系來推斷生詞詞義。

⑦根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法猜測(cè)詞義。即利用前綴、后綴、復(fù)合、派生等構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)判斷生詞的詞義。

【案例4】

Most women in Ghana—— the educated and illiterate， the urban and rural， the young and old work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers. Their reputation for economic independence， self-reliance， and hard work is well known and well deserved.

Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “illiterate”（ ?）

A. repeat ? ? ? ? B. reiterated ? ? C. uneducated ? ? ? D. sick

【解析】這段文字主要講述加納這個(gè)非洲國(guó)家女性的情況，受過教育的（educated）和沒有受過教育的（illiterate）、住在城市的（urban）和住在農(nóng)村的（rural）、年輕的（young）和年長(zhǎng)的（old）正好都是一對(duì)反義詞。因此選 C 項(xiàng)。

【案例5】

As we walked up to her， my son became intimidated by all the blood and medical equipment. He said he was just too scared to go up to her.

The underlined word "intimidated" in the fourth paragraph probably means ________.

A. astonished ? B. struck ? C. frightened ? D. excited

【解析】該例中intimidated明顯是一個(gè)生詞，但是根據(jù)后面一句“他說他太害怕而不敢走近她”可知，我的兒子被血和醫(yī)療設(shè)備嚇到了。由此可推測(cè)出intimidated意為“害怕”“被嚇到”。

題型四：細(xì)節(jié)理解題

細(xì)節(jié)理解題在閱讀理解中是出現(xiàn)頻率最高的類型，主要考查考生對(duì)材料中某些特定細(xì)節(jié)的理解和判斷能力。

1.常見的設(shè)題方式

細(xì)節(jié)理解題通常在原文中便可直接找到答案，常用who，what，when，where，why，how和how many等引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句進(jìn)行提問，除此之外，還有以下常見的設(shè)題方式：

①What do we learn about ?________？（某人/某事物的細(xì)節(jié)）

②Which of the following statements is TRUE/FALSE according to the passage /text？（是非判斷）

③Which of the following isnt mentioned？（是非判斷）

④Which of the following is the correct order of...？（排序）

⑤The reason for...is________ （詢問原因）

2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題的選項(xiàng)特征

①正確選項(xiàng)的特征：把原文中的一些詞換成意義相近的詞;變換原句中一些詞語(yǔ)的詞性，或者改變?cè)涞恼Z(yǔ)態(tài);把原文中的復(fù)雜語(yǔ)句進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)化、概括;正話反說，把原文中的意思反過來表達(dá)而成為正確選項(xiàng)。

②錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的特征：將原文內(nèi)容擴(kuò)大或縮小;把原文中的限定詞去掉或替換;無(wú)中生有，即選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容是根據(jù)主觀想象或推測(cè)得出的結(jié)論，而文中并未提及;偷梁換柱，把屬于B事物的特征放在A事物上;文不對(duì)題，選項(xiàng)中的描述與原文完全一致，屬于原文中的一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)，但該選項(xiàng)可能不能回答題干的問題，從而造成混淆。

【案例6】

How are the students affected？

Foremost， we must examine the impact a year-round school schedule has on the people it most affects-the students. The National Summer Learning Association supports the claim that students really do forget or unlearn things they have learned when too much t time off is given between classroom sessions. A study released in 2007 by The Ohio State University， however， found that there are really no differences in learning between students who attend school year-round， and those who are on a traditional schedule.

Compared to students in traditional schools， those in the year-round schools ____.

A. perform better and learn more

B. hold more classes and have more weeks off

C. have much less time for relaxation every year

D. have the same academic performance

【解析】答案為D。A 、C選項(xiàng)文中未提及，B選項(xiàng)前后矛盾。由 however后面的內(nèi)容可知，傳統(tǒng)學(xué)習(xí)日程和一整年學(xué)習(xí)的學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)表現(xiàn)沒有不同，D項(xiàng)是原句的同義句改寫。

【案例7】

Soot （煤煙） and ash can be removed by electrostatic precipitators （靜電吸塵器）. Unfortunately， they use large amounts of electricity， and the electrical energy， which is hardly affordable for most of us， has to come from somewhere. Fly ash removed from the air has to be put on the land or water， although it could be used in some way.

The elimination（去除）of sulfur dioxide（二氧化硫） is more difficult. Low—sulfur coal is rare and expensive. Although sulfur can be washed from finely pulverized （粉末化） coal， the process is expensive. There are also processes for changing dirty coal into clean liquid and gaseous fuels. These processes may hold promise for the future， but they are too expensive to compete economically with other fuels at present. They also waste a part of the coals energy.

What does the author mainly want to say in the last two paragraphs？（ ?）

A. The technology to remove air pollution is only currently in development

B. Society must be prepared to spend whatever it takes to eliminate air pollution.

C. Air pollution control is too costly to be achieved at the current time.

D. Pollution can be controlled using man-made scientific techniques.

【解析】答案為C。第一段主要講述利用靜電除塵器可以凈化空氣中的煤煙和灰塵，但這需要大量的電，因此大多數(shù)人負(fù)擔(dān)不起。第二段說明了二氧化硫可以通過煤炭粉末化被洗去，但工藝流程極其昂貴，也有把臟煤變成液體和氣體燃料的工藝流程，但這些工藝目前還沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能。

A選項(xiàng)意為“除去空氣污染的技術(shù)當(dāng)前正在開發(fā)中”， B選項(xiàng)意為“科學(xué)家們?cè)敢獠活櫼磺写鷥r(jià)來去除空氣污染”，文章未提及，無(wú)信息支撐，D選項(xiàng)意為“污染可通過科學(xué)技術(shù)來控制”。根據(jù)題干中the author mainly want to say可知，題目是考查文章的觀點(diǎn)，而非考生的觀點(diǎn)。根據(jù)畫線部分的詞可知，是推測(cè)作者想要表達(dá)的意思，故選項(xiàng)C為正確答案。

附：常見題型的解題口訣

主旨大意不用怕，靈活尋讀意義大。歸納濃縮定標(biāo)題，依據(jù)主旨識(shí)目的。

細(xì)節(jié)判斷雖麻煩，掌握方法最關(guān)鍵。語(yǔ)義表達(dá)縱轉(zhuǎn)換，準(zhǔn)確定位不臆斷。

判斷推理難度大，深層隱含均有它。定性定量巧推斷，把握基調(diào)揣情感。

詞義猜測(cè)雖不難，掌握方法也關(guān)鍵。上下左右細(xì)查看，準(zhǔn)確判斷笑開顏。