夏蘢 綜述 蔡琳 審校
(成都市三醫(yī)院 重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二臨床學(xué)院 成都市心血管病研究所,四川 成都 610031)
冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟病是臨床十分常見,病死率居高不下的心血管疾病之一,人們對冠狀動(dòng)脈的探索至今仍無窮無盡。冠狀動(dòng)脈造影檢查被認(rèn)為是評估冠狀動(dòng)脈嚴(yán)重程度的“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”,但僅僅依賴冠狀動(dòng)脈造影結(jié)果來制定血運(yùn)重建是不準(zhǔn)確的[1],對冠狀動(dòng)脈功能性的評估,血流儲(chǔ)備分?jǐn)?shù)(fractional flow reserve,F(xiàn)FR)已被多項(xiàng)研究證實(shí)為公認(rèn)的指標(biāo)[2]。
所謂血流儲(chǔ)備分?jǐn)?shù)FFR 是指冠狀動(dòng)脈達(dá)到最大充血狀態(tài)時(shí)狹窄遠(yuǎn)端心肌血流量和該冠狀動(dòng)脈無狹窄病變時(shí)理論獲得的最大血流量之比。通過對比兩種狀態(tài)的血流量,我們可以從中評估冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄是否具有功能性的意義,通俗的說,冠狀動(dòng)脈雖有狹窄(這里所謂的狹窄是指臨界病變,即冠狀動(dòng)脈造影顯示血管狹窄70%~75%),但狹窄的程度是否會(huì)影響心肌的灌注,是否需要植入支架進(jìn)行治療,都可以通過計(jì)算FFR 來決定。FFR 指導(dǎo)下的經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入術(shù)(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI),由于減少了后期的冠狀動(dòng)脈事件,患者的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)也明顯減輕[3]。
那如何計(jì)算FFR 呢,我們只需要獲取兩個(gè)血流量的數(shù)值即可,即無狹窄時(shí)的最大血流量Qn(normal)與狹窄遠(yuǎn)端病變的最大血流量Qs(stenosis);FFR =Qs/Qn。根據(jù)歐姆定律,血流量等于跨心肌壓力差P 與跨心肌阻力R 之比,即Q=P/R。正常的血管,跨心肌壓力差P 等于冠狀動(dòng)脈開口的壓力,即主動(dòng)脈的壓力Pa,而冠狀動(dòng)脈充分?jǐn)U張情況下,跨心肌阻力達(dá)到最小且Rs ≈Rn。因此,公式可以簡化為FFR =Qs/Qn=(Ps/Rs)÷(Pn/Rn)≈Ps/Pa。只要我們測量出冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄遠(yuǎn)端的壓力,與主動(dòng)脈的壓力對比就可得出FFR 比值。
FFR 數(shù)值的大小直接反映了冠狀動(dòng)脈的狹窄病變對血管功能的影響,Johnson 等[4]對多項(xiàng)FFR 研究進(jìn)行匯總分析得出結(jié)論,F(xiàn)FR 與預(yù)后有連續(xù)且獨(dú)立的相關(guān)性,病變的FFR 值越低,從血運(yùn)重建中的絕對獲益越大。例如說明,當(dāng)FFR 為0.50 時(shí),即血流通過該狹窄病變,最大血流量減少到正常的50%,若對該狹窄病變行介入術(shù)治療,使FFR 上升至0.90~0.99,則意味著將血管最大血流量提升至正常的90%~99%,從而改善患者狹窄部位遠(yuǎn)端心肌的供血。在不同患者、不同動(dòng)脈中FFR 理論上的正常值均為1,且不受血壓、心率、血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的影響。多項(xiàng)研究[5-6]表明,當(dāng)狹窄的FFR ≤0.75 時(shí),支架置入術(shù)是合理的,而當(dāng)狹窄的FFR >0.80 時(shí),可以推遲介入術(shù)治療,單純藥物治療即可。當(dāng)FFR 在0.76~0.80 之間時(shí),應(yīng)結(jié)合患者的癥狀、其他檢查結(jié)果等情況綜合判斷。所以準(zhǔn)確地計(jì)算FFR,對于我們?nèi)绾芜x擇下一步的治療方法至關(guān)重要,根據(jù)計(jì)算公式,我們可以看出,對于狹窄血管的病變遠(yuǎn)端,充分的血管擴(kuò)張十分重要。如何充分?jǐn)U張血管,我們將重點(diǎn)介紹。
FFR 是通過一個(gè)壓力導(dǎo)管,在主動(dòng)脈測得壓力Pa后,通過冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄病變,進(jìn)入遠(yuǎn)端,注射血管擴(kuò)張劑后測得遠(yuǎn)端Ps 壓力,計(jì)算Ps/Pa 即可。要想提高FFR 計(jì)算的準(zhǔn)確性,最大程度地?cái)U(kuò)張冠狀動(dòng)脈血管是保障,臨床上我們常用的血管擴(kuò)張劑有腺苷、三磷酸腺苷、罌粟堿和硝普鈉(對四種常用藥物對比分析見表1)。
表1 四種血管擴(kuò)張劑的比較
如何提高FFR 的準(zhǔn)確性,除了我們在操作上要認(rèn)真、仔細(xì)、小心、謹(jǐn)慎,充分?jǐn)U張血管最為重要,根據(jù)每個(gè)患者的個(gè)體差異,基本疾病,選定合適的擴(kuò)張劑,合適的劑量,才能更好地提高檢測FFR 的準(zhǔn)確性,此篇文章僅從臨床上常見的、常用的幾種血管擴(kuò)張劑為重點(diǎn)展開討論,意義在于幫助大家更清楚地了解各個(gè)藥物的整體療效,希望對每位心血管醫(yī)生、每位介入醫(yī)生有所幫助。
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