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新疆額爾齊斯韌性剪切帶新生鋯石及其年代學(xué)意義

2015-07-31 22:31高景剛梁婷李文淵周義王曉
關(guān)鍵詞:鋯石剪切花崗巖

高景剛梁婷李文淵周義王曉虎周汝洪

摘要:新疆額爾齊斯韌性剪切帶片理化的花崗巖類巖體中,鋯石有新生熱液鋯石和殘留原生巖漿鋯石兩種。微區(qū)分析數(shù)據(jù)在UPb諧和曲線上顯示有原生巖漿結(jié)晶年齡和韌性剪切變形事件年齡,后者呈下交點(diǎn)模式分布。原生巖漿結(jié)晶年齡為329~447 Ma,來(lái)自北阿爾泰帶志留紀(jì)、泥盆紀(jì)巖體及南阿爾泰帶石炭紀(jì)花崗巖體原生巖漿鋯石;韌性剪切變形事件年齡是視年齡,為295~305、267~286 Ma。由于額爾齊斯韌性剪切帶內(nèi)切穿韌性剪切帶的未變形區(qū)域性巖墻群巖石SHRIMP鋯石UPb年齡為277~286 Ma,所以變形巖石鋯石諧和曲線反映的諧和年齡(295~305 Ma)才是韌性剪切帶變形事件的主期年齡,下交點(diǎn)模式視年齡偏低。韌性剪切帶新生鋯石特征為晶棱清楚的簡(jiǎn)單(110)+(101)聚形,呈細(xì)長(zhǎng)柱狀,錐頂角為120°鈍角,震蕩環(huán)帶較寬,陰極發(fā)光強(qiáng)度較弱,與原生巖漿鋯石有明顯不同。這些特征在新疆各韌性剪切帶中重復(fù)出現(xiàn),新疆石炭紀(jì)末—二疊紀(jì)初和志留紀(jì)末兩期規(guī)模巨大的韌性剪切帶在各構(gòu)造帶廣泛發(fā)育,正確識(shí)別韌性剪切帶熱液鋯石是走出侵入巖年齡認(rèn)識(shí)誤區(qū)的重要環(huán)節(jié)。

關(guān)鍵詞:年代學(xué);韌性剪切帶;鋯石;同位素年齡;花崗巖;熱液;巖漿;新疆

中圖分類號(hào):P597文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A

0引言

新疆石炭紀(jì)末—二疊紀(jì)初和志留紀(jì)末兩期規(guī)模巨大的韌性剪切帶在各構(gòu)造帶廣泛發(fā)育[112]。正確識(shí)別韌性剪切帶熱液鋯石是走出侵入巖年齡認(rèn)識(shí)誤區(qū)的重要環(huán)節(jié)。Rubin等報(bào)道了花崗巖類巖石中除巖漿鋯石外,還有可能出現(xiàn)熱液鋯石[13],Hoskin在韌性剪切帶中也發(fā)現(xiàn)了熱液鋯石[14]。朱永峰等先后研究了新疆中天山北緣天格爾韌性剪切帶以及覺羅塔格北緣與哈爾里克帶交界處梧桐窩子韌性剪切帶中的熱液鋯石,指出這些新生鋯石的年齡代表韌性剪切帶發(fā)育時(shí)間,而非花崗巖類生成年齡[1516]。由于韌性剪切帶中新生鋯石辨識(shí)問(wèn)題未得到很好解決,所以在新疆各構(gòu)造帶廣泛存在的韌性剪切帶中新生鋯石多數(shù)仍然被作為巖漿鋯石對(duì)待,導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)生花崗巖類巖體生成年齡的認(rèn)識(shí)誤區(qū)。本文以同位素年代學(xué)研究較多的新疆額爾齊斯韌性剪切帶為例,系統(tǒng)搜集額爾齊斯韌性剪切帶變形變質(zhì)花崗巖鋯石微區(qū)分析數(shù)據(jù),分析了巖漿巖原生鋯石和熱液鋯石的聚形、顏色、振蕩環(huán)帶、諧和年齡等特征,詳細(xì)闡述韌性剪切帶中新生鋯石的特征及其辨識(shí),為正確認(rèn)識(shí)韌性剪切帶中鋯石年代學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)及其蘊(yùn)含的地質(zhì)意義提供參考。

1研究區(qū)地質(zhì)概況

額爾齊斯韌性剪切帶位于新疆北部北準(zhǔn)噶爾帶與阿爾泰帶之間。因地表巖石糜棱巖化、巖體片理化顯著而一直受到研究者關(guān)注。20世紀(jì)90年代初的阿爾泰—阿克塞深部地球物理剖面已證實(shí),阿爾泰帶整體向南推覆于北準(zhǔn)噶爾地塊上,額爾齊斯韌性剪切帶為一相當(dāng)寬的推覆帶[17](圖1)。這樣就將額爾齊斯韌性剪切帶范圍從狹義的額爾齊斯韌性剪切帶擴(kuò)大至包括南阿爾泰帶部分在內(nèi)(圖1)。按構(gòu)造及巖層組成,廣義的額爾齊斯韌性剪切帶由南向北分為南帶和北帶。南帶即狹義的額爾齊斯韌性剪切帶,南以額爾齊斯河斷裂與未受韌性剪切帶影響的北準(zhǔn)噶爾帶相鄰,北以富蘊(yùn)—阿拉哈克斷裂為界;南帶基本由糜棱巖化的上石炭統(tǒng)及強(qiáng)烈片理化的石炭紀(jì)花崗巖組成,夾少量片理化的基性巖(如石炭紀(jì)—早二疊世喀拉通克),南帶為強(qiáng)變形帶,變質(zhì)作用達(dá)到角閃巖相。北帶位于富蘊(yùn)斷裂以北至庫(kù)爾提—阿巴宮斷裂之間,為南阿爾泰帶;北帶以變形變質(zhì)程度不均的泥盆系火山碎屑巖地層及片理化的泥盆紀(jì)花崗巖為主,并夾雜有因疊覆作用插入的北阿爾泰帶部分強(qiáng)變形的志留紀(jì)巖體和前志留系變質(zhì)夾層[18];變形變質(zhì)強(qiáng)度不均勻,

1為中新生界覆蓋層;2為額爾齊斯韌性剪切帶上石炭統(tǒng);3為北準(zhǔn)噶爾帶下石炭統(tǒng);4為北準(zhǔn)噶爾帶中泥盆統(tǒng)北塔山組;5為北準(zhǔn)噶爾帶

中泥盆統(tǒng)蘊(yùn)都哈拉組;6為南阿爾泰帶泥盆紀(jì)夾志留紀(jì)等外來(lái)巖塊;7為北阿爾泰帶下古生界變質(zhì)巖;8為二疊紀(jì)造山后石英二長(zhǎng)巖類;

9為石炭紀(jì)花崗巖類;10為泥盆紀(jì)花崗巖類(部分可能為志留紀(jì));11為北阿爾泰帶志留紀(jì)花崗巖類;12為構(gòu)造單元分界斷裂及編號(hào);

13為一般斷裂;14為韌性剪切帶;15為同位素年齡樣品采樣地點(diǎn);16為年齡;17為河流;18為構(gòu)造單元編號(hào);19為地名;20為構(gòu)造

示意剖面;①為庫(kù)爾提—阿巴宮斷裂;②為富蘊(yùn)—阿拉哈克斷裂;③為額爾齊斯—錫伯渡斷裂;Ⅰ為北阿爾泰帶;Ⅱ?yàn)槟习柼?/p>

混雜帶;Ⅲ為額爾齊斯帶;Ⅳ為北準(zhǔn)噶爾帶;圖件引自新疆地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)勘查局阿爾泰地區(qū)1∶200 000地質(zhì)圖,有所修改

圖1新疆額爾齊斯韌性剪切帶地質(zhì)概況

Fig.1Geological Sketch Map of Ertix Ductile Shear Zone in Xinjiang

大體上北部較強(qiáng),南部較弱,變質(zhì)程度為綠片巖相角閃巖相。由于疊覆造成韌性剪切帶與其北的北阿爾泰帶巖塊相互有混雜,所以韌性剪切帶的北界不易準(zhǔn)確確定,加上北帶巖層本身原為準(zhǔn)原地花崗巖化的角閃巖相變質(zhì)巖,其與韌性剪切帶內(nèi)的(重結(jié)晶后)糜棱巖往往不易區(qū)分;野外通常以是否有花崗偉晶巖脈分布為劃界依據(jù),有花崗偉晶巖脈為北阿爾泰帶,無(wú)花崗偉晶巖脈則為南阿爾泰帶。

北阿爾泰帶花崗巖類有大量SHRIMP、LAICPMS鋯石UPb年齡數(shù)據(jù),為志留紀(jì)斜長(zhǎng)花崗巖序列和泥盆紀(jì)正長(zhǎng)花崗巖序列。南阿爾泰帶在東段(二臺(tái)斷裂以東瑪因鄂博段)及未受韌性剪切帶影響的西段(哈巴河)為石炭紀(jì)花崗巖類,在中段(唐巴勒湖以東至富蘊(yùn))則雜有較多原屬北阿爾泰帶的泥盆紀(jì)花崗巖體,甚至還有個(gè)別志留紀(jì)花崗巖體。汪勁草等研究認(rèn)為整個(gè)額爾齊斯韌性剪切帶推覆指向250°±5°, 推覆距離至少 110 km[18]。

2鋯石同位素年代學(xué)

2.1變形變質(zhì)花崗巖體高精度鋯石微區(qū)分析

近年來(lái),在額爾齊斯韌性剪切帶獲得較多高精度鋯石微區(qū)分析年齡數(shù)據(jù)(表1)。由表1可見,年齡數(shù)據(jù)基本分為3組:①390~447 Ma,為原生巖漿鋯石年齡,鋯石來(lái)自北阿爾泰帶志留紀(jì)、泥盆紀(jì)巖體;②約329 Ma,鋯石來(lái)自南阿爾泰帶石炭紀(jì)花崗巖體原生巖漿;③267~286 Ma,代表韌性剪切帶新生鋯石年齡。

圖件引自文獻(xiàn)[19]~[26]

圖2額爾齊斯韌性剪切帶鋯石UPb年齡諧和曲線

Fig.2Zircon UPb Concordia Diagram of Ertix Ductile Shear Zone

從所有額爾齊斯韌性剪切帶高精度鋯石微區(qū)分析數(shù)據(jù)的UPb諧和曲線(圖2)來(lái)看:志留紀(jì)、泥盆

3.3

412.7±0.78410±4277.0±2.4,280.9±4.3329.6±4.1281±4

272±2281±5277±10,286±12

文獻(xiàn)[19]

文獻(xiàn)[20]文獻(xiàn)[21]文獻(xiàn)[22]文獻(xiàn)[23]文獻(xiàn)[24]文獻(xiàn)[25]文獻(xiàn)[26]

紀(jì)年齡數(shù)據(jù)點(diǎn)分散,代表殘留原生鋯石;石炭紀(jì)數(shù)據(jù)集中,反映了南阿爾泰帶花崗巖原生巖漿結(jié)晶鋯石年齡;而新生鋯石年齡數(shù)據(jù)構(gòu)成下交點(diǎn)模式分布,反映新生鋯石由于韌性剪切作用產(chǎn)生漂移。因此,鋯石視年齡(表1)偏低,而其上方295~305 Ma的諧和數(shù)據(jù)點(diǎn)可代表韌性剪切帶主期年齡。

2.2變形變質(zhì)巖石39Ar40Ar坪年齡測(cè)定

39Ar40Ar坪年齡法通常用來(lái)測(cè)定最新一次一定強(qiáng)度變形作用年齡[2728]。近年來(lái),額爾齊斯韌性剪切帶變形變質(zhì)巖石已獲得較多39Ar40Ar坪年齡測(cè)定數(shù)據(jù)(圖3)。由圖3可知,額爾齊斯韌性剪切帶年齡峰值在275~295 Ma之間。與高精度鋯石微區(qū)分析數(shù)據(jù)反映的韌性剪切帶作用年齡范圍基本一致。

圖件引自文獻(xiàn)[24]以及[29]~[33]

圖3額爾齊斯韌性剪切帶39Ar40Ar坪年齡分布直方圖

Fig.3Distribution Histogram of 39Ar40Ar Plateau Ages in Ertix Ductile Shear Zone

2.3未變形變質(zhì)的區(qū)域性巖墻群同位素年代學(xué)

在額爾齊斯河兩岸發(fā)育近SN向及NWW向(如喀拉通克巖體群)密集區(qū)域性巖墻群。它們切穿了額爾齊斯韌性剪切帶內(nèi)所有變形巖石,而本身無(wú)變形變質(zhì),因此,它們是代表該區(qū)造山作用結(jié)束的標(biāo)志。該區(qū)域性巖墻群已獲得高精度鋯石微區(qū)分析數(shù)據(jù),為277~286 Ma[26]。由此,區(qū)域性巖墻群之前的額爾齊斯韌性剪切帶時(shí)代應(yīng)該在上述年齡之前。

綜上所述,額爾齊斯韌性剪切帶變形作用發(fā)生的主期時(shí)限應(yīng)在285~305 Ma之間,為石炭紀(jì)末。

3新生鋯石特征

3.1鋯石晶形為簡(jiǎn)單(110)+(101)聚形

額爾齊斯韌性剪切帶新生鋯石是簡(jiǎn)單(110)+(101)聚形。晶體呈長(zhǎng)柱狀,長(zhǎng)寬比一般大于3,為5~8。晶形特征是頂端錐部呈120°鈍角,而其他復(fù)雜的、具(101)和(201)等錐面的錐頂角都小于90°,呈銳角[圖4(a)、圖5]。這種晶形的棱切面(垂直晶棱的切面)呈不見錐面的長(zhǎng)方形,也是這種晶形特殊之處,其他晶形不出現(xiàn)這種切面。這種晶形在Pupin的鋯石晶形序列中[34]位于最低的500 ℃溫度區(qū),并把這種晶形作為所有溫度和堿度序列鋯石演化的終端。Pupin意識(shí)到這種晶形與700 ℃~900 ℃巖漿溫度下結(jié)晶鋯石的區(qū)別,并暗示它已進(jìn)入高溫?zé)嵋簠^(qū)[34]。韌性剪切帶新生鋯石其他特征有:晶體相對(duì)較細(xì)小,近于無(wú)色,透明度很高,晶棱尖銳清楚,震蕩環(huán)帶相對(duì)較寬,陰極發(fā)光略暗(圖 4)。新疆其他韌性剪切帶新生鋯石無(wú)例外地與額爾齊斯韌性剪切帶新生鋯石具有類似特征(圖 5)。

圖(a)引自文獻(xiàn)[22];圖(b)引自文獻(xiàn)[19]

圖4額爾齊斯韌性剪切帶變形花崗巖類鋯石陰極發(fā)光圖像

Fig.4CL Images of Deformed Granite Zircons in Ertix Ductile Shear Zone

圖(a)引自文獻(xiàn)[35];圖(b)引自文獻(xiàn)[36];圖(c)引自文獻(xiàn)[37]

圖5新疆其他韌性剪切帶變形花崗巖類鋯石陰極發(fā)光圖像

Fig.5CL Images of Deformed Granite Zircons in Other Ductile Shear Zones of Xinjiang

圖(a)引自文獻(xiàn)[41];圖(b)引自文獻(xiàn)[42];圖(c)引自文獻(xiàn)[43];圖(d)引自文獻(xiàn)[44]

圖6新疆未變形變質(zhì)花崗巖類原生巖漿鋯石陰極發(fā)光圖像

Fig.6CL Images of the Primary Magmatic Zircons of Undeformedmetamorphic Granites in Xinjiang

唐俊華等指出熱液鋯石的w(Th)/w(U)值比巖漿熱液鋯石高[16]。但在額爾齊斯韌性剪切帶,原生巖漿鋯石w(Th)/w(U)值為 0.15~1.06,54個(gè)測(cè)點(diǎn)平均值為057;新生熱液鋯石44個(gè)測(cè)點(diǎn)w(Th)/w(U)值為0.1~1.5,平均值為064;二者無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)上的差異,在新疆其他巖體樣品中也基本如此。至于熱液鋯石稀土元素總含量較高,輕稀土元素更富集的特點(diǎn)[14,16],目前尚未得到更多證據(jù)支持。

與新生鋯石比較,原生巖漿鋯石均為短柱粒狀,晶形為復(fù)雜得多的聚形[圖4(b)、圖6]。堿性巖也可出現(xiàn)簡(jiǎn)單(100)+(101)聚形,其柱面與錐面朝向相同,錐頂角不大于90°,與韌性剪切帶新生鋯石顯著不同。原生巖漿鋯石的晶棱多融蝕,顏色較深,透明度較新生鋯石差,但震蕩環(huán)帶清楚而密集[圖 5(c)、圖6]。

3.2新生鋯石中??蓽y(cè)到兩組年齡

韌性剪切帶新生熱液鋯石發(fā)育程度不等,但通??梢哉业骄吆?jiǎn)單(110)+(101)聚形的外殼和具復(fù)雜晶形的原生巖漿鋯石內(nèi)核,因此,可以測(cè)到兩組年齡。唐俊華等在東天山梧桐窩子韌性剪切帶咸水泉變形花崗巖中曾觀察到新生鋯石剛開始形成的實(shí)例[16]。圖7清楚顯示新生熱液鋯石生長(zhǎng)的初始過(guò)程。

圖件引自文獻(xiàn)[16]

圖7新疆梧桐窩子韌性剪切帶糜棱巖化花崗巖鋯石陰極發(fā)光圖像

Fig.7CL Images of Mylonitize Granite Zircons in

Wutongwozi Ductile Shear Zone of Xinjiang

3.3新生鋯石年齡與同地點(diǎn)巖石39Ar40Ar坪年齡基本一致

韌性剪切帶巖石礦物39Ar40Ar坪年齡與新生熱液鋯石的同位素年齡基本一致,這在額爾齊斯[24,32]、東天山[3839]、中天山北緣冰達(dá)坂、中天山南緣烏瓦門—庫(kù)米什北、西昆侖東北緣、西昆侖南緣康西瓦等韌性剪切帶都得到證實(shí)[40]。

3.4鋯石UPb諧和曲線呈下交點(diǎn)模式

所有韌性剪切帶新生鋯石UPb諧和曲線都呈下交點(diǎn)模式,即數(shù)據(jù)點(diǎn)由諧和曲線向右側(cè)漂移,構(gòu)成與諧和曲線呈銳角的線性排列,顯示應(yīng)力作用影響。這個(gè)線性回歸結(jié)果(即點(diǎn)排回歸線與諧和曲線的交點(diǎn))通常略偏低,并不代表真實(shí)韌性剪切帶年齡;韌性剪切帶真實(shí)年齡應(yīng)與散點(diǎn)在諧和曲線上的水平投影點(diǎn)平均值大致相當(dāng)。

4結(jié)語(yǔ)

(1)新疆額爾齊斯韌性剪切帶的高綠片巖相角閃巖相變質(zhì)區(qū)段可以使鋯石在熱液條件下新生,新結(jié)晶的鋯石具有一系列有別于巖漿鋯石的明顯特征,其同位素年齡基本代表韌性剪切帶年齡,而不代表原生巖漿鋯石年齡。

(2)新疆已知廣泛存在的、變形變質(zhì)強(qiáng)烈的韌性剪切帶主要有兩期:一是石炭紀(jì)末(部分可能延續(xù)至二疊紀(jì)初),如額爾齊斯、卡拉麥里、東天山北緣大草灘—梧桐窩子、石英灘—黃山(過(guò)去常稱為康古爾塔格韌性剪切帶)、西昆侖東北緣科茲拉甫等;二是志留紀(jì)末韌性剪切帶,主要有中天山北緣冰達(dá)坂韌性剪切帶、西昆侖庫(kù)地韌性剪切帶、康西瓦韌性剪切帶等。

(3)新疆額爾齊斯韌性剪切帶熱液鋯石與原生鋯石有系列明顯的區(qū)分特征,一般表現(xiàn)為都是簡(jiǎn)單(110)+(101)聚形,晶體相對(duì)較細(xì)小,近于無(wú)色,透明度很高,晶棱尖銳清楚,震蕩環(huán)帶相對(duì)較寬,陰極發(fā)光略暗。部分鋯石能觀察到新生熱液鋯石生長(zhǎng)的初始過(guò)程,一般有兩組年齡;鋯石UPb諧和曲線呈下交點(diǎn)模式。

(4)近年來(lái),許多文獻(xiàn)所述的新疆花崗巖類石炭紀(jì)末—二疊紀(jì)以及加里東期鋯石同位素年齡大多是本文所述的韌性剪切帶熱液鋯石年齡,其視年齡反映的是略偏低的韌性剪切帶年齡,而不代表花崗巖類侵入體的生成年齡。因此,在受韌性剪切事件影響的花崗巖類巖體中采樣測(cè)試同位素年齡,應(yīng)檢查鋯石特征,區(qū)分新生熱液鋯石和原生巖漿鋯石才能對(duì)新疆侵入巖年代學(xué)研究有正確認(rèn)識(shí)。

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第37卷第4期2015年7月地球科學(xué)與環(huán)境學(xué)報(bào)Journal of Earth Sciences and EnvironmentVol37No4July 2015

地球科學(xué)與環(huán)境學(xué)報(bào)2015年

第4期郝文麗,等:黑龍江東部“新元古代”黃松群楊木組沉積時(shí)限和物源組成:來(lái)自鋯石UPb年代學(xué)的制約

收稿日期:20150324

基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(41272075,41330206,41402043);中國(guó)地質(zhì)調(diào)查局地質(zhì)大調(diào)查項(xiàng)目(1212011085480)

作者簡(jiǎn)介:郝文麗(1973),女,黑龍江哈爾濱人,黑龍江省地質(zhì)科學(xué)研究所高級(jí)工程師,吉林大學(xué)理學(xué)博士研究生,Email:657084109@qq.com。

通訊作者:王楓(1984),男,遼寧鐵嶺人,講師,理學(xué)博士,Email:jlu_wangfeng@jlu.edu.cn。

文章編號(hào):16726561(2015)04002411

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