王變桃
More than和less than的用法很復(fù)雜,但在英語中經(jīng)常使用。下面我把它們的用法歸納如下;
一、more than 與less than
1.a.more than放在數(shù)詞之前,意為“超過,不止,以上”,用于此意義時,可以與over互換使用。例如:
My grandfather and my grandmother are more than seventy.我祖父母七十多歲了。
b.more than放在名詞之前,表示“不只是,不僅僅”。例如:
He is more than a father to her.他待她勝過父親。
She is more than a friend to me.她對我不只是一個朋友。
c.more than 放在形容詞或副詞前,意為“非常,十分”,相當(dāng)于“very”或“much”。例如:
He is more than selfish.他非常自私。
I was more than pleased with my pay rise.我對漲工資非常高興。
d.more than 后面接含有can的從句時,表示否定意義,從句的謂語動詞必須是及物動詞,并與主句的主語邏輯上是動賓關(guān)系。例如;
The beauty of Hangzhou is more than words can describe.杭州景色之美是語言不能描述的。(主語The beauty of Hangzhou 是describe 的邏輯賓語)
2.less than放在形容詞、數(shù)詞之前,表示“不,很少,不到,不太,一點也不”,具有否定意義。例如:
The boys were less more happy about having a party.開晚會男孩子們并不很高興。
The girl is less than eighteen years old.這個女孩不到 18歲。
二、more...than 與less ...than
1.a.more ...than 表示“與其……不如……”“是……而不是……”可以和“rather than ”或“ not so much...as”互換使用。例如:
The book is more like a dictionary than a grammar.=The book is like a dictionary rather than a grammar.=The book is not so much like a grammar.as a dictionary.與其說這是一本語法書,倒不如說是一本詞典。
She is more clever than lucky.與其說她聰明,不如說她幸運。
b.more ...than后面接含有 can 的從句時,同樣表示否定意義。例如:
Jack has more insolence than I can stand.=Jack 's insolence is more than I can stand.
杰克的傲慢使我難以忍受。
2.less ...than意為“不像(如)……不是……與其……不如……”表示此義時可與“more...than”結(jié)構(gòu)替換(但要注意次序變化)。例如:
He is less honest than his brother.他不如他哥哥誠實。
He is less a teacher than an expert./He is more an expert than a teacher.與其說他是老師,不如說他是專家。
三、 no more than或 nothing more than/only與no less than
1.a.no more than或 nothing more than/only的意思均為“只有,僅僅,不過(=only,just)”,前者多用于書面語,后者常用于口語。例如:
It took him no more than one hour to finish this work.他只花了一個小時就完成了這項工作。
He is nothing more than a teacher.=He is only a teacher.他只是一位老師。
b.“no less than”相當(dāng)于“as much(many)as”意為“不少于,不下于……之多,多達(dá)……”例如:
The audience was no less than five thousand.聽眾有五千人之多。
四、no more...than 或not ...any more than 與 no less ...than
1.a.no more...than 或not ...any more than 表示“正如……一樣也不……與……同樣不是,和……一樣不”,表示兩者都否定,但說話人往往著重否定前面一個分句,其左右相當(dāng)于“neither...nor”。例如:
He is no more diligent than me.= Neither he nor I am diligent.他和我兩個人都不勤奮。
b.表示“不……正如……不……一樣”,常用來加重說話者的語氣,“not...just as...not”。例如:
You can no more swim than I can fly.=You can not swim just as I can not fly.你不能游泳正如我不能飛行一樣。
2.no less...than意為“(至少)和……一樣”,相當(dāng)于“as well as”,它強(qiáng)調(diào)的對象是“no less”之后的事物。漢語關(guān)聯(lián)詞“不但……而且……”的重點在后面,這與“no less...than”的重點正好相反,所以翻譯的時候,應(yīng)該先譯“than”后面的,再譯“no less”后面的。例如:
She is no less beautiful than Mary.她和瑪麗一樣美麗。
Andy Lau is no less a player than a singer./Andy Lau is a player as well as a singer./Andy Lau is not only a singer but also a player.劉德華不但是個歌手,而且是個演員。
五、not more than與 not less than
1.not more than放在數(shù)詞之前,意為“至多,頂多,不超過”,其意義與 at (the) most 相同。例如:
She has not more than three hats .她至多有3頂帽子。
2.not less than意為“不少于,至少,不比……差”,同 at (the) least 。嚴(yán)格地說, no less than 和 not less than不同,但二者如今均相當(dāng)于“as many as”。例如:
Our school has not less than/three thousand students.我們學(xué)校擁有的學(xué)生不下3,000人。
There were not less than fifty students in the class教室里至少有五十名同學(xué)。
比較;He has no less than seven daughter.他有7個女兒之多。
He has not less than seven daughter.他至少有7個女兒。
六、not more ...than與not less...than
1.not more...than意為“不如……不及于……”語氣常著重否定后面一個分句,可與“not so/as...as”互換使用。例如:
You are not more careful than he is.=You are not so/as careful as he is.你不如他仔細(xì)。
2.not less...than意為“至少不比……差”,意味或許還要強(qiáng)一些,但現(xiàn)在基本和no less than混用。例如:
This song is not less popular than that one.這首歌受歡迎的程度不比那首歌差。
The old copy of the dictionary is not less expensive than the new one.舊版的詞典比新版的更貴。