Xuelan LlU，Yan ZHANG，Peipei YAN，Qingchuan JlNG，Xiangfa WEl，Ruiting LlU，Tianhong SHl，Bin WU

Poultry Research Institute，Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences，Jinan 250023，China

Effects of Different Padding on Air Quality in Broiler House and Growth Physiological lndex of Broilers

Xuelan LlU*，Yan ZHANG，Peipei YAN，Qingchuan JlNG，Xiangfa WEl，Ruiting LlU，Tianhong SHl，Bin WU

Poultry Research Institute，Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences，Jinan 250023，China

［Objective］This study aimed to investigate the effects of different padding on ammonia concentration in broiler house and growth performance and blood indicators of broilers. ［Method］A total of 480 one-day-old 817 broilers were selected. They were randomly divided into four groups with different paddings，and each group was in triplicate.The weights of broilers and feed were weighed weekly.The growth performance of broilers was determined.On day 30，the ammonia concentrations in broiler houses were determined.On day 35，6 broilers were randomly selected from each group，and their vein blood was sampled.In the sampled vein blood，the concentrations of ammonia，glucose，globulin，serum total protein and urea nitrogen were determined.［Result］There were significant differences in ammonia concentration among broiler houses laid with different paddings （P＜0.05）.The ammonia concentration in group 1 was significantly lower than those in group 3 and group 4 （P＜0.05）.No significant difference was found in ammonia concentrations in broiler houses between group 2 and group 3 （P＞0.05）.The ammonia concentration in group 4 was significantly higher than those in group1，group 2 and group 3 （P＜0.05）.There were also significant differences in blood indicators among different groups （P＜0.05）.The blood ammonia，blood glucose and serum urea nitrogen concentrations in group 1 were significantly lower than those in other groups （P＜0.05），the serum total protein concentration was significantly higher than those in group 3 and group 4 （P＜0.05），and the serum globulin concentration was significantly higher than those in group 2，group 3 and group 4 （P＜0.05）.Significant differences were observed in feed intake，body weight gain and slaughter weight between different groups（P＜0.05），but there were no significant differences in feed to grain ratio（P＞0.05）. ［Conclusion］Underthe experimentalconditions，the paddingofChinese medicine residue showed better effect on reducing ammonia concentration in broiler house，which was conducive to play of production potential of broilers.

Chinese medicine residue；Padding；Ammonia concentration；Production performance；Blood indicators

F or a long time，in broiler production，people mainly rely on drugs，but ignore the impact of indoor air quality on animal health and production performance. Although drugs play an important role，long-term use of drugs enhances the resistance of pathogenic microorganisms，and their disease control effects are getting worse，leading to affecting greatly the production performance of animals［1］. The indoor air quality of broiler houses has also direct impacts on living status，growth process and growth performance of poultry.Therefore，controlling the generation of harmful gases（e.g.ammonia and hydrogen sulfide）and improving the air quality inside the broiler houses may be great significance for improving the economic efficiency of broiler breeding.In the known harmful gas components，ammonia is recognized as the greatest impacting factor on animal health.Excessive ammonia affects production performance and health of broilers［2-4］. In addition，ammonia is also a chemical source of stress，and can cause responses from broilers，resulting in low immunity in broilers，and increasing susceptibility of broilers to disease［4］. Therefore，ammonia concentration in broiler houses has risen as an important factor affecting broiler production，and ammonia concentration control has become a hot topic at present.In domestic and foreign studies，ammonia concentration control methods can be divided into three categories，source reduction methods，conversion methods and dilution methods.Source reduction methods mainly include adjusting feed formula，adding some enzymes into feed to promote better adsorption of nutrients in animals，and adding substances to reduce emission of N-containing substances［5］.Although source reduction method can reduce the generation of ammonia，there are a lot of uncertain factors，and the factors are unstable.In conversion methods，ammonia is converted into nitrite，nitrate and other substances［6］.Conversion methods include physical，chemical and biological methods.Physical methods change the phase of ammonia by water washing，condensation and adsorption to remove ammonia. The method has simple operation and high removal efficiency.However，cost ofadsorbentis higher.Chemical methods convert ammonia into other substances by chemical reagents.Although chemical methods have simple operation and high removal efficiency，they have disadvantages of secondary pollution and poor operational safety. With the aid of microorganisms，biological methods convert ammonia into other substances.The methods have wide adaptability，and no secondary pollution.But biological methods show low removal efficiency for high-concentration ammonia in cold regions. Dilution methods are to dilute the ammonia concentration to an emission level by increasing the ventilation rate［7］.Although the methods are simple and feasible，the ammonia still largely exists.Fermentation bed farming is a new breeding pattern.The release of ammonia and nitrogen in broiler houses is reduced to some extent by fermenting animal manure with microorganisms.However，fermentation bed farming technology is not yet mature.There has been currently no economic，effective，convenient and safe control method for ammonia in broiler houses.In this study，fermentation bed breeding pattern，with broilers and padding separated，was adopted，and the effects of different padding on ammonia concentration in broiler houses and metabolism-related indicators of broilers were investigated.A new ammonia control method was discussed in this paper to reduce the emission of waste gases from livestock and poultry breeding，and to improve the production performance of broilers.

Materials and Methods

Experimental animal and grouping

Total 480 one-day-old 817 broilers（AA（♂）×Hy-Line Brown（♀））were selected.They were randomly divided into four groups with three replicates for each group.There were 40 broilers in each replicate.Different paddings were laid in the four groups.The experimentaldiet，effective breeding area，breeding pattern and daily management was all the same among the four groups.

Experimental methods

Padding composition and preparation method In group 1，the padding material was Chinese medicine residue with moisture content of 60%. The padding was stacked for fermentation.

In group 2，the padding was composed of 60%corn stalk，35% sawdust，5%wheat bran and Nakdong enzymes，which were mixed evenly. The moisture content was adjusted to 60%.The padding was stacked for fermentation.

In group 3，the padding was composed of 60%corn stalk，35%sawdust，5%wheat bran and EM broth，which were mixed evenly.The moisture content was adjusted to 60%.The padding was stacked for fermentation.

In group 4，the padding was composed of 60%corn stalk，35%sawdust and 5%wheat bran，which were mixed evenly.The moisture content was adjusted to 60%.The padding was stacked for fermentation.

Laying method of padding Before the entering of broilers，fermented paddings were evenly spread on the four broiler houses.Each house was divided into three separated small rooms with the same padding paving. The padding depth was 6 cm.After three weeks，one layer of padding，in the depth of 3 cm，was paved on each of broiler houses every week.

Farming management

The broiler houses were ventilated naturally.During the whole experimental period，continuous illumination was arranged.In the first two weeks，the broiler houses were warmed by stoves with temperature ranging from 35 to 37℃.The stoves were removed later on，and the temperature inside the broiler houses was controlled naturally.The feed wasprovided by manual work.During the whole experimental period，the broilers were free to feed and water.In the early period，water towers were adopted，and in the late period，automatic nipple drinkers were adopted.The broilers were immunized with avian influenza and Newcastle Diseasevaccineswhen they were one week old，immunized with Newcastle IV vaccine when they were two-week old，immunized with bursa vaccine when they were threeweek old，and immunized with Newcastle IV and avian influenza vaccines when they were four-week old.The experiment started on June 29，2014，and ended on August 3，2014，lasting five weeks.

lndicator measurement and methods

Ammonia concentration On day 30，the ammonia concentrations in broiler houses were measured using a portable ammonia meter.In each broiler room，three sampling heights were designed，including padding surface，broiler back and 1 m above broiler backs.In addition，three sampling points were arranged at each height. In each sampling point，the ammonia concentration was measured for five consecutive minutes，and total20 pieces of data were recorded every minute.

Production performance indicators From the first day，the weights of broil-ers and feed were weighed once a week.The feed intake，body weight gain and feed to gain ratio of each group in each week were obtained.

Blood indicators On day 35，6 broilers were selected randomly from each group.They were fasted for 12 h. Subsequently，their vein blood was sampled （10 ml from each broiler）. One half of every vein blood sample was immediately mixed with a certain amount of anticoagulant（sodium oxalate），and shaken quickly.Subsequently，the vein blood samples were centrifuged at 3 000 r/min for 10 min at 4℃.The plasmas were collected，and the ammonia concentrations in the plasmas were determined within 30 min.The other half of every vein blood sample was centrifuged at 3 000 r/min for 10 min at 4-5℃ for preparing serum.The supernatants were packed in ampere tubes and preserved at-20℃ for determination of serum total protein，globulin，glucose and urea nitrogen concentrations.

1.5 Data processing and statistics

The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS 13.0.The multiple comparisons were conducted using LSD method.When P＜0.05，the difference was considered as significant.

Results and Analysis

As shown in Table 2，different padding showed significant effect on ammonia concentration in broiler houses（P＜0.05）.The ammonia concentration in group 1 was lower than those in group 2，group 3 and group 4 by 15.68%，33.72%and 48%respectively （P＜0.05）.There was no significant difference in ammonia concentration between group 2 and group 3（P＞0.05），but the ammonia concentration in group 2 was lower than that in group 3.In group 4，the padding was added without probiotics，so the ammonia concentration was higher than those in group 2 and group 3.

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diet（air-dry basis）%

As shown in Table 3，there were significant differences in blood ammonia and serum urea nitrogen concentrations among different groups （P＜0.05）.The blood ammonia and serum urea nitrogen concentrations in group 1 were significantly lower than those in the other groups，but in group 4 were significantly higher than those in the other groups.In addition，significant differences were found in blood glucose concentration among different groups.The blood glucose concentration in group 1 was significantly lower than those in group 2，3 and 4 （P＜0.05）.The serum total protein concentration in group 1 was significantly higher than those in group 3 and 4（P＜0.05），but showed no significant difference with that in group 2 （P＞0.05）. There were significant differences in serum globulin concentration among different groups（P＜0.05）.The serum globulin concentration in group 1 was significantly higher than those in the other groups （P＜0.05），but in group 4 was significantly lower than those in the other groups（P＜0.05）.

Table 4 showed that no significant differences were observed in production performance of broilers among different groups in first week（P＞0.05）. However，the body weight gain，body weight and feed to gain ratio in group 1 were slightly better than those in the other groups.With the extension of time，some production performance indicators showed significant differences among different groups.In second week，the body weights of broilers in group 1 and group 2 were significantly higher than that in group 4 （P＜ 0.05），but no significant differences were observed in the other indicators（P＞0.05）.In third week，the body weights and body weight gains of group 1 and group 2 were significantly higher than those in group 4（P＜0.05），and there were no significant differences in body weight and body weight gain between group 3 and the other groups （P＞0.05）.In the late two weeks，the feed consumption，body weight gain and body weight in group 1 were significantly higher than those in group 4 （P＜0.05）；there were no significant differences in feed consumption and body weight gain between group 3 and group 4 （P＞0.05），but there was significant differences in body weight；the feed consumption，body weight gain and body weight in group 3 were significantly higher than those in group 4（P＜0.05）；there were no significant differences in feed to gain ratio among different groups （P＞0.05），but the feed to gain ratio in group 1 was lower than those in the other groups.Throughout the experimental period，the feed consumption，body weight gain and body weight showed degree-varying differences among different groups.Significant differences were observed in feed consumption among different groups （P＜0.05），except between group 3 and group 4 （P＞0.05）.There were significant differences in body weight gain between group 1 and group 3，group 1 and group 4，and group 2 and group 4（P＜0.05）.The body weights in group 1 and group 2 were slightly higher than those in group 3 and group 4（P＜0.05），but no significant differences were found in body weight between group 1 and group 2，and group 3 and group 4（P＞0.05）.No significant differences were observed in feed to gain ratioamong different groups（P＞0.05）.

Table 2 Effects of different padding material on the ammonia concentration in the broiler house ppm

Table 3 Effects of different padding material on broiler blood components

Different lowercase letters in the same row indicated significant differences at the 0.05 level.

Table 4 Effects of different padding material on the production performance of broilers

Discussion

Effect of different padding on ammonia concentration in broiler house

In China，traditional Chinese medicine enterprises produce up to 665 000 tons of Chinese medicine residue every year.Chinese medicine residue is not only valuable raw material resource，but also potential environmental pollution source［8］.Ye［9］reported that fermented Chinese medicine residue was a kind of effective ammonia-removing substrate，and the ammonia concentrationin the chick house was ideally controlled by the Chinese medicine biofilter.In this study，the ammonia concentration in the broiler houses paved with Chinese medicine residue was significantly lower than those in the other houses，indicating better ammonia-removing effect of Chinese medicine residue.There are rare reports on ammonia-removing effect of Chinese medicine residue，let alone relevant mechanisms.Ye considered that Chinese medicine residue firstadsorbedammonia，andthen converted ammonia into nitrate though nitrozation and nitrification by microorganisms.This study found that compared with the other paddings，Chinese medicine residue could also neutralize most of the ammonia with its unique scent in addition to microorganisms’nitrozation and nitrification. The ammonia concentration in thebroiler houses paved with Chinese medicine residue was lower than those in all the other houses.It suggests that the converting ability of microorganisms for N-containing substances in chicken manure is limiting，and padding type，moisture content，thickness，turning frequency，microflora type and manure amount of poultry affect the converting ability［10］.

Effect of different padding on blood biochemical indicators of broilers

Blood biochemical indicators of poultry are more sensitive indicators reflecting local or systemic metabolic changes and tissue normal physiological functions.They are often changed with the changes in absorbed nutrients and inspired gas components in poultry.In this study，different padding also showed certain effects on blood biochemical indicators of broilers.There are rare reports at home and abroad on effects of ammonia concentration in broiler house on blood ammonia concentration in broilers.Song et al.［11］and Wei et al.［4］found that blood ammonia concentration in broilers was increased gradually with the increased ammonia concentration in the environment.This study also achieved the same conclusion that ammonia concentration in broiler houses significantly affects blood ammonia concentration in broilers.It is because that after inhaled into broiler body，ammonia directly enters blood circulation through the alveolar epithelium；part of the ammonia is converted into uric acid by the liver，but most is still remained in the blood，leading to increased blood ammonia level［11］.

Blood glucose is recognized as one of the sensitive indicators making responses to stress.Vecerek et al.［12］reported that the blood glucose concentration in broilers was increased significantly with the increase of the ambient temperature.Wei et al.［12］studied the effects of different ammonia concentration and action time on blood glucose concentration in broilers.Under the conditions of high ammonia level and high humidity，blood glucose concentration in broilers was increased.With the extension of stress time，after reaching the peak，the blood glucose concentration declined gradually.The results of this study showed that different paddings caused different ammonia concentrations in the broiler houses，resulting in the differences in blood glucose concentration in broilers.The higher the ammonia concentration in broiler houses was，the higher the blood glucose concentration in broilers was.On one hand，under the stress of undesirable gases， such as ammonia， the parenchymal part of adrenal in broiler secreted a large amount of catecholamines， which promoted the catabolism of glycogen and fat tissue，leading to increased blood glucose level［13］.On the other hand，high ambient ammonia level was a kind of stress，and broilers required more energy to make responses，thereby increasing the gluconeogenesis；simultaneously，the absorption of glucose was increased.Thus，the blood glucose level was increased.

Serum urea nitrogen level is an important indicator of nitrogen metabolism in the poultry body.This study showed that serum urea nitrogen level in broilers was increased gradually with the increased ammonia concentration in broiler houses.Wei et al.［4］found that under suitable humidity（60%RH），the serum urea nitrogen concentrations were 58.6 and 75.3 mmol/L after broilers lived in the test cabins with ammonia concentrations of 30 and 70 mg/kg for 3 weeks，respectively.It indicated that ambient ammonia concentration significantly affected serum uric acid level in broilers，which was consistent with the finding of this study.Under the stress of high ammonia level，the decomposition of labile protein storage organizations in muscle and plasma of broilers may be enhanced，thus the plasma urea nitrogen concentration in broilers is increased［14］.

Serum total protein and globulin levels are important indicators of the body’s non-specific humoral immunity and non-specific immune functions.In this study，the ammonia concentration in broiler houses significantly affected the total protein and globulin levels in broiler blood.With the increased ammonia concentration in broiler houses，serum total protein and globulin levels in broilers were decreased.Wei［4］found that 1-2 weeks of humidity and ammonia stresses did notaffect serum total protein and globulin concentrations in broilers，but 3-week high ammonia stress significantly reduced serum globulin level in broilers；both of low humidity （35%RH）and high humidity （85%RH）stresses were trended to reduce serum albumin，total protein and globulin levels in broilers （P＞0.05），which might be related to the nature of stressors and stress intensity.

Effect of different padding on production performance of broilers

In this study，the differences in ammonia concentration among broiler houses caused by different paddings，also caused effects on growth performance of broilers.The results showed that the ammonia concentration in broilerhouse paved with Chinese medicine residue was slower than those in broiler houses paved with other paddings.In the broiler house paved with Chinese medicine residue，the feed consumption（P＜0.05），body weight gain（P＜0.05），body weight（P＜0.05）and feed conservation ratio of broilers were higher than those in the other broiler houses.When ammonia concentration in the broiler house was excessively high，ammonia flowed freely through alveolar epithelium and entered the blood circulation system of broiler，resulting in increased blood ammonia concentration in broiler. When the blood ammonia concentration exceeded the normal level，the metabolism in brain cells and muscle cells of broiler would be affected，resulting in occurrence of poisoning phenomenon in poultry.Thus，the feeding center of broiler was inhibited，leading to decreased feed intake.At the same time，increased blood ammonia concentration enhanced the detoxification of ammonia in relevant organs of broiler，such as the liver，brain and muscle，which needed more energy.Therefore，the energy used to grow and produce was correspondingly reduced，affecting production performance of animals［4］.There have been some researches on ammonia concentration on production performance of broilers. Charles et al.［15］found that ammonia concentration affected feed intake，daily body weight gain and slaughter weight of broilers.Reece［16］and Miles［17］considered that the ammonia concentration not only affected daily body weight gain and feed intake，but also led to decreased feed conversion ratio. The results above were all consistent with the findings of this study.However，there are also some contradictory conclusions considering that ammonia concentration does not affect slaughter weight and feed intake of broilers，but causes decreased feed conversion ratio alone［18-19］.Wang et al.［2］found that within the first three weeks since the birth of baby broilers，the different-concentration （0，13，26 and 52 mg/kg）ammonia all had no significant effects on ADG and ADFI of broilers，but reduced theirfeed conversion ratio；however，within the interval of 3-6 weeks，the different-concentration（0，26，40 and 80 mg/kg）ammonia significantly reduced ADG and DFI of broilers，and the feed conversion ratio was trended to be decreased.The differences in results above mightbe caused by different ammonia concentrations，different genetic background and age of test broilers and different test periods.

Conclusions

In this study，compared with other paddings， the Chinese medicine residue，as padding of broiler houses，showed better ammonia-reducing effect.

The production performance of broilers was affected by the ammonia concentration in broiler houses.The higher ammonia concentration in broiler houses resulted in more difficult play of broiler production potential.

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Responsible editor：Tingting XU

Responsible proofreader：Xiaoyan WU

不同墊料對肉雞舍空氣質(zhì)量以及肉雞生理指標(biāo)的影響

劉雪蘭*，張燕，閻佩佩，井慶川，魏祥法，劉瑞亭，石天虹，武彬 （山東省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院家禽研究所，山東濟南250023）

［目的］探討不同墊料對肉雞舍內(nèi)氨氣濃度、肉雞血液生化指標(biāo)和生產(chǎn)性能的影響。［方法］選1日齡817肉雞480只，平均分成4組，每組3個重復(fù)，各組鋪灑不同的墊料。第30天，檢測舍內(nèi)氨氣濃度；第35天，每組選6只雞翅靜脈采血，測血氨、血糖、血清總蛋白、球蛋白、血糖及尿素氮濃度；每周稱雞重、料重，測定生產(chǎn)性能。［結(jié)果］舍內(nèi)氨氣濃度有顯著差異 （P＜0.05），1組顯著低于3組和4組（P＜0.05），2、3組差異不顯著（P＞0.05），4組顯著高于1、2、3組（P＜0.05）；各組血液生化指標(biāo)差異顯著（P＜0.05），1組血氨、血糖和血清尿素氮的濃度顯著低于其它各組（P＜0.05），血清總蛋白濃度顯著高于3組和4組（P＜0.05），血清球蛋白濃度顯著高于2、3、4組（P＜0.05）；采食量、體增重和出欄體重差異顯著（P＜0.05），各組料重比差異不顯著（P＞0.05）。［結(jié)論］該試驗條件下，中藥渣作為墊料對降低雞舍氨氣濃度具有很好的效果，有利于肉雞生產(chǎn)潛能的發(fā)揮。

中藥渣；墊料；氨氣濃度；生產(chǎn)性能；血液指標(biāo)

濟南市高校院所自主創(chuàng)新計劃項目（201303053）；山東省科技計劃項目（2014-GGH210001）；山東省畜牧獸醫(yī)局項目“山東省規(guī)?；怆u養(yǎng)殖面源污染治理技術(shù)研究”。

劉雪蘭（1974-），女，山東成武人，碩士，副研究員，主要從事家禽營養(yǎng)與環(huán)境控制研究。*

2015-09-09

Supported by Innovation Project for Universities and Research Institutes in Jinan City（201303053）； Shandong Provincial Science and Technology Plan Project（2014GGH210001）；Program of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Bureau of Shandong Province.

*Corresponding author.E-mail:liuxuelan7411@sina.com

Received:September 9，2015 Accepted:November 24，2015

修回日期 2015-11-24