許光偉,曹旭晨
β-catenin下調(diào)對乳腺癌MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化及侵襲遷移能力的影響
許光偉,曹旭晨△
目的探討β-連環(huán)蛋白(β-catenin)對乳腺癌細(xì)胞系MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞上皮間質(zhì)表型和侵襲遷移能力的影響。方法用β-catenin siRNA質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染乳腺癌MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞(對照組),免疫熒光染色觀察β-catenin的表達(dá)情況。Western blot檢測上皮標(biāo)記蛋白E-cadherin、間質(zhì)標(biāo)記蛋白vimentin及上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化相關(guān)調(diào)控因子Twist1和Snail的表達(dá)。Transwell侵襲實(shí)驗(yàn)和傷口愈合實(shí)驗(yàn)比較對照組、空質(zhì)粒組和β-catenin下調(diào)組細(xì)胞體外侵襲遷移能力。結(jié)果免疫熒光染色顯示對照組和空質(zhì)粒組細(xì)胞可見β-catenin在胞膜、胞漿和胞核表達(dá),β-catenin下調(diào)組細(xì)胞胞膜β-catenin呈低表達(dá),且未見胞漿、胞核表達(dá)。下調(diào)β-catenin的細(xì)胞E-cadherin表達(dá)增高,而vimentin、Twist1和Snail表達(dá)減少。侵襲遷移實(shí)驗(yàn)證明,下調(diào)組細(xì)胞穿膜細(xì)胞數(shù)和遷移距離顯著少于MDA-MB-231和對照組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論下調(diào)β-catenin阻礙Wnt/β-catenin通路的激活,降低乳腺癌MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞間質(zhì)表型的表達(dá)而促進(jìn)其上皮表型的表達(dá),從而降低了細(xì)胞的體外侵襲、遷移能力。
乳腺腫瘤;鈣黏著糖蛋白類;腫瘤侵潤;細(xì)胞運(yùn)動(dòng);β-catenin;上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化;MDA-MB-231
β-連環(huán)蛋白(β-catenin)不僅是細(xì)胞間重要的黏附分子,參與細(xì)胞間的黏附、生長、分化、凋亡等過程,而且作為Wnt經(jīng)典信號通路中的關(guān)鍵分子,其異常激活與多種腫瘤的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)[1]。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道在上皮細(xì)胞來源的惡性腫瘤中,細(xì)胞可通過激活βcatenin介導(dǎo)的Wnt通路發(fā)生上皮間充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(epi?thelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT),使細(xì)胞具有間質(zhì)細(xì)胞表型而促進(jìn)腫瘤的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移[2]。有研究表明,β-catenin在乳腺癌組織中也存在異常激活[3-4]。本研究通過在乳腺癌細(xì)胞系中下調(diào)β-catenin明確其對乳腺癌細(xì)胞上皮間質(zhì)表型的影響及侵襲、遷移能力的作用。
1.1 細(xì)胞系與培養(yǎng)乳腺癌細(xì)胞系MDA-MB-231購自中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心。細(xì)胞于含10%胎牛血清的RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)基中(加入青霉素、鏈霉素各100 U/mL),置于37℃、5%CO2培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)。
1.2 細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)染取對數(shù)生長期MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞接種于6孔板培養(yǎng)24 h后,采用轉(zhuǎn)染試劑LipofectamineTM2000,向MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)染β-catenin siRNA質(zhì)粒及空質(zhì)粒,轉(zhuǎn)染后,將細(xì)胞分成3組:MDA-MB-231組(對照組)、空質(zhì)粒組和β-catenin下調(diào)組(MDA-MB-231轉(zhuǎn)染β-catenin siRNA)。
1.3 免疫熒光96孔板內(nèi)放置蓋玻片,將各組細(xì)胞消化成單細(xì)胞懸液接種于96孔板內(nèi),24 h后取出細(xì)胞爬片,甲醇固定10 min,0.1%TritonX-100作用30 min,PBS沖洗5 min×3次,BSA封閉30 min,滴加兔抗人一抗β-catenin(1∶200,ab32572,abcam)37℃溫箱孵育1 h,PBS沖洗5 min×3次,滴加FITC標(biāo)記的二抗,常溫避光反應(yīng)30 min,PBS沖洗5 min×3次,DAPI染核5 min,滴加抗淬滅劑封片,熒光顯微鏡觀察。
1.4 Western blot細(xì)胞接種于6 cm皿中,長至90%匯合時(shí)每孔加入200 μL trizol裂解液裂解細(xì)胞,提取細(xì)胞總蛋白,10%聚丙烯酰胺凝膠電泳。將蛋白從SDS-PAGE膠轉(zhuǎn)膜至PVDF膜,利用5%脫脂奶粉封閉,然后分別加入一抗βcatenin(1∶500,ab32572,rabbit,abcam),上皮型鈣黏蛋白(E-cadherin,1∶500,sc-7870,Santa Cruz),vimentin(1∶500,sc-5566,Santa Cruz),Twis(t1∶500,sc-15393,Santa Cruz)和Snail(1∶500,sc-28199,Santa Cruz),在37℃箱孵育2 h;TBST漂洗10 min×3次;加山羊抗兔二抗(1∶2 000),37℃作用2 h;TBST漂洗10 min×3次;暗室避光X線片曝光,進(jìn)行顯影、定影、拍照。
1.5 細(xì)胞侵襲實(shí)驗(yàn)將包被有Matrigel的Transwell小室置于24孔培養(yǎng)板孔中,在每一Transwell小室的下室加條件培養(yǎng)液500 μL,上室分別接種200 μL含1×104個(gè)細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞懸液。常規(guī)培養(yǎng)48 h后,取出Transwell小室,拭去其濾膜上表面的未穿膜細(xì)胞,將黏著于Matrigel膜下層的細(xì)胞用結(jié)晶紫染色后高倍鏡下選5個(gè)視野進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)。
1.6 細(xì)胞傷口愈合實(shí)驗(yàn)將對照組、空質(zhì)粒組和β-catenin下調(diào)組細(xì)胞分別接種于24孔板中(每孔5×105個(gè)細(xì)胞),待細(xì)胞生長至單層完全融合時(shí),吸去培養(yǎng)液,用PBS洗2次,以100 μL微量移液槍頭在單層細(xì)胞上呈一字形劃痕,制造細(xì)胞創(chuàng)傷模型。每組平行3個(gè)樣本,鏡下記錄劃痕區(qū)相對距離,PBS沖洗2~3次后繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)。于48 h后在顯微鏡下監(jiān)測創(chuàng)傷愈合程度,并于100倍視野下拍照。
1.7 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法采用SPSS 17.0軟件做統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,組間多重比較采用LSD-t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 細(xì)胞系經(jīng)下調(diào)后的表達(dá)免疫熒光結(jié)果顯示對照組和空質(zhì)粒組細(xì)胞β-catenin在胞膜、胞漿和胞核呈較強(qiáng)表達(dá),而β-catenin下調(diào)組的MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞β-catenin表達(dá)明顯減少,而且未見胞漿及胞核表達(dá),見圖1。
2.2 下調(diào)β-catenin對MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞上皮間質(zhì)相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)水平的影響與空質(zhì)粒組和對照組相比,β-catenin下調(diào)組細(xì)胞的β-catenin表達(dá)顯著較少;上皮細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物E-cadherin蛋白表達(dá)明顯增強(qiáng),間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物vimentin明顯下調(diào);調(diào)控EMT的關(guān)鍵轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Twist1和Snail表達(dá)均明顯減少,見圖2。
Fig.2 The protein expression levels of β-catenin,E-cadherin,vimentin,Twist1 and Snail圖2 各組細(xì)胞β-catenin、E-cadherin、vimentin、Twist1和Snail的蛋白表達(dá)水平
2.3 侵襲實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果空質(zhì)粒組、對照組和β-catenin下調(diào)組細(xì)胞穿過小室底膜的細(xì)胞數(shù)分別為41.30± 5.16,38.80±6.53和15.60±3.21,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=37.797,P<0.01)。β-catenin下調(diào)組細(xì)胞的穿膜數(shù)顯著少于對照組和空質(zhì)粒組(P<0.01)??召|(zhì)粒組與對照組之間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見圖3。
2.4 下調(diào)β-catenin對MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞遷移能力的影響48 h后,β-catenin下調(diào)組、空質(zhì)粒組和對照組遷移的距離分別為(31.23±4.24)、(50.34± 9.25)和(48.00±10.71)μm,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F= 7.463,P<0.01)。β-catenin下調(diào)組細(xì)胞遷移的距離小于對照組和空質(zhì)粒組(P<0.01)。空質(zhì)粒組和對照組差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見圖4。
β-catenin是細(xì)胞內(nèi)的一種多功能蛋白,參與細(xì)胞間黏附的調(diào)節(jié),是Wnt通路中關(guān)鍵調(diào)控蛋白,其在細(xì)胞內(nèi)的濃度和狀態(tài)對該通路有決定性的影響[5]。正常成熟的組織細(xì)胞中,胞漿內(nèi)β-catenin大部分與細(xì)胞膜上的E-cadherin結(jié)合起細(xì)胞間黏附作用。胞漿內(nèi)游離β-catenin濃度維持在較低水平,不能進(jìn)入胞核調(diào)控下游基因表達(dá)[6]。在腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展過程中,Wnt配體與細(xì)胞膜表面的Frizzled/LRP受體結(jié)合引起下游分子Dsh磷酸化,使β-catenin APC/Ax?in/GSK-3β組成的復(fù)合物分離,使其在細(xì)胞內(nèi)積聚并隨后進(jìn)入細(xì)胞核與TCF/LEF結(jié)合而激活下游靶基因cyclinD1、APC等的轉(zhuǎn)錄,參與調(diào)控細(xì)胞增殖、調(diào)亡、運(yùn)動(dòng)、分化[7]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)中,我們應(yīng)用免疫熒光染色觀察到MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞β-catenin于細(xì)胞膜胞漿和胞核內(nèi)均可見β-catenin較強(qiáng)的陽性著色,說明乳腺癌細(xì)胞中存在Wnt/β-catenin通路的激活。經(jīng)siRNA干擾后β-catenin表達(dá)明顯減少,并且胞漿和胞核內(nèi)未見著色,提示β-catenin下游通路可能無法正常啟動(dòng),從而引起下游基因的變化,進(jìn)而對腫瘤細(xì)胞的生物學(xué)特性產(chǎn)生影響。
EMT指上皮細(xì)胞經(jīng)過細(xì)胞骨架重塑,在形態(tài)學(xué)上發(fā)生向間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)變的過程。無論在生理或病理情況下,Wnt/β-catenin信號通路都是參與調(diào)控EMT的重要信號通路之一。誘導(dǎo)EMT的信號和信號通路通常具有幾個(gè)共同終點(diǎn),包括E-cadherin等關(guān)鍵基因表達(dá)的變化和細(xì)胞骨架、黏附結(jié)構(gòu)的變化。E-cadherin作為一種鈣依賴型跨膜糖蛋白,能夠與β-catenin等形成復(fù)合物,發(fā)揮細(xì)胞連接參與維持上皮細(xì)胞極性和完整性的作用。當(dāng)Wnt/βcatenin通路激活時(shí),β-catenin向細(xì)胞核內(nèi)聚集引起E-cadherin失去cadherin-catenin錨定連接而破壞了E-cadherin/β-catenin復(fù)合體的穩(wěn)定性,E-cad?herin失去黏附功能,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞分散,移動(dòng)力增加,獲得侵襲性間質(zhì)表型[8]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)中筆者選擇了惡性程度高、分化低的乳腺癌細(xì)胞系MDA-MB-231,結(jié)果顯示,乳腺癌細(xì)胞系MDA-MB-231中β-catenin呈高表達(dá),且E-cadherin低表達(dá)而vimentin高表達(dá),證實(shí)乳腺癌細(xì)胞MDA-MB-231具有一定的間質(zhì)表型。有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道Wnt/β-catenin信號通路的活化可以引起一些EMT轉(zhuǎn)錄因子如Snail和Twist的表達(dá)上調(diào)[9-10],上皮型鈣黏蛋白基因的抑制主要由鋅指轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Snai1介導(dǎo),該轉(zhuǎn)錄因子能夠被大多數(shù)引發(fā)上皮間充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化的信號通路激活[11]。本研究結(jié)果中,下調(diào)β-catenin的細(xì)胞Snail減少,相應(yīng)的受Snail調(diào)控的E-cadherin表達(dá)升高。此外,同為調(diào)控EMT的關(guān)鍵因子Twist1也有一定程度降低。以上結(jié)果說明β-catenin的下調(diào)影響了乳腺癌細(xì)胞MDAMB-231中EMT相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的表達(dá),提示下調(diào)βcatenin對具有間質(zhì)性表型的細(xì)胞發(fā)生EMT的逆轉(zhuǎn)。研究表明,在肺癌、肝癌、黑色素瘤等多種上皮來源的腫瘤中都存在EMT轉(zhuǎn)變,并且這種轉(zhuǎn)變與腫瘤的侵襲遷移能力密切相關(guān)[12-13]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,下調(diào)β-catenin的MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞與對照組MDA-MB-231相比侵襲能力明顯降低,結(jié)合βcatenin對腫瘤細(xì)胞發(fā)生EMT的促進(jìn)作用,筆者認(rèn)為下調(diào)β-catenin可能是通過調(diào)控細(xì)胞上皮表型的表達(dá)從而降低了腫瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲能力。
腫瘤的侵襲遷移能力與患者預(yù)后及腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)等密切相關(guān),其相關(guān)機(jī)制的研究有益于提供新的腫瘤治療思路。本研究通過實(shí)驗(yàn)證明下調(diào)β-catenin能促使具有間質(zhì)細(xì)胞表型的乳腺癌細(xì)胞發(fā)生上皮表型的表達(dá)升高,并降低其侵襲遷移力,提示其在乳腺癌中可能作為新的治療靶點(diǎn),以降低或阻斷腫瘤的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移。β-catenin作為轉(zhuǎn)錄因子居于Wnt信號通路級聯(lián)反應(yīng)的中心環(huán)節(jié),對其上游信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路以及下游轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控的直接靶點(diǎn)仍需更深入的研究,從而進(jìn)一步明確腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展的機(jī)制。
(圖1、3見插頁)
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(2014-12-10收稿2015-04-17修回)
(本文編輯魏杰)
Effects of down-regulated β-catenin on epithelial mesenchymal transition,invasion and migration ability of breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231
XU Guangwei,CAO Xuchen△
Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer,
Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy,Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy,Tianjin Medical University,Ministry of Education,Tianjin 300060,China△
ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of β-catenin on epithelial mesenchymal phenotype and invasion migra?tion ability of breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231.MethodsSmall interfering RNA(siRNA)targeting β-catenin plas?mid was transfected into MDA-MB-231 cell line.Immunofluorescence staining was used to observe the expression of β-catenin.The expressions of epithelial cell marker E-cadherin and mesenchymal marker vimentin,epithelial mesenchymal transition correlation factor Twist1 and Snail were detected by Western blot assay.Invasion and migration ability was com?pared by transwell invasion and wound healing assay between control group,the MDA-MB-231 group and β-catenin downregulated group.ResultsImmunofluorescence staining showed that β-catenin was expressed in cell membrane,cytoplasm or nucleus in MDA-MB-231 group and control group.There was a decreased expression in β-catenin down-regulated group,and no expression in cytoplasm or nucleus.The expression of E-cadherin was increased,while vimentin,Twist1 and Snail expression decreased in β-catenin down-regulated cells.Transwell invasion and wound healing assay results proved that transmembrane cell number and migration distance were significantly lower in β-catenin down-regulated group than those of MDA-MB-231 group and control group(P<0.05).ConclusionThe down-regulation of β-catenin inhibits Wnt/ β-catenin activation that decreases the mesenchymal phenotype but increases epithelial phenotype of breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231,and which reduces the cell invasion and migration ability in vitro.
breast neoplasms;cadherins;neoplasm invasiveness;cell movement;β-catenin;epithelial mesenchymal transition;MDA-MB-231
R737.9
A
10.11958/j.issn.0253-9896.2015.09.006
天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院,國家腫瘤臨床醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心,天津市“腫瘤防治”重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,乳腺癌防治教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室(郵編300060)
許光偉(1988),女,碩士研究生,主要從事腫瘤學(xué)乳腺癌方面研究
△通訊作者E-mail:cxc@medmail.com.cn