張利/ZHANG Li

東南建筑學人：一個毫不間斷的啟發(fā)性群體

SEU-Arch Alumni: A Community that Never Stops to Inspire

張利/ZHANG Li

本期《世界建筑》再次聚焦于文革以后的中國建筑教育，這一次我們觀察的對象是一個延續(xù)著中國現(xiàn)代建筑教育最長歷史傳統(tǒng)的群體：東南大學（原中央大學、前南京工學院）建筑學院（建筑系）的建筑學人。當然，我們的觀察范圍仍然是1977年后在此接受建筑教育、目前在建筑設(shè)計及相關(guān)領(lǐng)域中具有代表性的人。

杰出頭腦的集聚從來都是學科引領(lǐng)的必要條件，東南建筑在此有著傲人的記錄。東南大學建筑學院的前身、創(chuàng)立于1927年的原中央大學建筑系是中國最早的綜合大學的建筑系，而這一前身的前身，創(chuàng)立于1923年的蘇州工業(yè)專門學校的建筑科則是中國最早的高等教育建筑學科。這是中國自宋起在寧蘇杭一帶所凝聚的人文視野與工藝傳統(tǒng)和當時新近傳入的現(xiàn)代教育理念相作用的直接結(jié)果，以極大的吸引力啟動了東南建筑學科歷史上對杰出頭腦的第一波匯集，奠定了其在中國現(xiàn)代建筑教育史上的地位。1977年，前南京工學院的建筑系作為最早的恢復(fù)高考招生的建筑學科之一，在傳統(tǒng)的支撐上啟動了其對杰出頭腦——更確切地說，是對文革十年所積淀下來的渴望接受高等建筑教育的最具潛力的頭腦——的第二波匯集，成功接續(xù)了歷史的線索，并在事實上造就了當代中國建筑界領(lǐng)軍團隊中的相當一部分力量。

建筑教育是應(yīng)更多地關(guān)注建筑本體，還是其衍生的社會與文化價值？如果說在文藝復(fù)興時代，基于建筑本體相關(guān)知識的自主建筑學是不爭的共識的話，那么在當今的自媒體時代，建筑策略主義者或建筑機會主義者似乎正在得到越來越多的關(guān)注。對此，東南建筑保持著難得的冷靜，始終堅持著對建筑本體的全神貫注。這一方面來自于東南建筑學科自創(chuàng)始以來給予一代又一代杰出實踐者在建筑教育上的充分話語權(quán)利，另一方面則來自于中國江南地區(qū)數(shù)個世紀以來對營造工法與工藝質(zhì)量的偏好訴求。在東南建筑學人的治學與執(zhí)業(yè)背后貫穿著一種真實而細膩的、與建造本身息息相關(guān)的情感，不論是在城市、建筑、景觀還是在理論、歷史、技術(shù)等領(lǐng)域，以建造實踐所抵達的詩學從來沒有被遺忘。

一個城市的識別性在很大程度上影響一個學科的識別性，這對東南建筑來說完全成立。東南大學在歷史上的3次更名可以看成是南京在不到一個世紀時間內(nèi)所走過的黑格爾辨證法周期的一個縮影。在東南建筑學科中，我們不難看到所有地處曾是近期首都的城市的學科的共性：尚存的作為國家權(quán)力中心的新鮮記憶所不可避免地導(dǎo)致的官學遺產(chǎn)，與后首都時期的雨后春筍式蓬勃而出的民學爭鳴之間所達成的某種平衡。這種精致的協(xié)調(diào)屢見于費城、都靈等地，在南京的東南建筑亦然。一方面，儒式的國家抱負、自上而下的全體策略及相對宏觀的認知格局得以延續(xù)；另一方面，道式的獨立反省、自下而上的局部實驗與相對微觀的介入方法悄然興起。格物與正心之間已不再是簡單的線性因果聯(lián)系，而是擁有了某種互逆的融匯與貫通。

批評，來自各方面的批評，是任何建筑教育的生命組成部分，更不用說由特定體系所產(chǎn)生的附加焦慮。作為中國歷史最悠久的建筑學科之一，東南建筑自然不可能免于這些煩擾。然而，令人欣慰的是，作為一個群體，東南建筑學人自主的識別性從未被這些煩擾所掩蓋，東南建筑學人也從未間斷為當今的建筑學提供靈感。

特別感謝東南大學建筑學院編輯本期專刊的工作組：負責人王建國教授、韓冬青教授，專文撰稿人陳薇教授，執(zhí)行人單踴教授、葛明教授，顧問張永和教授、王駿陽教授、顧大慶教授、趙辰教授，攝影賴自力老師，以及參與學人提名的多位前輩。他們使本期專輯成為可能。

In this issue of World Architecture we focus again on architectural education in post-culture-revolution China. This time we'll have a look at a community that carries the longest tradition of Chinese architectural education: the Southeast University (former Central University in Republican China, and then Nanjing Polytechnics until its current name) Architecture School alumni, or, SEU-Arch alumni. Again we will only look at the alumni after 1977.

Any leading institution is built upon a collection of brilliant minds. SEU-Arch has a proud record in this regard. Founded in 1927, the Architecture Department in Central University, the first incarnation of SEU-Arch, was the earliest architecture department in any Chinese university. Its own origin, the Architecture Faculty in Soochow Industrial School founded in 1923, was the earliest architecture faculty in Chinese senior education. This record was a direct outcome of the cross fertilisation between a modern educational vision and the long tradition of craft in the area surrounding Soochow, Nanjing and Hangzhou. It initiated the first wave of mind gathering with huge momentum. In 1977, the Architecture Department of Nanjing Polytechnics was again one of the first architecture institutions to resume enrolment after the Cultural Revolution, which initiated the second wave of mind gathering. This time it was quite unique, because what it gathered were actually people who had the greatest potentials of doing architecture nation-wide in a span of ten years, left by the Cultural Revolution. This has been proved later to be extremely important for SEU-Arch. Not only was the broken tradition of this prestigious institution reconnected, but also a de facto leading group of professionals and academics for the next 30 years were made.

Is architectural education more about buildings or more about their social and culture consequences? It is a haunting question in contemporary architectural education. In Renaissance it was crystal clear that architecture is an autonomous discipline about everything related to buildings. In the self-media age of our time, things are getting blurred. It seems that, more favour is being given to architecture strategists or opportunists than architects. SEUArch remains preciously calm on this trend and never changes its preoccupation with the making of buildings. One source of this calmness comes from the fact that throughout the history of SEUArch, distinguished practitioners have been enjoying significant pedagogical sayings. The other source of this calmness comes from the centuries-long obsession with craft and quality making in the Yangzi River Delta. For generations, SEU-Arch teachers and disciples have retained a deep and exquisite affection with the making of good buildings in all their works, whether the primary concern of a work is theoretical, historical or technological. No matter the scope of a project is about a city, a building or landscape, the poetics of making good stuff is never forgotten.

The identity of an institution comes a lot from the identity of the city it resides. This can't be truer for SEU-Arch. Its three names in history unmistakably reflect the Hegelian cycle the city of Nanjing has gone through in a century. In SEU-Arch we see a character shared by all institutions located in a city which has recently been a national capital: a singular balance between the top-down and the bottom-up approaches, as seen in Philadelphia and Turin . The top-down, or the institutionalised, comes from the fresh memory of being close to a national centre of power. The bottom-up, or the democratised, comes from the emerging debates after the centre of power moves away. The result of this balance is an individualised approach fitted into a framework of broader agenda, a combination of Confucianists' whole scale narrative and Taoists' microcosm experiments.

One living reality of architectural education is to face criticism from everywhere. Moreover, the anxiety from certain higher education administrative structures can be more punitive. All these form the disturbance that an old institution like SEUArch cannot elude. Fortunately, SEU-Arch has managed to live with all these disturbance without losing its own character and the power of generating inspirations.

Our special thanks to the SEU-Arch workgroup that has made this issue possible: Directors Prof. WANG Jianguo and Prof. HAN Dongqing; Executives Prof. CHEN Wei, Prof. SHAN Yong and Prof. GE Ming; Consultants Prof. Yung Ho Chang, Prof. WANG Junyang, Prof. GU Daqing and Prof. ZHAO Chen; Photographer Mr LAI Zili.

“東南建筑學人”學習所在地中大院（攝影：陳薇）

清華大學建筑學院/《世界建筑》

2015-05-10