廖鋒 劉巍峰 牛曉輝
作者單位:610072 四川省醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院、四川省人民醫(yī)院骨科 (廖鋒);100035 北京積水潭醫(yī)院骨腫瘤科 (劉巍峰、牛曉輝)
.論著 Original article.
骨自溶癥 210 例文獻(xiàn)病例分析
廖鋒 劉巍峰 牛曉輝
作者單位:610072 四川省醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院、四川省人民醫(yī)院骨科 (廖鋒);100035 北京積水潭醫(yī)院骨腫瘤科 (劉巍峰、牛曉輝)
目的 探討骨自溶癥的臨床特點(diǎn)與治療情況。方法 計(jì)算機(jī)檢索 PubMed、ScienceDirect、ProQuest、Springer Link 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),納入 2016 年 4 月前發(fā)表的骨自溶癥病例報(bào)道。提取患者的資料:性別、年齡、病變部位、癥狀、體征、并發(fā)癥、影像特點(diǎn)、病理特點(diǎn)、治療方法、隨訪時(shí)間及結(jié)果。采用描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)方法。結(jié)果 共納入 151 篇文獻(xiàn)、210 例。男女比率為 1.84∶1。中位就診年齡 21 歲 (2 個(gè)月至 83 歲)。70%患者的病變?yōu)槎喟l(fā),人體所有骨骼均可起病,但以肩胛帶周圍及骨盆周圍多見。約 80% 患者的首診主訴為局部疼痛,其余患者則多因并發(fā)癥 (胸腔積液、病理性骨折等) 就診。影像學(xué)特征:局部骨質(zhì) (包括骨皮質(zhì)及髓質(zhì)) 進(jìn)行性溶解消失。病理特征:殘存骨周圍的纖維結(jié)締組織中,富含大小不一的薄壁脈管。約 70 例曾接受放療,其中 32 例的放療劑量和隨訪資料完整。此 32 例中,24 例病變?cè)诜暖熀筅呌诜€(wěn)定 (隨訪 3 個(gè)月至14 年),3 例接受放療者,放療后 1 年病變?nèi)岳^續(xù)進(jìn)展,5 例在放療后半年至 4 年內(nèi)死亡。30 余例曾接受二磷酸鹽治療,隨訪資料完整的 16 例中 9 例在治療 2 年內(nèi)病情趨穩(wěn),4 例在治療后 4 個(gè)月至 3 年病情仍繼續(xù)進(jìn)展,剩余 3 例則在 4 個(gè)月至 4 年內(nèi)死亡。接受干擾素治療的 20 余例中,8 例治療后 2 年內(nèi)病情趨于穩(wěn)定;2 例治療后 1 年無明顯療效,改用其它方法治療;2 例分別于干擾素治療后 4 個(gè)月和 4 年后死亡。骨自溶癥的主要并發(fā)癥包括:胸腔積液 (乳糜胸)、病理性骨折、由椎體骨折導(dǎo)致的脊髓神經(jīng)壓迫,總死亡率為 13%。結(jié)論 骨自溶癥為一種罕見病,癥狀體征無特異性,診斷主要依靠影像和病理。各種治療方法的準(zhǔn)確療效尚未明確。
骨自溶癥;骨溶解;破骨細(xì)胞;放射療法;二磷酸鹽;干擾素 α-2b;匯總分析
1838 年,Jackson 在 The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal (現(xiàn)名 New Eng J Med) 上發(fā)表題為“A Boneless Arm”的個(gè)案報(bào)告:Mr. Brown,男,18 歲時(shí)(1819 年) 右肱骨干因外傷骨折。骨折愈合期間,外傷導(dǎo)致局部再骨折 2 次。20 年間,患者右肱骨逐漸消失。(注:此時(shí) X 線尚未被發(fā)現(xiàn)和應(yīng)用)[1]。
此后近百年間,有 20 余例類似的“原因不明的局部骨組織溶解消失”病例報(bào)道。作者對(duì)疾病的稱謂包括:骨自溶癥 (disappearing or vanishing bone disease)、大塊骨溶解癥 (massive osteolysis)、自發(fā)骨溶解癥 (idiopathic osteolysis)、急性自發(fā)骨吸收(acute spontaneous absorption of bone)、鬼怪骨或幻影骨病 (phantom bone disease) 等。
1954 年,美國(guó) Albany 醫(yī)學(xué)中心腫瘤科醫(yī)師和病理學(xué)家 Lemuel Whittington Gorham 及其同事[2]報(bào)道2 例大塊骨溶解病例,同時(shí)綜述了文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道的 16 例相似病例,包括文獻(xiàn) [1] 報(bào)道的病例 (Mr. Brown),發(fā)現(xiàn):(1) 這類罕見的骨溶解性疾病并不特發(fā)于某一骨,而可見于鎖骨、肩胛骨、肋骨、胸骨、橈骨、尺骨、下頜骨、股骨、骨盆及手足骨等。骨溶解消失發(fā)生于骨皮質(zhì)及髓質(zhì),緩慢進(jìn)展,雖然可能自行穩(wěn)定,但通常會(huì)持續(xù)至骨組織完全消失,最終遺留一條纖維結(jié)締組織帶,可能為骨膜殘跡;(2) 所有患者的特征性病理表現(xiàn)均為血管異常,即微小的薄壁血管過度增生;(3) 病因不清,可能與外傷有關(guān)。
此后,這一問題受到近代外科病理學(xué)先驅(qū)、時(shí)任 Francis Delafield 醫(yī)院病理科主任的 Arthur Purdy Stout 教授重視。其與 Gorham 合作,搜集分析了更多病例,并閱讀了獲得的 8 例的病理切片,提出:這些臨床、影像、病理表現(xiàn)均相似,但稱謂不一的疾病,實(shí)為同一種疾病。二者將研究報(bào)告提交美國(guó)病理學(xué)會(huì),獲得認(rèn)可[3]。此后,這種“以局部骨組織逐漸被富含脈管結(jié)構(gòu)的纖維結(jié)締組織替代為特征,原因不明的罕見病”被廣泛稱為 Gorham 病 (Gorham’s disease,GD) 或 Gorham-Stout 綜合征(Gorham-Stout syndrome,GSS)。
由于該病罕見,未曾有大宗病例報(bào)道對(duì)骨自溶癥的臨床特點(diǎn)和治療方法進(jìn)行詳細(xì)闡述。為此,筆者匯綜既往文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道的病例,分析骨自溶癥的流行病學(xué)、臨床表現(xiàn)、影像特點(diǎn)、病理特點(diǎn)、治療方法及預(yù)后,現(xiàn)介紹如下。
一、文獻(xiàn)檢索
計(jì)算機(jī)檢索數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù):PubMed、ScienceDirect、ProQuest、Springer Link。檢索時(shí)間:1966 年至 2016 年 4 月。英文檢索詞:Gorham’s disease、Gorham-Stout syndrome、Massive osteolysis、Disappearing bone disease、Vanishing bone disease、Idiopathic osteolysis、Acute spontaneous absorption of bone、Phantom bone disease。并輔以手工檢索、文獻(xiàn)追溯等方法。
二、文獻(xiàn)納入及排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1) 病例報(bào)道;(2) 結(jié)合臨床、影像和病理,明確診斷為骨自溶癥。
排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1) 綜述;(2) 重復(fù)報(bào)道病例。
三、資料提取
提取的資料包括:患者性別、就診年齡、發(fā)病部位、癥狀、體征、并發(fā)癥、影像特點(diǎn)、病理特點(diǎn) (是否有破骨細(xì)胞?特殊染色及結(jié)果)、治療方法(是否接受放療及放射劑量?是否使用雙磷酸鹽或干擾素?并發(fā)癥的處理)、隨訪時(shí)間、隨訪結(jié)果。
四、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
采用 Microsoft Office Excel 2007 錄入和整理數(shù)據(jù)。采用描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)方法。
一、文獻(xiàn)檢索結(jié)果
共檢索到骨自溶癥文獻(xiàn) 151 篇[3-153],其中 2 篇文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道病例重復(fù)[121,125],最終納入 210 例 (表1)。
二、流行病學(xué)
男女比率為 1.84∶1 (圖1)。發(fā)病年齡 2 個(gè)月至83 歲,中位年齡 21 歲,平均年齡 26.9 歲 (圖2)。人體所有骨骼均可能起病,但以肩胛帶周圍及骨盆周圍多見 (圖3)。約 70% 病例為多發(fā),病變常位于同一骨的鄰近部位或鄰近骨骼 (如胸椎與肋骨、肋骨與胸骨、鎖骨與肱骨上段、腰椎與骨盆、骨盆與股骨近端),但不乏病灶遠(yuǎn)離的個(gè)案報(bào)道 (肋骨、頸胸椎和腓骨)[125]。
三、臨床表現(xiàn)
骨自溶癥患者的最常見癥狀為局部疼痛,但疼痛的性質(zhì)、程度與骨溶解的速度或程度并無絕對(duì)關(guān)聯(lián):病變?cè)缙诳赡馨Y狀隱匿[50,111,121];而骨組織明顯破壞之前,局部鈍痛可能已持續(xù)數(shù)年[136]。突發(fā)局部劇痛或放射痛,則提示病理性骨折或神經(jīng)壓迫[119,131]。
此外,患者也可因并發(fā)癥就診。位于胸廓諸骨的病灶,常因胸腔積液 (乳糜胸) 或胸廓畸形,致患者呼吸困難[3,137,144]。位于椎體的病灶,多因病理性骨折、脊髓受壓,致患者運(yùn)動(dòng)、感覺、兩便功能障礙[131];罕見硬膜損傷,腦脊液漏,而致頭痛[145]?;颊邇?nèi)臟器官極少受累,但不乏以“腹痛、黑便”首診者[141]。
體格檢查:淺表病變,可致局部腫脹和觸痛、相應(yīng)肢體活動(dòng)受限,甚至骨性標(biāo)志 (如鎖骨、胸骨、肋骨、股骨大轉(zhuǎn)子) 消失,但極少伴皮膚顏色、溫度等異常[26,66,127,133]。
四、影像學(xué)特點(diǎn)
X 線平片和 CT 檢查是骨自溶癥的重要診斷依據(jù)。病程早期,多表現(xiàn)為骨膜下或髓腔內(nèi)溶骨性病變 (圖4)。骨膜下溶骨多見于骨盆、肩胛骨、胸骨等不規(guī)則骨,特征性表現(xiàn)為“舔糖果征”(licked candy stick deformity)[36]。髓腔內(nèi)溶骨常見于椎體、長(zhǎng)骨干骺端,為地圖樣、邊界清、邊緣無或輕微硬化、無骨膜反應(yīng)、無新生骨或鈣化、無皮質(zhì)膨脹、無軟組織腫塊[131]。但首診時(shí)具有此類典型表現(xiàn)的病例不足 30%,多數(shù)病例病變累及骨皮質(zhì)和髓質(zhì)、無特異性。12% 患者首診時(shí)伴有病理性骨折。增強(qiáng) CT檢查,病變無明顯強(qiáng)化[149]。
行影像學(xué)隨訪,觀察疾病進(jìn)程,更有助于診斷。骨自溶癥特征表現(xiàn)為:局部骨質(zhì)進(jìn)行性溶解消失。疾病進(jìn)展速度不一,但通常需要數(shù)月甚至數(shù)年才能觀察到變化。
不同病變的 MRI 表現(xiàn)不盡一致。多數(shù)病變及周圍區(qū)域在 T1和 T2加權(quán)像上均為高信號(hào)[127];少數(shù)病變區(qū)域則表現(xiàn)為 T1低信號(hào),T2高信號(hào)[150]。MRI 表現(xiàn)差異可能與病變內(nèi)水、脂質(zhì)、含鐵血黃素等成分含量差異有關(guān)。Carbó 等[146]穿刺病灶發(fā)現(xiàn)內(nèi)含乳糜樣液體,而 Vinée 等[36]穿刺病灶則發(fā)現(xiàn)內(nèi)含淡黃色清亮液體。
放射性同位素骨掃描結(jié)果差異較大:活躍期病變的放射性常輕度不均勻增高,隨后則可能降低、甚至缺損 (圖5)[127,138]。
五、病理特點(diǎn)
Gorham 和 Stout[3]最早詳述骨自溶癥的病理特征:殘存骨組織邊緣可見纖維結(jié)締組織,其中富含蔓狀增生的薄壁脈管,內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)不活躍,無細(xì)胞異型性,偶見少量壞死灶或淋巴細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),無新生骨。之后報(bào)道的病例,除部分可見破骨細(xì)胞數(shù)量增多外,病理表現(xiàn)與 Gorham 和 Stout 所述均無明顯差異 (圖6)。
薄壁管腔是血管還是淋巴管的爭(zhēng)論長(zhǎng)期存在:部分病理醫(yī)師因在管腔內(nèi)看到紅細(xì)胞而認(rèn)為其為血管,未看到血液細(xì)胞的病理醫(yī)師則認(rèn)為其為淋巴管[2]。免疫組化技術(shù)的應(yīng)用及淋巴管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞特異標(biāo)記物的發(fā)現(xiàn),最終促成該難題的解答。兩種常用的淋巴管標(biāo)記物為淋巴管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞透明質(zhì)酸受體 1 (lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1,LYVE-1)、D2-40 (跨膜糖蛋白 Podoplanin 的受體)[154-155]。近年來,多項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn):骨自溶癥病灶區(qū)的松質(zhì)骨、皮質(zhì)骨及軟組織內(nèi)的薄壁脈管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞 LYVE-1 或 D2-40 染色呈陽性[85,90,94,115,128,130,141],而正常骨組織染色陰性[156]。表明:病灶中的薄壁脈管為淋巴管,而非血管。
細(xì)胞周期核抗原 Ki-67 的單克隆抗體 MIB-1,可以識(shí)別處在 G1、S、G2 和 M 期的細(xì)胞,而不識(shí)別G0 期的細(xì)胞,因此被用于檢測(cè)細(xì)胞的增殖活性,是判斷病變良惡性的重要標(biāo)記物。2009 年,Elisabeth 等[94]使用 MIB-1 行骨自溶癥病變組織免疫組化染色,結(jié)果呈陰行或弱陽性,表明病灶中淋巴管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞非單抗隆,即病變非腫瘤。
六、治療與預(yù)后
骨自溶癥的治療包括兩方面:盡快穩(wěn)定病灶、預(yù)防或處理并發(fā)癥。
(一) 穩(wěn)定病灶
1. 放療:鑒于 X 線放射治療骨血管瘤成功的報(bào)道,1958 年,Johnson 和 McClure[7]首次嘗試使用X 線治療骨自溶癥:對(duì) 1 例 29 歲女性患者左半骨盆病變區(qū)行總共 33.2 Gy 的 X 線照射。X 線照射后30 個(gè)月復(fù)查,患者下肢功能改善,局部骨破壞減緩、疼痛減輕。
至今報(bào)道的所有骨自溶癥病例中,約 70 例曾接受放療,其中 32 例的放療劑量和隨訪資料完整、可及 (表1)。24 例 (75%) 患者病變?cè)诜暖熀筅呌诜€(wěn)定 (隨訪 3 個(gè)月至 14 年),甚至開始形成新骨,其放療劑量平均為 36.1 (20~46) Gy;3 例 (9.4%) 患者放療后隨訪 1 年,病情繼續(xù)進(jìn)展,其劑量分別為10 Gy、30 Gy、40 Gy;5 例 (15.6%) 患者放療后半年至 4 年內(nèi)死亡,死因?yàn)楹粑ソ?(4 例) 和腎衰竭繼發(fā)感染 (1 例),這 5 例患者放療劑量平均為 32.7 (22.5~40) Gy。
放療劑量與療效的關(guān)系難以明確,但考慮到預(yù)后良好組患者較預(yù)后不良組患者接受的放療劑量大,部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為對(duì)骨自溶癥病變區(qū)的放療劑量應(yīng)>36 Gy[118]。
2. 二磷酸鹽:1969 年,Bassett 將二磷酸鹽用于治療骨化性肌炎,并取得成功[157]。此后二磷酸鹽被廣泛用于治療 Paget 病、骨質(zhì)疏松、骨轉(zhuǎn)移癌等多種骨科疾病。其基本藥理機(jī)制為:高選擇性地吸附于骨表面,進(jìn)而被破骨細(xì)胞攝取,破骨細(xì)胞體內(nèi)的二磷酸鹽則抑制其募集、分化和再吸收活性[158]。
1996 年,Devlin 等[39]發(fā)現(xiàn) 1 例骨自溶癥患者血清中 IL-6 含量為正常值上限的 7 倍、患者血清能促進(jìn)體外培養(yǎng)的正常人骨髓細(xì)胞分化成為破骨細(xì)胞樣多核細(xì)胞,從而推測(cè)骨自溶癥的病因?yàn)槠乒羌?xì)胞增多和功能亢進(jìn),并據(jù)此建議患者使用二磷酸鹽治療:靜脈輸注帕米磷酸二鈉,9 個(gè)月內(nèi)患者血清IL-6 含量逐漸下降,骨破壞減緩。
至今有 30 余例骨自溶癥患者曾接受口服或靜脈制劑的二磷酸鹽 (帕米膦酸二鈉、氯磷酸二鈉、唑來膦酸、阿侖膦酸、伊班膦酸) 治療 (表1)。隨訪資料完整、可及的 16 例中,9 例 (56.3%) 在治療后2 年內(nèi)病情穩(wěn)定;4 例 (25.0%) 在治療后隨訪 4 個(gè)月至 3 年,疾病仍繼續(xù)進(jìn)展;其余 3 例 (18.8%),則在治療后 4 個(gè)月至 4 年內(nèi)死亡,死于呼吸衰竭者2 例,腎功能衰竭繼發(fā)感染者 1 例。上述病例,均未出現(xiàn)下頜骨壞死、食道癌、眼部炎癥和心房纖顫等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥。
3. 干擾素:重組人干擾素 α-2b (interferon α-2b,IFNα-2b) 最初被研制和批準(zhǔn)用于治療病毒感染。在治療 HIV 感染患者時(shí),偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)其對(duì)卡波西肉瘤的生長(zhǎng)有明顯抑制作用[159]。之后基礎(chǔ)研究證實(shí),IFNα-2b 能抑制腫瘤血管新生[160]。鑒于此,1996 年,F(xiàn)rankel 等[45]首次嘗試使用 IFNα-2b 治療骨自溶癥:對(duì) 1 例伴胸腔積液且放療無效的骨自溶癥患者,皮下注射 INFα-2b (第 1 個(gè)月 3 MU / 天,之后 5 MU / 天),治療結(jié)束后 6 周,患者胸腔積液消失,全身狀況明顯改善。
隨后 INFα-2b 被廣泛用于治療骨自溶癥,尤其是伴有乳糜胸的患者。至今已報(bào)道 20 余例,其中12 例隨訪資料完整、可及 (表1):8 例 (67%) 治療后 2 年病情趨于穩(wěn)定;2 例 (17%) 治療后 1 年無明顯療效,改用其它方法治療;2 例 (17%) 治療后分別于 4 個(gè)月和 4 年死亡,死因均為難以控制的呼吸衰竭。
4. 其余藥物:其余被嘗試用于治療骨自溶癥的藥物包括:維生素 D[5-6,131]、降鈣素[119]、OK-432 (腫瘤免疫治療藥物)[61,81,151]、糖皮質(zhì)激素[45,97]、貝伐單抗[107]、伊馬替尼[85,107]和西羅莫司[130]。
(二) 并發(fā)癥的預(yù)防和處理
骨自溶癥的并發(fā)癥包括但不限于:胸腔積液(乳糜胸)、病理性骨折、由椎體病理性骨折導(dǎo)致的脊髓神經(jīng)壓迫。這些并發(fā)癥導(dǎo)致患者總死亡率為 13%。
1. 胸腔積液 (乳糜胸):胸廓 (胸椎、肋骨、胸骨) 受累的患者,約 80% 并發(fā)乳糜胸,可能因周圍淋巴管損傷所致?;颊咝厍粌?nèi)可長(zhǎng)期引流出大量淋巴液,單純采用胸導(dǎo)管結(jié)扎、胸膜固定等方法往往不能徹底緩解。繼發(fā)肺部感染和呼吸衰竭可致患者死亡[3,28,62,92,117,121,130]。隨著呼吸重癥監(jiān)護(hù)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步和促病灶穩(wěn)定藥物的應(yīng)用,目前 50% 患者可維持生命至骨破壞停止、胸腔積液逐漸減少,但胸廓畸形、心肺功能不全等遺留問題,使患者生存質(zhì)量較差,需要長(zhǎng)期隨訪和治療[12,62,88,97,115,138,141,143]。
2. 病理性骨折和脊髓神經(jīng)壓迫:若骨破壞已終止,為預(yù)防或治療病理性骨折,可根據(jù)病變位置及骨破壞程度,恰當(dāng)采用鋼板螺絲釘固定[86-87]、髓內(nèi)釘固定[119]、自體或異體骨移植[6,148,150]、人工關(guān)節(jié)置換[55,122]、球囊擴(kuò)張骨水泥填充[145]等一種或多種方法,恢復(fù)骨骼的運(yùn)動(dòng)、支持和保護(hù)功能。
對(duì)處于疾病進(jìn)展期,且病理性骨折發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高的患者,宜制動(dòng)或行外固定 (石膏、支具、外固定架等);而如果病理性骨折已經(jīng)發(fā)生,須充分權(quán)衡各種固定方式的利弊,盡可能避免采用對(duì)局部損傷較大的手術(shù)治療,因?yàn)檫M(jìn)行性的骨破壞導(dǎo)致內(nèi)固定失敗的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)極高[85,122]。
如果椎體病理性骨折合并脊髓神經(jīng)受壓,須盡快行減壓手術(shù),但術(shù)后神經(jīng)功能難以完全恢復(fù)。約30% 患者因癱瘓臥床,并發(fā)營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良、肺部感染等疾病,于骨折后數(shù)年內(nèi)死亡[85,131,133,137,142]。
一、發(fā)病機(jī)制
骨自溶癥的病因至今不清。因部分患者訴或輕或重或近期或久遠(yuǎn)的局部外傷史,Gorham 和 Stout[3]推測(cè):創(chuàng)傷后局部新生肉芽組織,大量血液通過其中豐富且擴(kuò)張的毛細(xì)血管時(shí)流速緩慢,導(dǎo)致局部缺氧和 pH 值降低。缺氧、低 pH 值和血管的機(jī)械力三者共同促進(jìn)骨吸收,而與破骨細(xì)胞無關(guān)。但由于外傷與骨自溶癥的因果關(guān)系難以確立,之后一些病例病理檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)破骨細(xì)胞數(shù)量增加,活性增強(qiáng)[8,9,49,55,58],該假設(shè)未得到承認(rèn)。
近年來,多項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)骨自溶癥患者血液中多種細(xì)胞因子含量異常 (表2),其中血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子 A (vascular endothelial growth factor A,VEGF-A)、血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子 C (vascular endothelial growthfactor C,VEGF-C) 和血小板衍生因子 BB (plateletderived growth factor-BB,PDGF-BB) 能促進(jìn)間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞向血管和淋巴管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞分化,白介素 6 (Interleukin-6,IL-6) 則是較強(qiáng)的破骨細(xì)胞刺激因子?;谏鲜鲅芯砍晒壳皹I(yè)內(nèi)普遍認(rèn)為骨自溶癥由局部骨代謝失衡、破骨功能亢進(jìn)導(dǎo)致,但是代謝失衡的起始誘因不詳。
二、診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
骨自溶癥的診斷,需結(jié)合臨床、影像和病理。1983 年,Heffez 等[25]提出骨自溶癥的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1) 病灶內(nèi)富含微小血管 (positive biopsy with the presence of angiomatous tissue);(2) 無細(xì)胞異型性(absence of cellular atypia);(3) 無或僅有輕微骨化或鈣化 (minimal or no osteoblastic response or dystrophic calcifications);(4) 有明確的局部骨組織進(jìn)行性溶解吸收的證據(jù) (evidence of local bone progressive osseous resorption);(5) 非膨脹性、非潰瘍性病變 (nonexpansile,non-ulcerative lesions);(6) 無內(nèi)臟受累 (no involvement of viscera);(7) 影像表現(xiàn)為骨溶解 (osteolytic radiographic pattern);(8) 無遺傳、代謝、腫瘤、免疫、感染疾病史 (negative hereditary,metabolic,neoplastic,immunologic,or infectious etiology)。
該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)得到業(yè)內(nèi)普遍認(rèn)可。但考慮到近年研究證實(shí)病灶內(nèi)薄壁脈管為淋巴管;發(fā)現(xiàn)內(nèi)臟受累的病例。上述標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可以修訂為:(1) 影像:局部進(jìn)行性骨溶解,非膨脹性;(2) 病理:殘存骨邊緣為纖維結(jié)締組織,其內(nèi)富含薄壁淋巴管;細(xì)胞缺乏異型性;無或僅有輕微骨化或鈣化;(3) 排除:腫瘤、感染、代謝、免疫、遺傳等可能導(dǎo)致骨溶解的疾病。
三、鑒別診斷
骨自溶癥的診斷難點(diǎn)在于須與所有可能導(dǎo)致骨溶解的疾病鑒別,包括多種罕見病 (表3)。
1. 骨內(nèi)血管瘤 (haemangioma):骨內(nèi)血管瘤常見于椎體和顱骨,少見于長(zhǎng)骨。一般為薄壁的毛細(xì)血管瘤或海綿狀血管瘤,由大小不一、充滿血液的腔隙組成。此外,病灶內(nèi)還可見骨小梁特異性改變:與應(yīng)力方向一致的骨小梁數(shù)量減少,殘留骨小梁不同程度增粗,而與應(yīng)力方向不一致的骨小梁完全被侵蝕。因此其典型的 X 線或 CT 表現(xiàn)為“網(wǎng)格狀”、“柵欄狀”或“斑點(diǎn)狀”。骨皮質(zhì)大多有不同程度的膨脹、變薄,但很少破裂,可伴有針狀骨膜反應(yīng)[161]。
2. 淋巴管瘤 (lymphangioma):淋巴管瘤呈浸潤(rùn)性生長(zhǎng),無完整包膜,切面呈海綿狀;單層內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞形成的管腔內(nèi)充滿淡黃色清晰液體。周圍骨組織因擴(kuò)張的管腔壓迫而萎縮。X 線表現(xiàn)為多發(fā)性或多囊性膨脹性溶骨性病變,病變大小不一,邊界清楚,皮質(zhì)可變薄并向外膨出,一般無鈣化和軟組織腫塊。發(fā)生于長(zhǎng)骨的病變,可伴有層狀骨膜反應(yīng)或放射狀骨針,此時(shí)在骨質(zhì)破壞處偶爾可見軟組織腫塊[162]。
3. 淋巴管瘤病 (lymphangiomatosis,generalized cystic lymphangiomatosis,generalized lymphatic anomaly):淋巴管瘤病以淋巴管異常擴(kuò)張為特征,可發(fā)生于任何組織器官。鑒別要點(diǎn)為:淋巴管瘤病骨病變僅位于骨髓腔內(nèi),不累及骨皮質(zhì);多伴有內(nèi)臟受累;淋巴管腔擴(kuò)張為囊狀,形態(tài)異常[163]。
4. 其余原發(fā)非特異骨溶解性疾病 (Hardegger 分型;骨自溶癥為 IV 型)[164]:
I 型:顯性遺傳性多發(fā)骨溶解,多于 2~7 歲起病,早期表現(xiàn)為手足部無明顯誘因出現(xiàn)疼痛和腫脹。腕骨和跗骨溶解破壞于數(shù)年內(nèi)持續(xù)進(jìn)展,并常于青春期終止,但存在成年后再次發(fā)作的可能。
II 型:隱性遺傳性多發(fā)骨溶解,除可能伴有全身嚴(yán)重骨質(zhì)疏松外,其余表現(xiàn)與 I 型類似。
III 型:伴有腎病的非遺傳性多發(fā)骨溶解,以兒童期進(jìn)行性腕骨溶解破壞為主要特征,跗骨病情較輕;發(fā)病早期即可能出現(xiàn)蛋白尿,青春期時(shí),患者常因腎衰竭或惡性高血壓死亡。
V 型:Winchester 綜合征,常染色體隱性遺傳,以兒童期腕骨和跗骨溶解破壞為主要特征,伴有肢體攣縮、骨質(zhì)疏松、身材矮小、皮膚腫物、角膜云翳,不伴腎病。病理可見異常纖維母細(xì)胞和纖維組織。
四、治療策略
目前研究認(rèn)為:骨自溶癥為局部代謝性疾病,而非腫瘤。因此,其治療策略與骨腫瘤的治療策略有所不同。骨自溶癥的治療包括兩方面:穩(wěn)定病灶、預(yù)防或處理并發(fā)癥。
穩(wěn)定病灶的方法和藥物眾多,包括放療、二磷酸鹽、干擾素、貝伐單抗、伊馬替尼等。由于難以進(jìn)行對(duì)照研究、疾病本身可能自行穩(wěn)定、患者常同時(shí)接受多種治療,各治療方式的有效性無法準(zhǔn)確評(píng)估,也尚未有治療指南公布??紤]到疾病持續(xù)進(jìn)展可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥,如果無相應(yīng)禁忌,可建議患者采用一種或多種方式進(jìn)行治療。手術(shù)是預(yù)防或處理骨相關(guān)并發(fā)癥的主要手段,但通常僅對(duì)骨溶解已終止的病變有效。對(duì)骨溶解尚未終止的病變實(shí)施手術(shù)務(wù)必謹(jǐn)慎,因?yàn)槌掷m(xù)的骨溶解導(dǎo)致內(nèi)固定失敗的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)極高[85,122]。而目前尚未有單純依靠手術(shù),成功實(shí)現(xiàn)去除病灶、終止骨溶解的報(bào)道。
由于骨自溶癥罕見,通過單次影像學(xué)檢查,甚至結(jié)合穿刺活檢結(jié)果,也往往難以明確診斷。為避免誤診誤治,行影像學(xué)隨訪較直接病灶刮除或切除更恰當(dāng),這也是公認(rèn)的良性不明骨病變的處理原則。
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(本文編輯:李貴存)
Clinical characteristics and management of Gorham’s disease: a pooled analysis of 210 cases
LIAO Feng, LIU Wei-feng, NIU Xiao-hui. Department of Orthopedics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, PRC
NIU Xiao-hui, Email: niuxiaohui@263.net
ObjectiveGorham’s disease (GD) is a rare disorder characterized by spontaneous resorption of bones. This study aims to analyze the patients’ clinical characteristics, the value of different treatment modalities and their influences on the clinical outcomes. MethodsA literature search in PubMed, ScienceDirect, ProQuest and Springer Link were performed, and all clinical reports about GD published before April 2016 were included. Gender,age, site of lesion, symptom, sign, complication, image characteristics, pathological features, management, followup time and results of every patient were extracted. ResultsA total of 210 cases of GD in 151 papers were enrolled for analysis. The male-to female ratio of this disease was 1.84:1, and mean age of diagnosis was 21 years (from 2 months to 83 years). Although GD could affect any bone in the body, it frequently affected the maxilla, clavicle, ribs,thoracic vertebrae, pelvis and femur. Areas of bone resorption could arise in a single bone (30% cases) or in multiple contiguous bones (70% cases). Patients with GD might initially presented with insidious onset of localized pain (80% cases), dyspnea, fracture, or functional impairment. Plain X-rays and computed tomography, initially, showed radiolucent foci in the intramedullary or subcortical regions and, later, slowly progressive disappearance of a part of a bone. In sections of the affected bone, numerous dilated thin-walled endothelial-lined vessels could be observed in fibrous tissues. The mechanism of bone resorption had not been clarified, but many studies implied GD was a metabolic disease, caused by hyperactivity of osteoclasts. Radiotherapy, bisphosphonates and interferon alpha 2b were widely used to prevent resorption of the bone. About 70 patients underwent radiotherapy, among them, follow-up data of32 patients were available: 24 cases had the disorder locally controlled, 3 had a symptom progression and 5 died in four years. More than 30 patients received treatment with bisphosphonates, follow-up data of 16 patients were available: 9 cases had the disorder locally controlled in two years, 4 had a symptom progression and the other 3 died in four years. More than 20 patients received treatment of interferon alpha 2b, 8 cases of them had the disorder locally controlled in two years, 2 had a symptom progression in one year and the other 2 died in four years.The mortality of GD was 13%,and prognosis was worse if the patient present with neurological complications or chylothorax. ConclusionsGD has no specific symptoms and it should be taken into consideration when an unclear massive osteolysis occurs. The diagnosis of GD is mainly based on the imaging and pathological examination. The efficacies of different treatment modalities are still unpredictable and further research is required to assess the value of those treatments.
Gorham’s disease;Osteolysis;Osteoclasts;Radiotherapy;Bisphosphonates;Interferon alpha-2b;Pooled analysis
10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2016.09.007
R591.44
牛曉輝,Email: niuxiaohui@263.net
2016-05-28)