陳強(qiáng)路,儲呈林,楊 鑫,胡 廣,史 政,姜海健,申寶劍,劉文匯
(中國石化 石油勘探開發(fā)研究院 無錫石油地質(zhì)研究所,江蘇 無錫 214126)
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塔里木盆地寒武系沉積模式與烴源巖發(fā)育
陳強(qiáng)路,儲呈林,楊鑫,胡廣,史政,姜海健,申寶劍,劉文匯
(中國石化 石油勘探開發(fā)研究院 無錫石油地質(zhì)研究所,江蘇 無錫214126)
摘要:綜合利用露頭、鉆井和地震資料,解剖了塔里木盆地中下寒武統(tǒng)沉積特征,并建立其沉積模式,預(yù)測烴源巖的分布。研究認(rèn)為,塔里木盆地寒武系發(fā)育緩坡和臺地—陸棚2種沉積模式,沉積演化總體上呈臺地前緣斜坡由緩至陡、坡度由小到大的變化趨勢。結(jié)合寒武系沉積格局以及烴源巖的沉積構(gòu)造、巖性組合、礦物成分與成烴生物特征,認(rèn)為寒武系有效烴源巖主要形成于深水陸棚環(huán)境。成烴生物與深水陸棚沉積環(huán)境協(xié)同演化,表現(xiàn)為深水陸棚泥質(zhì)區(qū)以底棲藻生物相占優(yōu)勢,而深水陸棚鈣質(zhì)區(qū)以浮游藻生物相占優(yōu)勢。深水陸棚相在整個(gè)寒武紀(jì)期間不斷發(fā)生空間上的變遷,形成了縱向上疊置、平面上交錯(cuò)的烴源巖分布特征。肖爾布拉克組下部黑色薄層泥質(zhì)灰?guī)r發(fā)育于深水陸棚相,沉積環(huán)境暗示這套巖性組合可能是塔里木盆地西部地區(qū)一套有效的烴源巖。
關(guān)鍵詞:沉積模式;烴源巖;寒武系;塔里木盆地
中下寒武統(tǒng)烴源巖是塔里木盆地海相油氣最主要的來源之一[1-4],目前除盆地北緣露頭區(qū)外,僅星火1井、尉犁1井、塔東1井、塔東2井、庫南1井等少數(shù)井揭示了寒武系烴源巖,對于56×104km2的塔里木盆地而言是十分有限的資料,地震資料也難以直接識別烴源巖。因此,寒武系烴源巖分布的確定仍是制約當(dāng)前塔里木盆地油氣勘探的重要難題。烴源巖發(fā)育于特定的沉積環(huán)境之中[5-11],關(guān)于塔里木盆地?zé)N源巖以往多側(cè)重于發(fā)育層位的研究,而對烴源巖的形成環(huán)境研究較弱。本文從“成源”研究角度,綜合利用露頭、鉆井和地震資料,詳細(xì)剖析了中下寒武統(tǒng)的沉積特征,并建立了沉積模式,旨在為該區(qū)烴源巖的分布預(yù)測提供地質(zhì)依據(jù)。
1寒武系沉積特征
1.1寒武系沉積前的沉積構(gòu)造格局
前寒武系地質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)與寒武紀(jì)的區(qū)域構(gòu)造格局對寒武系沉積具有明顯控制作用。塔里木盆地周緣的庫魯克塔格地區(qū)、柯坪地區(qū)和塔西南葉城出露的南華系、震旦系露頭及盆地內(nèi)揭示前寒武系的鉆井,為研究寒武系的沉積結(jié)構(gòu)提供了資料基礎(chǔ)[12-17]。
南華紀(jì)早期,中、新元古代固結(jié)的塔里木陸塊,在全球性事件——Rodinia超大陸裂解過程中古陸周緣相繼裂陷,沉積的南華系—下震旦統(tǒng)陸源碎屑巖和大陸冰磧巖為初始蓋層,以角度不整合超覆于淺變質(zhì)或結(jié)晶基底之上[18-19]。晚震旦世構(gòu)造相對平靜,周緣及克拉通內(nèi)部進(jìn)入統(tǒng)一的淺海碳酸鹽臺地環(huán)境中(表1),沉積了一套以白云巖為主的巖石組合,在周邊露頭地層區(qū)均可以對比,包括柯坪地區(qū)的奇格布拉克組(Z2q)、塔西南葉城地區(qū)的克孜蘇胡木組(Z2k)以及塔東北庫魯克塔格地區(qū)的水泉組(Z2s)和漢格爾喬克組(Z2h)。震旦紀(jì)末期的柯坪運(yùn)動導(dǎo)致大部分地區(qū)抬升,上震旦統(tǒng)頂部白云巖段發(fā)生不同程度的剝蝕,一般與下寒武統(tǒng)呈不整合接觸關(guān)系。
表1塔里木盆地震旦系—寒武系沉積序列與層序地層格架
Table 1Sedimentary succession and sequence stratigraphic
framework of the Sinian-Cambrian in the Tarim Basin
1.2寒武系沉積序列與層序格架
塔里木盆地在早寒武世大規(guī)模海侵后形成廣泛的陸表海,并構(gòu)筑了寒武紀(jì)—早奧陶世由淺海大陸架向深海洋盆延伸的構(gòu)造—古地理格架[20-22]。寒武系沉積經(jīng)歷了多個(gè)海進(jìn)海退的變化,可以劃分出3個(gè)二級層序(表1)。盆地中西部普遍沉積了一套黑色含磷硅質(zhì)巖—頁巖—白云巖組合的玉爾吐斯組及碳酸鹽巖類為主的上覆地層,而盆地東部寒武系沉積以硅質(zhì)泥巖—含灰質(zhì)泥質(zhì)—泥質(zhì)灰?guī)r為主。大量地球化學(xué)工作已證實(shí),玉爾吐斯組、西山布拉克組(-C1xs)、西大山組(-C1d)、莫合爾山組(-C2m)是寒武系烴源巖發(fā)育的主要層位。
1.3寒武系沉積結(jié)構(gòu)
除MB1井、TC1井附近的隆起高地外,玉爾吐斯組或西山布拉克組沉積在盆地廣大地區(qū),具有填平補(bǔ)齊的特征。玉爾吐斯組及西山布拉克組(上部)大套灰黑色頁巖記錄了寒武紀(jì)全球性大洋缺氧事件——“BACE“事件,玉爾吐斯組及西山布拉克組上部的δ13C 負(fù)漂移與當(dāng)時(shí)的生物、海洋環(huán)境之間存在協(xié)同演化的關(guān)系,具有全球等時(shí)對比意義[23-24];鉆井上表現(xiàn)西山布拉克組上部黑色頁巖電測值為GR塊狀異常高值,可作為沉積事件和層位對比的標(biāo)志(圖2)。以特高GR值頂部為對比標(biāo)志,YL1井西山布拉克組沉積厚達(dá)174 m,而XH1井沉積厚33 m,TD1和TD2井厚20余 m;XH1、TD1、TD2井沉積缺失了相當(dāng)于西山布拉克組中下部地層,而MB1井等隆起區(qū)則缺失玉爾吐斯組沉積(圖2)。玉爾吐斯組或西山布拉克組沉積厚度的變化是寒武系沉積前古地貌格局的“印模效應(yīng)”。寒武系底部沉積圍繞MB1、TC1井等基底凸起的超覆沉積,地震剖面上寒武系底部地層呈由盆地東北部的尉犁地區(qū)向西、向南超覆變薄的趨勢。
圖1 塔里木盆地寒武系底界附近地層剖面對比
圖2 塔里木盆地下寒武統(tǒng)典型鉆井地層對比
2寒武系沉積模式及演化
寒武系的沉積特征與演化可劃分為2種模式,包括下寒武統(tǒng)下部的緩坡沉積模式,以及下寒武統(tǒng)上部至上寒武統(tǒng)的臺地—陸棚沉積模式(圖4)。
寒武系玉爾吐斯組沉積期,受古地貌控制,不同沉積區(qū)巖性組合差異較大。在內(nèi)—中緩坡區(qū),西部T1井一帶沉積以灰色泥質(zhì)云巖、紅色泥巖為主,F(xiàn)1井一帶主要為泥質(zhì)云巖和褐紅色細(xì)粒巖屑砂巖,在H4井一帶出現(xiàn)厚約30 m的厚層狀淺紫色硅藻巖。而中西部MB1- TC1井一帶則缺失該時(shí)期沉積。處于外緩坡的柯坪露頭區(qū)—XH1井則沉積了一套黑色含磷硅質(zhì)頁巖—白云巖組合,東部的YL1-TD2-TD1井一帶沉積物以灰色含硅泥巖夾黃灰色泥質(zhì)白云巖為主。
圖4 塔里木盆地寒武系沉積演化模式
肖爾布拉克組沉積期,沉積格局僅呈現(xiàn)西高東低的態(tài)勢,在海退背景下,由緩坡向弱鑲邊臺地—陸棚沉積模式轉(zhuǎn)變(圖4)。臺地邊緣相帶沿塔深1—順托果勒—古隆4一帶近南北展布,以西為碳酸鹽巖臺地,沉積了局限臺地相的云質(zhì)灰?guī)r、灰質(zhì)云巖、云巖、泥質(zhì)云巖及膏質(zhì)泥巖組合。臺緣帶以東為淺海陸棚—深水陸棚相和盆地相,深水陸棚相巖性以深灰色泥質(zhì)灰?guī)r為主夾有灰質(zhì)泥巖。在YL1井一帶為盆地相沉積,巖性以暗色晶灰?guī)r、灰質(zhì)泥巖為主。西北部柯坪地區(qū)肖爾布拉克組下段為深灰色薄層泥質(zhì)灰?guī)r夾薄層泥巖、泥質(zhì)白云巖,說明柯坪一帶處于碳酸鹽巖陸棚相帶,向東至巴楚—阿瓦提一帶過渡為碳酸鹽巖臺地,其間發(fā)育臺地邊緣。塔西南地區(qū)下寒武統(tǒng)在地震剖面上具有向南減薄的沉積特征,發(fā)育有前積結(jié)構(gòu)。結(jié)合區(qū)域構(gòu)造背景來看,寒武系沉積時(shí)塔西南地區(qū)可能處于深水陸棚相沉積,發(fā)育灰質(zhì)泥巖、泥質(zhì)灰?guī)r。
圖3 塔里木盆地順托果勒地區(qū)典型地震剖面寒武系沉積演化的地質(zhì)解釋
中—晚寒武世期間,盆地中西部發(fā)育局限臺地、蒸發(fā)臺地相的白云巖—膏鹽巖、膏質(zhì)白云巖—白云巖沉積組合;盆地東部對應(yīng)的莫禾爾山組—突爾沙克塔格組(-C3-O1t)為一套灰黑色灰質(zhì)泥巖、泥巖與泥質(zhì)白云巖、含云灰?guī)r、泥灰?guī)r不等厚互層沉積,總體具有向上水體變淺的特征。
總體而言,塔里木盆地寒武系沉積演化由下寒武統(tǒng)進(jìn)積型緩坡逐漸向中—上寒武統(tǒng)弱鑲邊臺緣模式的轉(zhuǎn)變,臺地前緣斜坡由緩至陡變化,臺地邊緣高能相帶不斷向臺緣斜坡—陸棚方向進(jìn)積,前期臺緣斜坡發(fā)育低位域 (圖4)。
3沉積環(huán)境與烴源巖發(fā)育
盆地西中部玉爾吐斯組巖石組合為磷塊巖/硅質(zhì)巖—硅質(zhì)頁巖—泥質(zhì)白云巖垂向序列,巖石礦物主要為硅質(zhì)礦物和碳酸鹽巖礦物,而黏土礦物小于50%(圖5);生物相有底棲藻類殘片、浮游藻類和紋層狀藍(lán)藻藻席、海綿骨針和少量的生物介殼殘片,烴源巖中以底棲藻類生物相占優(yōu)勢。磷塊巖礦物成分為膠磷礦,其次為磷灰石、石英,少量氧化鐵。結(jié)構(gòu)組分以礫屑為主,其次為砂屑和球粒,填隙物以膠磷礦為主,少量磷灰石和石英。磷塊巖礦物組成及結(jié)構(gòu)特征說明沉積于陸棚環(huán)境。硅質(zhì)巖元素地球化學(xué)特征及區(qū)域地質(zhì)分析認(rèn)為,沉積環(huán)境受上升洋流的熱水影響[25]。
上述巖性及生物組合說明,玉爾吐斯組發(fā)育于受上升洋流影響的陸棚沉積環(huán)境。該套烴源巖具有富含底棲藻、有機(jī)碳高豐度特征,8 m厚的露頭上11個(gè)樣品平均TOC為9.67%。肖爾布拉克底部發(fā)育的中薄層泥質(zhì)灰?guī)r、灰質(zhì)泥巖夾薄層泥,富含浮游藻類,3個(gè)樣品TOC含量0.6%~1.41%,由于以浮游藻類為成烴生物的烴源巖生排烴量更高[26],推測這是一套有效烴源巖,其展布與玉爾吐斯組泥巖分布有繼承性,范圍大致相當(dāng)。
圖5 塔北柯坪剖面和南雅爾當(dāng)剖面寒武系
盆地東部西山布拉克組上部和西大山組巖石組合表現(xiàn)為硅質(zhì)巖—頁巖—泥質(zhì)碳酸鹽巖多回次的交互層序列,巖石礦物主要為硅質(zhì)礦物或碳酸鹽礦物,黏土礦物含量低于30%;生物相下部以底棲藻為主,向上為底棲藻和浮游藻(圖5)。西山布拉克組和西大山組火山巖—硅質(zhì)巖、硅質(zhì)巖夾黑色頁巖組合,表明發(fā)育于深水陸棚沉積環(huán)境,熱水成因的硅質(zhì)巖[27-28]指示了拉張裂解作用的構(gòu)造背景。
莫禾爾山組、突爾沙克塔格組巖石組成以泥質(zhì)碳酸鹽巖為主,碳酸鹽巖礦物含量達(dá)75%以上,硅質(zhì)礦物、黏土礦物均小于15%,生物相浮游藻類占優(yōu)勢(圖5)。突爾沙克塔格組的沉積構(gòu)造為紋層、薄層的泥質(zhì)灰?guī)r,不發(fā)育重力流沉積,生物多樣,是陸棚環(huán)境的沉積表現(xiàn)。高達(dá)75%以上的碳酸鹽巖礦物含量及豐富的浮游藻類說明中晚寒武世水體向上變淺的沉積序列中,莫禾爾山組、突爾沙克塔格組發(fā)育更靠近碳酸鹽巖沉積的邊緣。
根據(jù)早寒武世緩坡和中—晚寒武世具弱鑲邊的臺—盆結(jié)構(gòu)特征,以及烴源巖段的沉積構(gòu)造、巖性組合、礦物組成與成烴生物特征的綜合分析,認(rèn)為塔里木盆地寒武系有效烴源巖主要發(fā)育于深水陸棚環(huán)境。其中,深水陸棚泥質(zhì)區(qū)以底棲藻生物相占優(yōu)勢,深水陸棚鈣質(zhì)區(qū)以浮游藻生物相占優(yōu)勢。
海侵序列中塔里木盆地廣泛發(fā)育了玉爾吐斯組—西山布拉克組深水陸棚泥頁巖烴源巖,海退序列中盆地西部在外緩坡的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)育泥質(zhì)灰?guī)r烴源巖。盆地中東部向上變淺的沉積序列中,在西大山組泥頁巖烴源巖之上疊加了莫禾爾山—突爾沙克塔格組泥質(zhì)碳酸鹽烴源巖。寒武系沉積演化由下寒武統(tǒng)緩坡逐漸向中—上寒武統(tǒng)鑲邊臺緣模式的轉(zhuǎn)變,深水陸棚相縱向、橫向均發(fā)生遷移,形成疊加交錯(cuò)的烴源巖分布特征。
4結(jié)論
(1) 塔里木盆地寒武系發(fā)育緩坡和臺地—陸棚2種沉積模式。玉爾吐斯組沉積期為緩坡沉積,由中西部基底凸起向周邊可進(jìn)一步劃分內(nèi)—中緩坡、外緩坡—盆地相帶。中—晚寒武世海退背景下發(fā)生由緩坡向弱鑲邊的臺地邊緣—臺緣斜坡—陸棚的沉積模式轉(zhuǎn)變,臺地邊緣向臺緣斜坡—陸棚方向進(jìn)積。沉積演化總體上表現(xiàn)為臺地前緣斜坡由緩至陡的變化特點(diǎn)。
(2) 塔里木盆地寒武系有效烴源巖主要發(fā)育于深水陸棚環(huán)境,成烴生物與深水陸棚沉積環(huán)境協(xié)同演化,深水陸棚泥質(zhì)區(qū)以底棲藻生物相占優(yōu)勢,深水陸棚鈣質(zhì)區(qū)以浮游藻生物相占優(yōu)勢。寒武系沉積模式演化中深水陸棚相縱向、橫向均發(fā)生遷移,形成縱向上疊加、平面交錯(cuò)的烴源巖分布。形成于深水陸棚鈣質(zhì)沉積區(qū)的肖爾布拉克組下部黑色薄層泥質(zhì)灰?guī)r推測是塔里木盆地西部一套有效的烴源巖。
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(編輯徐文明)
Sedimentary model and development of the
Cambrian source rocks in the Tarim Basin, NW China
Chen Qianglu, Chu Chenglin, Yang Xin, Hu Guang, Shi Zheng, Jiang Haijian, Shen Baojian, Liu Wenhui
(WuxiResearchInstituteofPetroleumGeology,SINOPEC,Wuxi,Jiangsu214126,China)
Abstract:Outcrop, drilling and seismic data were utilized to analyze in detail the sedimentary characteristics of the Middle and Lower Cambrian in the Tarim Basin. A sedimentary model was established to provide a scientific basis for the prediction of source rock distribution. The studies suggested that both the sedimentary models of ramp and platform-shelf were involved in the Cambrian deposition in the Tarim Basin. As a whole, the trend of the Cambrian sedimentary evolution was characterized by the variation of a low angle to steep platform margin. It was assumed that the effective source rocks of Cambrian in the Tarim Basin were mainly formed in a deep water shelf environment combined with the Cambrian sedimentary pattern and the sedimentary structure, lithological assemblage, mineral composition and hydrocarbon generating organisms of the source rocks. Hydrocarbon generating organisms evolved together with the deep water shelf sedimentary environment. In the argillaceous and calcareous deep water shelf, the advantage of biofacies lay with benthic algae and planktonic algae, respectively. As a result of the migration of the deep water shelf through the Cambrian period, the distribution of source rocks was vertically stacked and laterally staggered. Since the black thin marlite in the lower Xiaoerbulake Formation developed in a deep water shelf, the sedimentary environment suggested that it was expected to be another source rock of the western Tarim Basin.
Key words:sedimentary model; source rock; Cambrian; Tarim Basin
基金項(xiàng)目:中國石化科技部項(xiàng)目(P12004)資助。
作者簡介:陳強(qiáng)路 (1969—),男,博士,高級工程師,從事沉積學(xué)及油氣勘探綜合研究。E-mail:chenqinglu2006@126.com。
收稿日期:2015-07-23;
修訂日期:2015-10-20。
中圖分類號:TE122.1+12
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
文章編號:1001-6112(2015)06-0689-07doi:10.11781/sysydz201506689