鄭若婷 陳式儀 陳慎仁 鐘舒琴 陳 語(yǔ)
(汕頭大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院第二附屬醫(yī)院內(nèi)分泌科,汕頭515000)
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MDSCs與S100A8/A9的相關(guān)性在腫瘤及自身免疫性疾病的研究進(jìn)展①
鄭若婷 陳式儀②陳慎仁 鐘舒琴 陳 語(yǔ)
(汕頭大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院第二附屬醫(yī)院內(nèi)分泌科,汕頭515000)
髓源性抑制細(xì)胞(Myeloid-derived suppressor cells,MDSCs)是一群未成熟,異質(zhì)性的細(xì)胞群體,由髓系前體細(xì)胞組成。在小鼠,MDSCs共表達(dá)髓樣細(xì)胞譜系分化抗原Gr1和CD11b, 其中Gr1又包括Ly6G和Ly6C兩個(gè)亞型,因此MDSCs可分為兩種亞群:粒細(xì)胞型MDSCs—CD11b+Ly6G+Ly6Clow和單核細(xì)胞型MDSCs—CD11b+Ly6G-Ly6Chigh[1]。在人類,MDSCs細(xì)胞表面共表達(dá)CD33和CD11b,缺乏成熟的髓系細(xì)胞的標(biāo)志如CD40、CD80、CD83和HLA-DR,隨后在不同腫瘤的MDSCs又發(fā)現(xiàn)CD14、CD15、IL-4Ra等標(biāo)志[2,3]。因此,目前認(rèn)為人類中的MDSCs也分為兩種,粒細(xì)胞型MDSCs—CD11b+CD15+CD33+HLA-DR-和單核細(xì)胞型MDSCs—CD11b+CD14+CD33+HLA-DR-。
S100蛋白家族是一個(gè)小分子量的具有EF手型結(jié)構(gòu)的Ca2+結(jié)合蛋白家族,具備細(xì)胞內(nèi)和細(xì)胞外調(diào)節(jié)活性,參與多種細(xì)胞活動(dòng)。該家族有多名成員,其中,S100A8、S100A9是S100蛋白家族中的重要成員,曾命名為髓性相關(guān)蛋白8(Myeloid-related protein 8,MRP8)和髓性相關(guān)蛋白14(Myeloid-related protein14,MRP14),鈣粒蛋白A(Calgranulin A)和鈣粒蛋白B(Calgranulin B),兩者常以鈣離子依賴性方式形成異源二聚體S100A8/A9蛋白復(fù)合物,又稱鈣衛(wèi)蛋白(Calprotectin)[4]。S100A8、S100A9在髓系細(xì)胞,比如單核細(xì)胞和中性粒細(xì)胞和早期分化的巨噬細(xì)胞中表達(dá)豐富。這些蛋白會(huì)優(yōu)先以S100A8/A9異質(zhì)二聚體形式存在,對(duì)白細(xì)胞聚集、黏附和遷移具有趨化作用,因此可以放大局部促炎性微環(huán)境[5,6]。近年來(lái)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)S100A8/A9與MDSCs在腫瘤和炎癥等病理過(guò)程中密切相關(guān),二者相輔相成,共同促進(jìn)腫瘤的發(fā)展和轉(zhuǎn)移,具有廣闊的研究前景。本文綜述MDSCs與S100A8/A9的相關(guān)性及其在腫瘤及自身免疫性疾病(Autoimmune diseases,AIDs)中的作用。
1.1 MDSCs與S100A8/A9構(gòu)成正反饋回路 Sinha等[7]最初在乳腺癌的小鼠模型中闡述了S100A8/A9與MDSCs的關(guān)系。他們發(fā)現(xiàn): 一方面,MDSCs合成、分泌S100A8/A9蛋白;另一方面,S100A8/A9蛋白可與MDSCs表面的晚期糖基化終末產(chǎn)物受體(Receptor of advanced glycation end products,RAGE)上的羧酸化N聚糖結(jié)合,通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子核因子κB(Nuclear factor-κ B,NF-κB)信號(hào)途徑,促進(jìn)了MDSCs的聚集。同樣在該模型中,Liu等[8]發(fā)現(xiàn):初始腫瘤產(chǎn)生環(huán)氧化酶2/前列腺素E2,誘導(dǎo)了骨髓產(chǎn)生CD11b+Gr1+MDSCs,進(jìn)而產(chǎn)生高水平的S100A8和S100A9,而這兩個(gè)炎性趨化因子可與MDSCs表面的Toll樣受體4(Toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)和RAGE受體以及腫瘤細(xì)胞表面的TLR4受體結(jié)合,驅(qū)使MDSCs與腫瘤細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移。我國(guó)學(xué)者也發(fā)現(xiàn)S100A8/A9結(jié)合RAGE可以促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的遷移[9]。他們觀察到RAGE與S100A8/A9結(jié)合促進(jìn)了LIMK和絲切蛋白的磷酸化,進(jìn)而激活信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),促進(jìn)了S100A8/A9誘導(dǎo)的肌動(dòng)蛋白聚合,使得乳腺癌細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移。而且,RAGE與S100A8/A9的結(jié)合還可以通過(guò)NF-κB信號(hào)途徑誘導(dǎo)上皮向間葉過(guò)渡。令人遺憾的是,在該研究中他們并未深究S100A8/A9是由何種細(xì)胞分泌。接下來(lái)陸續(xù)有學(xué)者[10-12]在乳腺癌的動(dòng)物模型、人類乳腺癌以及非小細(xì)胞肺癌中發(fā)現(xiàn)了MDSCs分泌S100A8、S100A9,而這兩個(gè)鈣結(jié)合蛋白可與MDSCs表面的RAGE受體結(jié)合,促進(jìn)MDSCs和腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移。
我們從這些團(tuán)隊(duì)的研究中看到了這樣一個(gè)正反饋回路:MDSCs分泌S100A8和S100A9,而S100A8/A9又與MDSCs、腫瘤細(xì)胞表面的RAGE或TLR4受體結(jié)合,促使MDSCs聚集,腫瘤細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移;另外,MDSCs遷移至轉(zhuǎn)移灶,繼續(xù)分泌S100A8/A9,這樣循環(huán)反復(fù),使得腫瘤得以迅速進(jìn)展。
1.2 MDSCs與S100A8/A9相關(guān)性中的兩條信號(hào)通路 Cheng等[13]在結(jié)腸癌腫瘤的小鼠模型中發(fā)現(xiàn):信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)與轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子3(Signal transducer and activator of transcription,STAT3)可以與S100A8和S100A9的啟動(dòng)子區(qū)域相結(jié)合,上調(diào)其表達(dá),而S100 A9的過(guò)量表達(dá)可通過(guò)活性氧來(lái)抑制髓細(xì)胞的分化,導(dǎo)致樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞(Dendritic cells,DCs)的分化受到損害和MDSCs的聚集。早期也曾有學(xué)者研究發(fā)現(xiàn):腫瘤派生的因子會(huì)激活JAK2/STAT3,促使GR1+CD11b+細(xì)胞聚集并抑制DCs的分化[14],遺憾的是在該研究中并未檢測(cè)腫瘤派生的因子中是否有S100A8/A9。而我國(guó)學(xué)者在研究一種中草藥淫羊霍苷(Icariin,ICA)及其衍生物ICT(Icaritin,ICT)的抗腫瘤、抗炎性時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),在4T1乳房腫瘤的小鼠模型中,ICT治療能減少M(fèi)DSCs的百分比,下調(diào)MDSCs產(chǎn)生一氧化氮(Nitric oxide,NO)和活性氧(Reactive oxygen species,ROS),恢復(fù)CD8+T細(xì)胞的功能[15]。在進(jìn)一步深究其機(jī)制時(shí)他們還發(fā)現(xiàn)MDSCs中的S100A8/A9的表達(dá)明顯減少,而且還能抑制磷酸化的STAT3和AKT。另外,MDSCs可分化成熟為巨噬細(xì)胞和DCs,細(xì)胞因子(IL-10,TNF-α)的分泌也明顯減少。因此他們認(rèn)為ICT的主要免疫調(diào)節(jié)功能是下調(diào)MDSCs中的S100A8/A9,STAT3和AKT,促使MDSCs分化為巨噬細(xì)胞和DCs。但他們未進(jìn)一步深究其中的遞進(jìn)關(guān)系,也并沒(méi)有進(jìn)行體內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證。有趣的是,在健康人外周血單個(gè)核細(xì)胞(PBMCs)中,他們還發(fā)現(xiàn)ICA和ICT能減少其表面TLR4的表達(dá),而且在這些PBMSCs中,S100A8/A9無(wú)論是蛋白水平,還是mRNA水平的表達(dá),均是下降的。如我們所知,S100A8/A9可與TLR4結(jié)合,那么能否因?yàn)樵摻Y(jié)合減少使MDSCs數(shù)量下降,還有待進(jìn)一步研究。
因此,我們思考:MDSCs、S100A8/A9和STAT3三者之間是否存在層層遞進(jìn)的關(guān)系而構(gòu)成STAT3—S100A8/A9—MDSCs這樣一條信號(hào)通路?是否因?yàn)镾TAT3水平下調(diào),進(jìn)而使S100A8/A9分泌的減少,與MDSCs表面的TLR4結(jié)合減少,促使MDSCs分化為DCs和巨噬細(xì)胞呢?這些還有待進(jìn)一步研究。
2008年,Turovskaya等[16]在研究結(jié)腸炎相關(guān)性腫瘤(Colitis associated cancer,CAC)時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn):在結(jié)直腸腫瘤中S100A8/A9表達(dá)增加,可以通過(guò)結(jié)合到結(jié)腸腫瘤細(xì)胞表面RAGE表達(dá)羧酸鹽多聚糖的亞型上,促進(jìn)了細(xì)胞內(nèi)NF-κB的激活,進(jìn)一步促使腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖。有趣的是,在CAC小鼠結(jié)腸發(fā)育不良和腺瘤區(qū)域的S100A8/A9陽(yáng)性的細(xì)胞,同樣表達(dá)著GR1和CD11b,因此他們認(rèn)為這群細(xì)胞可能是不成熟的髓系祖細(xì)胞,即MDSCs表達(dá)S100A8/A9。2011年,Ichikawa等[17]進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn):CD11b+Gr1+細(xì)胞表達(dá)的S100A8/A9不僅能與結(jié)腸腫瘤細(xì)胞表面RAGE羧酸鹽多聚糖亞型相互作用,激活絲裂原激活蛋白激酶(Mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)和NF-κB信號(hào)途徑,還能激活促癌性基因的表達(dá)。而且無(wú)論是RAGE缺陷還是S100A9缺陷的小鼠,結(jié)腸腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)和轉(zhuǎn)移均會(huì)減少。在胃癌細(xì)胞中,Kwon等[18]同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)了S100A8/A9與MAPK/ NF-κB信號(hào)通路的關(guān)系:外源性的S100A8/A9通過(guò)激活p38 MAPK和NF-κB,上調(diào)金屬基質(zhì)蛋白酶2和12,促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移和侵襲。另外,Wang等[19]將S100A8/A9與MDSCs相關(guān)性的研究從動(dòng)物擴(kuò)展到人身上。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)胃癌患者中CD14-CD15+MDSCs可分泌產(chǎn)生S100A8/A9,而S1008/A9能與MDSCs表面的RAGE受體結(jié)合,調(diào)節(jié)MDSCs的抑制功能。
在黑色素瘤小鼠中,同樣有學(xué)者觀察到:用紫杉醇治療后,MDSCs的聚集明顯減少,免疫抑制活性下降[20]。除此之外,MDSCs中p38 MAPK的磷酸化明顯減少,S100A9和促炎性因子的表達(dá)也減少。但該研究中只是重點(diǎn)闡述了紫杉醇通過(guò)影響腫瘤微環(huán)境中的免疫調(diào)節(jié)而起到抗腫瘤效果,并未深究MDSCs、S100A9和p38 MAPK這三者的關(guān)系。曾有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道在類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎(Rheumatoid arthritis,RA)患者中,滑膜組織中的CD68+巨噬細(xì)胞分泌高水平的S100A8/A9,激活p38 MAPK信號(hào)途徑,進(jìn)而放大促炎性因子應(yīng)答[21]。
從這些研究中,我們又看到了一條信號(hào)通路:MDSCs—S100A8/A9—MAPK/NF-κB。MDSCs分泌的S100A8/A9與MDSCs表面的RAGE結(jié)合,激活下游信號(hào)通路MAPK/NF-κB,可能會(huì)進(jìn)一步引起促炎因子、促癌基因等的表達(dá)。
整合以上的研究,我們發(fā)現(xiàn):在S100A8/A9可自分泌反饋維持MDSCs聚集的研究基礎(chǔ)上,又有學(xué)者通過(guò)更深入研究提出了兩條信號(hào)通路:STAT3—S100A8/A9—MDSCs和MDSCs—S100A8/A9—MAPK/NF-κB。而這兩條信號(hào)通路可能參與了抑制DCs的分化,調(diào)節(jié)MDSCs的功能,促進(jìn)炎癥因子的表達(dá),甚至激活腫瘤細(xì)胞生成下游特異性基因,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)了腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)和轉(zhuǎn)移,這一點(diǎn)具有廣闊研究前景,值得深入探討。
另外,我國(guó)學(xué)者在骨髓增生異常綜合征(Myelodysplastic syndromes,MDS)患者的骨髓中也發(fā)現(xiàn)Lin-HLA-DR-CD33+MDSCs顯著的增加,在造血祖細(xì)胞的無(wú)效造血中發(fā)揮作用[22]。通過(guò)多個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)染細(xì)胞模型,他們發(fā)現(xiàn)MDSCs的這種增加是由促炎性分子S100A9與CD33相互作用所致。這兩個(gè)蛋白形成了功能性的配體/受體配對(duì),聚集了CD33的免疫受體酪氨酸抑制基序(Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif,ITIM),進(jìn)而又促進(jìn)不成熟性髓細(xì)胞分泌免疫抑制因子IL-10、TGF-β。而早期應(yīng)用全反式維A酸或激活的免疫受體酪氨酸激活(Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif,ITAM)銜接蛋白干擾CD33信號(hào)途徑,可以促使MDSCs成熟,恢復(fù)血液學(xué)表型。因此他們認(rèn)為通過(guò)S100A9/CD33途徑促使MDSCs的聚集,進(jìn)而擾亂造血作用,促進(jìn)MDSCs的發(fā)展。
早在20多年前,就有學(xué)者研究過(guò)S100A8/A9與AIDs的相關(guān)性。系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡(Systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE)患者的血清及腎活檢的標(biāo)本中,均有學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)S100A8/A9的濃度升高[23,24];炎癥性腸病(Inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)患者的血清和糞便中,同樣可以檢測(cè)到S100A8/A9[25,26]。另外在RA動(dòng)物模型和病人的關(guān)節(jié)液和血清中也發(fā)現(xiàn)S100A8/A9的表達(dá)增加[27,28]。近幾年,Loser等[29]在SLE的小鼠模型中還發(fā)現(xiàn)表達(dá)增加的S100A8和S100A9可通過(guò)TLR-4信號(hào)途徑,上調(diào)IL-17的表達(dá),誘導(dǎo)了自身免疫性CD8+T細(xì)胞的產(chǎn)生和系統(tǒng)性自身免疫的發(fā)展。而Grevers等[30]則在RA動(dòng)物模型—抗原誘導(dǎo)性關(guān)節(jié)炎(Antigen-induced arthritis,AIA)小鼠中,觀察到S100A8可刺激破骨細(xì)胞的形成,破骨細(xì)胞中的肌動(dòng)蛋白成環(huán)增加,最終導(dǎo)致骨破壞,骨吸收增加;而且他們認(rèn)為S100A8/A9刺激破骨細(xì)胞的分化和功能是由TLR4所介導(dǎo)。這些研究告訴我們,在AIDs中,S100A8/A9水平升高,通過(guò)TLR4信號(hào)途徑對(duì)疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展產(chǎn)生影響。
在AIDs中S100A8/A9升高并在發(fā)病過(guò)程中起到一定的作用。而MDSCs在AIDs中的作用近年也受到越來(lái)越多學(xué)者的關(guān)注。在不同的AIDs動(dòng)物模型中,均可看到MDSCs的增加。在實(shí)驗(yàn)性自身免疫性腦脊髓炎(Experimental autoimmune encephalomye-litis,EAE)小鼠中,King[31]、Yi等[32]多個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn)單核型MDSCs可能通過(guò)上調(diào)促炎癥因子,促進(jìn)Th17分化等多個(gè)機(jī)制來(lái)加速疾病的發(fā)展,具有“致病性”作用。然而,Ioannou等[33]報(bào)道粒細(xì)胞型MDSCs可通過(guò)PD-1/PD-L1抑制途徑來(lái)抑制T細(xì)胞的應(yīng)答來(lái)發(fā)揮“保護(hù)作用”。在IBD小鼠模型中,Haile[34]、Zhang[35]、Zhang等[36]多位學(xué)者認(rèn)為MDSCs可抑制T細(xì)胞,緩解抗原特異性CD8+T細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的小腸/結(jié)腸炎,從而具有“保護(hù)性”。另外在1型糖尿病、SLE、自身免疫性肝炎、RA等多種自身免疫性疾病的小鼠模型中,陸續(xù)有學(xué)者[37-40]發(fā)現(xiàn)MDSCs升高,且能通過(guò)抑制自身免疫性T細(xì)胞的發(fā)展進(jìn)而阻止疾病的發(fā)展,在疾病的進(jìn)展中起到保護(hù)性的作用。
在腫瘤性疾病中,MDSCs與S100A8/A9具有相關(guān)性,而這種相關(guān)性可促進(jìn)腫瘤的進(jìn)展。在AIDs中,同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)MDSCs和S100A8/A9均升高,然而,這兩者在AIDs中的相關(guān)性仍未有研究。結(jié)合MDSCs與S100A8/A9在腫瘤中的相關(guān)性, 我們假設(shè):在AIDs中, MDSCs分泌S100A8/A9,而S100A8/A9通過(guò)與MDSCs表面受體結(jié)合,調(diào)控其聚集擴(kuò)增及免疫調(diào)節(jié)功能,參與了AIDs的免疫失衡調(diào)節(jié),影響疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展。
MDSCs與S100A8/A9的關(guān)系已引起越來(lái)越多學(xué)者的關(guān)注。有學(xué)者提出將S100A9作為識(shí)別人單核型MDSCs的標(biāo)記[41],還有學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)在MDSCs的外泌體中S100A8,S100A9含量豐富,而且能促進(jìn)MDSCs的聚集[42]。近來(lái)還認(rèn)為該相關(guān)性具有治療價(jià)值。他喹莫德,一種可與S100A9特異性結(jié)合的藥物[43,44],在前列腺癌和黑色素瘤的動(dòng)物模型中均發(fā)現(xiàn)其可不同程度抑制MDSCs的聚集,調(diào)節(jié)其抑制能力,增強(qiáng)免疫治療,抑制腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)[45]。然而這兩者的相關(guān)性在腫瘤中研究較多,在AIDs中尚缺如。相信隨著對(duì)MDSCs與S100A8/A9相關(guān)性的深入研究,其在腫瘤、AIDs中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值會(huì)逐漸顯現(xiàn)出來(lái),為疾病的診斷、治療提供更有效的靶標(biāo)。
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[收稿2015-04-24 修回2015-05-25]
(編輯 張曉舟)
10.3969/j.issn.1000-484X.2016.04.032
①本文受2014年國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(青年基金)項(xiàng)目(No.81400778) 及2014年廣東省醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)技術(shù)研究基金項(xiàng)目(No.B2014279)資助。
鄭若婷(1989年-),女,碩士,主要從事內(nèi)分泌及臨床免疫學(xué)研究,E-mail:rtzheng08@163.com。
及指導(dǎo)教師:陳慎仁(1949年-),男,教授,主任醫(yī)師,主要從事內(nèi)分泌及臨床免疫學(xué)研究,E-mail:chen-shenren@163.com。
R392.12
A
1000-484X(2016)04-0591-05
②共同第一作者。