国产日韩欧美一区二区三区三州_亚洲少妇熟女av_久久久久亚洲av国产精品_波多野结衣网站一区二区_亚洲欧美色片在线91_国产亚洲精品精品国产优播av_日本一区二区三区波多野结衣 _久久国产av不卡

?

神經(jīng)細(xì)胞黏附分子衍生肽FGL藥理作用研究進(jìn)展

2016-02-14 11:53王蘇平儲成艷
關(guān)鍵詞:多肽神經(jīng)細(xì)胞海馬

王蘇平,高 月,儲成艷,李 深

(大連市中心醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)一科,遼寧大連 116033)

神經(jīng)細(xì)胞黏附分子衍生肽FGL藥理作用研究進(jìn)展

王蘇平,高 月,儲成艷,李 深

(大連市中心醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)一科,遼寧大連 116033)

神經(jīng)細(xì)胞黏附分子(NCAM)具有誘導(dǎo)神經(jīng)新生、促進(jìn)神經(jīng)分化、保護(hù)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞等生物學(xué)功能,對于神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的發(fā)育和功能起著關(guān)鍵性調(diào)節(jié)作用。FGL是根據(jù)NCAM的空間結(jié)構(gòu)和其與成纖維細(xì)胞生長因子受體的結(jié)合位點設(shè)計的含15個氨基酸的生物活性多肽。作為NCAM的功能核心片段,F(xiàn)GL除了可保護(hù)神經(jīng)、誘導(dǎo)神經(jīng)分化外,還具備抗炎和調(diào)節(jié)神經(jīng)可塑性等多種藥理作用,在缺血性腦損傷、老年認(rèn)知障礙、阿爾茨海默病和抑郁癥等神經(jīng)精神疾病的治療應(yīng)用上顯現(xiàn)出巨大的價值。不僅如此,臨床試驗結(jié)果顯示,F(xiàn)GL對人體是安全的,阿爾茨海默病的臨床Ⅰ期試驗正在進(jìn)行中。FGL極有可能成為用于治療神經(jīng)精神疾病的有效藥物,具有廣闊的臨床應(yīng)用前景。

FGL;神經(jīng)細(xì)胞黏附分子;神經(jīng)精神疾病;多肽

神經(jīng)細(xì)胞黏附分子(neural cell adhesion mol?ecule,NCAM)屬于免疫球蛋白超家族細(xì)胞黏附分子,主要表達(dá)于神經(jīng)元和膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞表面,是中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)內(nèi)表達(dá)量最大的細(xì)胞黏附分子。按相對分子質(zhì)量的大小,主要分為NCAM120、NCAM140和NCAM180三種亞型,它們的胞外段均包含5個免疫球蛋白(Ig)樣結(jié)構(gòu)域和2個纖連蛋白Ⅲ(fibro?nectinⅢ,F(xiàn)NⅢ)結(jié)構(gòu)域[1-2]。NCAM表達(dá)異常會導(dǎo)致新生神經(jīng)元的突起生長受阻,阻斷神經(jīng)細(xì)胞之間的聯(lián)系,不僅影響神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的發(fā)育,且與精神分裂癥和抑郁癥等精神疾病的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)[3-4]。此外,NCAM還能夠促進(jìn)脊髓損傷和腦外傷等神經(jīng)損傷后的再生與修復(fù),NCAM缺乏則會促進(jìn)損傷部位神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的凋亡[3,5]。NCAM功能的發(fā)揮主要依賴于胞外部分通過與嗜性結(jié)合(NCAM-NCAM)和異嗜性結(jié)合激活細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號傳導(dǎo)通路。因此,學(xué)者們試圖通過研究NCAM下游分子與其結(jié)合的部位合成能模擬NCAM功能的多肽片段。目前已合成C3,P2和plannexin等多種NCAM衍生肽[6-7]。FGL(FG loop)是根據(jù)NCAM的空間結(jié)構(gòu)和成纖維細(xì)胞生長因子受體(fibroblast growth factor receptors,F(xiàn)GFR)的結(jié)合位點設(shè)計的一段活性多肽片段,相當(dāng)于NCAM中第2個FNⅢ中的F和Gβ折疊與它們之間的連接環(huán)。NCAM很多重要功能都是通過與FG?FR胞外IgⅡ-Ⅲ片段結(jié)合實現(xiàn),F(xiàn)GL可直接激活FGFR介導(dǎo)的信號傳導(dǎo)通路,誘導(dǎo)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞分化、保護(hù)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞和抗炎等,并能增強大鼠的學(xué)習(xí)能力和空間、社交記憶,促進(jìn)新生大鼠的運動協(xié)調(diào)[8-13]。FGL因其功能多樣性及獨特的藥理學(xué)特性和潛在的臨床應(yīng)用前景在眾多NCAM衍生肽中脫穎而出,成為眾多NCAM衍生肽中的研究焦點。本文就FGL的結(jié)構(gòu)、合成方法、藥理學(xué)作用及其治療神經(jīng)精神疾病的進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。

1 FGL結(jié)構(gòu)、種類及其合成方法

FGL是一種氨基酸序列為EVYVVAENQQGK?SKA的十五肽,相當(dāng)于人類、大鼠和小鼠NCAM的Glu681-Ala695。目前體內(nèi)外的研究對象為FGL的二聚體和四聚體,F(xiàn)GL單體雖然也能激活FGFR,但其效能遠(yuǎn)低于二聚體和四聚體。FGL二聚體主要有2種合成方法(圖1),一種是通過Fmoc固相多肽合成法,在多肽的N端利用亞氨基二乙酸將2個FGL單體連接,C端乙?;幚恚@種設(shè)計能同時結(jié)合2個FGFR,對受體的磷酸化和下游信號的傳導(dǎo)起著關(guān)鍵作用[14]。另一種方法同樣進(jìn)行Fmoc固相多肽合成,但是利用賴氨酸殘基在多肽C端連接2個FGL單體,上述2種方法合成的FGL均有活性。第一種是目前通用的合成方法,這種通過N端連接的FGL二聚體又稱為FGLL。FGL四聚體(FGLd)是4個FGL單體以賴氨酸為骨架合成的樹枝狀分子。二聚體與四聚體FGL具有相似的生物學(xué)功能,但FGLL擁有分子質(zhì)量小、可經(jīng)皮下注射等特征,且已被用于臨床試驗而研究更為廣泛。

圖1 FGL二聚體的結(jié)構(gòu)及合成路線.A:亞氨基二乙酸的2個羧基通過與FGL N端氨基的結(jié)合連接2個單體,C端乙酰化處理;B:賴氨酸的2個氨基通過與FGL C端羧基的結(jié)合連接2個單體.

2 FGL多肽在結(jié)構(gòu)和功能上的優(yōu)點

完整蛋白質(zhì)的合成費用昂貴,且相對不穩(wěn)定,特別是在體內(nèi)實驗中不易通過血腦屏障,并具有免疫原性。合成的活性多肽可通過生理性受體途徑激發(fā)快速活化或抑制性反應(yīng),且多肽分子小,相對穩(wěn)定,無免疫原性,人工化學(xué)合成的難度和費用均遠(yuǎn)低于完整蛋白質(zhì)。FGL作為NCAM衍生肽擁有上述活性肽的所有特性,在功能上被認(rèn)為是FGFR的激動劑,并且可模擬NCAM與FGFR結(jié)合從而直接激活相應(yīng)的信號通路[15]。大鼠、犬和猴的臨床前研究表明FGL無全身毒性。同時,臨床試驗表明,健康人對FGL具有良好的耐受性,經(jīng)鼻吸入FGL后身體各項生理指標(biāo)均未出現(xiàn)明顯異常。另外,F(xiàn)GL在體內(nèi)的藥代動力學(xué)與給藥劑量相關(guān),人體吸入FGL 25 mg后,血液中未能檢測到FGL,而吸入FGL 100和200 mg后,其在血液中存在的時間分別為1和4 h,藥峰濃度分別為0.52和1.38 μg·L-1[11]。

3 FGL體內(nèi)給藥途徑及其分布

FGL因結(jié)構(gòu)差異有不同的體內(nèi)給藥途徑,F(xiàn)GLd主要通過枕骨下、腦室和鼻腔途徑給藥,其中,經(jīng)立體定位儀行腦室注射比較常用。FGLd經(jīng)腦室注射后10 min便可出現(xiàn)在海馬齒狀回中,還能擴(kuò)散至隔核、皮質(zhì)、紋狀體、海馬CA1和CA3區(qū),應(yīng)用免疫組織化學(xué)染色可清晰地觀察到FGL分布在細(xì)胞膜表面和胞內(nèi)側(cè)[16]。除適用所有四聚體結(jié)構(gòu)的給藥途徑外,F(xiàn)GLL還可經(jīng)皮下注射,利用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附實驗檢測FGLL經(jīng)皮下注射后在成年大鼠血液和腦脊液中的濃度,發(fā)現(xiàn)注射10 min后即可在血液和腦脊液中監(jiān)檢到FGLL,并持續(xù)5 h,表明FGLL能通過血腦屏障。實驗還發(fā)現(xiàn),注射后第一個2 h血液中的FGLL平均濃度是腦脊液中的10~17倍。FGLL經(jīng)皮下注射1 h后就能在海馬中檢測出FGFR磷酸化,提示海馬可能是FGL的主要作用腦區(qū)[17]。

4 FGL對缺血性腦損傷的保護(hù)作用

FGL可明顯促進(jìn)新生大鼠的海馬神經(jīng)元、7日齡大鼠的小腦顆粒神經(jīng)元(cerebellar granule neu?rons,CGN)和15日齡大鼠的多巴胺神經(jīng)元神經(jīng)突起的生長,提高神經(jīng)毒物6-羥基多巴胺暴露下的多巴胺神經(jīng)元存活率、抑制氯化鉀濃度改變導(dǎo)致的CGN凋亡[13]。進(jìn)一步的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),F(xiàn)GL誘導(dǎo)神經(jīng)分化及神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用依賴于FGFR及其下游絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinas?es,MAPK)和磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphati?dylinositol 3-kinase,PI3K)信號通路。將編碼成纖維細(xì)胞生長因子受體1顯性負(fù)性分子(dominant negative FGFR1,dnFGFR1)通過載體轉(zhuǎn)染至CGN。結(jié)果顯示,dnFGFR1可完全阻斷FGL對CGN神經(jīng)突起生長的促進(jìn)作用。在CGN培養(yǎng)基中分別加入FGFR1抑制劑、MEK抑制劑或PI3K抑制劑,不僅可明顯抑制FGL誘導(dǎo)的神經(jīng)突起生長的作用,還能降低FGL促神經(jīng)元存活的效應(yīng)[13]。最近的研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),接頭蛋白Scr同源和膠原蛋白A(src homologous and collagen A)、底物2α和磷脂酶Cγ也參與FGL誘導(dǎo)神經(jīng)生長的作用[18]。

Skibo等[20]的研究顯示,F(xiàn)GL還能維持缺糖低氧環(huán)境下海馬神經(jīng)元的代謝能力和突觸前功能,這對于損傷后腦功能的維持與恢復(fù)有重要意義。在沙鼠短暫全腦缺血模型中,一次性皮下注射FGL可顯著抑制因缺血導(dǎo)致的海馬神經(jīng)元死亡,進(jìn)而有效促進(jìn)沙鼠腦損傷后神經(jīng)功能的恢復(fù)。Pedersen等[21]研究顯示,F(xiàn)GL能顯著恢復(fù)外傷性腦損傷后的神經(jīng)功能,并應(yīng)用基因組學(xué)研究方法探討其產(chǎn)生這種效應(yīng)的途徑。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),F(xiàn)GL通過上調(diào)損傷大鼠體內(nèi)的Fas凋亡抑制性分子、G蛋白信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)調(diào)節(jié)蛋白14等基因表達(dá)促進(jìn)神經(jīng)新生、抑制神經(jīng)元的退行性病變和死亡,F(xiàn)GL還可通過調(diào)控基因的表達(dá)參與損傷動物腦組織的神經(jīng)分化、突觸傳遞和細(xì)胞循環(huán)等生理過程。

5 FGL抗老年認(rèn)知障礙作用

年齡相關(guān)的認(rèn)知障礙與腦組織中促炎因子水平的上升和膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞活性的增強共同導(dǎo)致的神經(jīng)炎癥反應(yīng)密切相關(guān)[22-23]。Ojo等[24]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),F(xiàn)GL可降低老年大鼠小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞活性標(biāo)志物(CD86)和促炎因子白細(xì)胞介素1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)的表達(dá),同時抑制老年大鼠海馬中神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的活性、降低小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞密度進(jìn)而促進(jìn)老年大鼠認(rèn)知能力的恢復(fù)[11]。體外實驗表明,F(xiàn)GL能促進(jìn)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞釋放抗炎因子IL-4,IL-4有助于神經(jīng)元CD200的表達(dá),而CD200則可通過維持小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞處于靜息狀態(tài)保護(hù)突觸功能[25-26]。后續(xù)的體內(nèi)研究結(jié)果同樣表明,F(xiàn)GL對小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的活性抑制作用就是依賴于CD200表達(dá)的增加[11]。另外,F(xiàn)GL還能有效抑制海馬中具有促進(jìn)CD200表達(dá)作用的胰島素樣生長因子1水平的下降,同時阻止小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞激活物干擾素γ(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)的增加[27-28]。

突觸可塑性的調(diào)節(jié)被認(rèn)為是學(xué)習(xí)與記憶的神經(jīng)生物學(xué)基礎(chǔ)[29-30]。FGL可通過加快海馬神經(jīng)元突觸小泡的釋放和回收來增強突觸前功能,同時促進(jìn)突觸的形成及長時程增強的持續(xù)時間,以延緩或阻止老年認(rèn)知障礙的進(jìn)程[31]。除引起突觸功能的變化外,F(xiàn)GL還能通過改變突觸的形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)節(jié)突觸可塑性。Popov等[32]利用三維重建技術(shù)觀察到FGL對老年大鼠海馬的體積、突觸數(shù)目和棘突密度均無影響,但不同類型棘突上的突觸分布卻發(fā)生了變化,刷狀棘突突觸數(shù)顯著增加,細(xì)長棘突突觸數(shù)則明顯減少,而短粗棘突突觸和樹突干突觸數(shù)幾乎沒有變化。大部分刷狀棘突突觸都是穿孔型的,這種突觸比非穿孔型含有更多的α-氨基-3-羥基-5-甲基-4-異唑丙酸(α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid,AMPA)和N-甲基-D-天冬氨 酸(N-methyl-D-aspartafe,NMDA)受體[33-34]。Ojo等[34]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),F(xiàn)GL可有效降低大鼠因老年化所導(dǎo)致的海馬CA3區(qū)和門區(qū)突觸泡蛋白的減少。Knafo等[14]應(yīng)用生化學(xué)、形態(tài)學(xué)、電生理學(xué)和行為學(xué)方法探究FGL調(diào)節(jié)突觸可塑性的作用機制,發(fā)現(xiàn)FGL通過易化突觸AMPA引起海馬CA1區(qū)神經(jīng)元突觸傳遞的持續(xù)增強,同時強化NMDA介導(dǎo)的長時程增強,而這些效應(yīng)都依賴于FGFR、蛋白激酶C和鈣調(diào)蛋白依賴性蛋白激酶Ⅱ的活化。

6 FGL抗阿爾茨海默?。ˋlzheimer dis?ease,AD)作用

FGL在體外可降低β淀粉樣蛋白肽片段25-35(Aβ25-35)導(dǎo)致的海馬神經(jīng)元的死亡[13]。體內(nèi)研究則證實,F(xiàn)GL能阻止年輕大鼠腦室內(nèi)注射Aβ25-35后導(dǎo)致的AD樣短時程記憶減退和認(rèn)知障礙。Klemen?tiev等[35]依據(jù)Aβ25-35產(chǎn)生的神經(jīng)病理特征建立早期AD模型,同時探討FGL對AD的治療是否有積極意義。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),F(xiàn)GL主要通過抑制糖原合酶激酶3β(glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta,GSK-3β)活性阻止Aβ25-35引起的內(nèi)源性Aβ沉積、Tau蛋白磷酸化、神經(jīng)元退化等神經(jīng)病理變化和認(rèn)知障礙。GSK-3β的主要功能是調(diào)節(jié)微管穩(wěn)定性、細(xì)胞凋亡、神經(jīng)突起回縮和認(rèn)知功能[36-38]。Corbett等[32]最近研究顯示,F(xiàn)GL明顯減少了Aβ25-35導(dǎo)致的海馬背側(cè)CA1區(qū)錐體神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的丟失,這種作用同樣與GSK-3β的失活有關(guān)。目前,F(xiàn)GL正用于AD患者的臨床治療試驗[39]。

7 FGL抗癲癇作用

基于FGL高效的神經(jīng)保護(hù)、神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)和抗炎等藥理作用,目前在神經(jīng)退行性疾病和腦損傷的動物實驗研究中均已取得了一定進(jìn)展。最近,Zel?linger等[40]從行為學(xué)和細(xì)胞學(xué)層面上分析了FGL經(jīng)皮下注射后對點燃小鼠模型癲癇發(fā)作的影響。FGL治療明顯降低了癲癇發(fā)作的閾值,但對點燃小鼠的行為學(xué)無影響。另外,點燃小鼠癲癇模型海馬細(xì)胞的增殖率顯著提高,高劑量的FGL(10 mg·kg-1)則可有效降低海馬中神經(jīng)前體細(xì)胞數(shù)目,而低劑量(2 mg·kg-1)對相關(guān)的改變無影響??傊?,F(xiàn)GL對點燃模型癲癇的改善沒有確鑿證據(jù),未來的研究需要繼續(xù)評估FGL在自發(fā)性癲癇模型對癲癇發(fā)生、發(fā)展的影響。

8 FGL抗抑郁和抗精神分裂癥作用

據(jù)文獻(xiàn)報道,F(xiàn)GL可改善大鼠因慢性應(yīng)激導(dǎo)致的海馬新生細(xì)胞數(shù)目減少,繼而阻止慢性應(yīng)激對大鼠空間記憶能力的損害[19];FGF2-FGFR信號通路具有顯著的抗抑郁作用[41]。Turner等[42]將FGL和FGF2分別注射到大鼠側(cè)腦室,發(fā)現(xiàn)均可改善大鼠在強迫性游泳實驗中的行為表現(xiàn)。與此同時,Aon?urm-Helm等[43]對野生型和NCAM-/-突變型小鼠進(jìn)行懸尾實驗和糖水偏好實驗。結(jié)果表明,NCAM-/-小鼠表現(xiàn)出抑郁情緒,經(jīng)過FGL一次性注射或重復(fù)注射后,NCAM-/-小鼠的抑郁樣行為明顯減輕。這種效應(yīng)可能與FGL對新生神經(jīng)元的保護(hù)作用以及對腦組織中環(huán)磷腺苷效應(yīng)元件結(jié)合蛋白的活化密切相關(guān)。認(rèn)知缺陷被認(rèn)為是精神分裂癥最典型的特征,其中包括工作記憶缺陷[44]。Secher等[45]通過利用苯環(huán)利定處理新生大鼠建立表現(xiàn)出與精神分裂癥相關(guān)的長時程學(xué)習(xí)和記憶障礙的動物模型,這種障礙體現(xiàn)在工作記憶和反轉(zhuǎn)學(xué)習(xí)上,而在參考記憶任務(wù)中的長時程記憶并未受到影響。經(jīng)過FGL長期治療后,反轉(zhuǎn)學(xué)習(xí)障礙雖未得到改善,但工作記憶能力有了明顯恢復(fù),幾乎達(dá)到對照組的水平。

單獨將FGL注射到健康的年輕大鼠體內(nèi),雖然齒狀回未成熟的神經(jīng)元數(shù)目有所增加,但背側(cè)海馬體積明顯減小,CA1和CA3區(qū)錐體神經(jīng)元數(shù)目下降明顯,提示FGL的體內(nèi)作用可能與年齡和生理狀況密切相關(guān)[17,46]。盡管如此,F(xiàn)GL在神經(jīng)精神疾病治療中的積極作用已得到廣泛的證實。近年來,F(xiàn)GL在再生醫(yī)學(xué)及組織工程學(xué)領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用逐漸受到關(guān)注。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),F(xiàn)GL可促進(jìn)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞的增殖與分化,甚至能誘導(dǎo)人類胚胎干細(xì)胞向神經(jīng)元方向分化[6,47]。將FGL與自聚合肽納米纖維材料結(jié)合建立的三維培養(yǎng)體系更有利于神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的分化。最新的研究表明,F(xiàn)GL還能促進(jìn)該三維體系中脊髓來源神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞的增殖、遷移、黏附及分化[48]。因此,隨著干細(xì)胞療法與組織工程技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展,將FGL與這些領(lǐng)先的治療方法結(jié)合來治療至今難以攻克的疾病會有廣闊前景。

[1]Weledji EP,Assob JC.The ubiquitous neural cell adhesion molecule(N-CAM)[J].Ann Med Surg(Lond),2014,3(3):77-81.

[2]Irintchev A,Schachner M.The injured and regener?ating nervous system:immunoglobulin superfamily members as key players[J].Neuroscientist,2012,18(5):452-466.

[3]Li S,Leshchyns'ka I,Chernyshova Y,Schachner M,Sytnyk V.The neural cell adhesion molecule(NCAM)associates with and signals through p21-activated kinase 1(Pak1)[J].J Neurosci,2013,33(2):790-803.

[4]Vawter MP.Dysregulation of the neural cell adhe?sion molecule and neuropsychiatric disorders[J].Eur J Pharmacol,2000,405(1-3):385-395.

[5]Skaper SD.Neuronal growth-promoting and inhibi?tory cues in neuroprotection and neuroregenera?tion[J].Methods Mol Biol,2012,846:13-22.

[6]Xu R,F(xiàn)eyeux M,Julien S,Nemes C,Albrecht?sen M,Dinnyés A,et al.Screening of bioactive peptides using an embryonic stem cell-based neu?ron differentiation assay[J].AAPS J,2014,16(3):400-412.

[7]Mie M,Sasaki S,Kobatake E.Construction of a bFGF-tethered multi-functional extracellular matrix protein through coiled-coil structures for neurite outgrowth induction[J].Biomed Mater,2014,9(1):015004.

[8]Irintchev A,Schachner M.The injured and regener?ating nervous system:immunoglobulin superfamily members as keyplayers[J].Neuroscientist,2012,18(5):452-466.

[9]Ono S,Hane M,Kitajima K,Sato C.Novel regula?tion of fibroblast growth factor 2(FGF2)-mediated cell growth by polysialic acid[J].J Biol Chem,2012,287(6):3710-3722.

[10]Norden DM,Godbout JP.Review:microglia of the aged brain:primed to be activated and resistant to regulation[J].Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol,2013,39(1):19-34.

[11]Woodbury ME,Ikezu T.Fibroblast growth factor-2 signaling in neurogenesis and neurodegeneration[J].J Neuroimmune Pharmacol,2014,9(2):92-101.

[12]Tam RY,F(xiàn)uehrmann T,Mitrousis N,Shoichet MS. Regenerative therapies for central nervous system diseases:a biomaterials approach[J].Neuropsy?chopharmacology,2014,39(1):169-188.

[13]Neiiendam JL,K?hler LB,Christensen C,Li S,Pedersen MV,Ditlevsen DK,et al.An NCAM-derived FGF-receptor agonist,the FGL-peptide, induces neurite outgrowth and neuronal survival in primary rat neurons[J].J Neurochem,2004,91(4):920-935.

[14]Knafo S,Venero C,Sánchez-Puelles C,Pereda-Peréz I,F(xiàn)ranco A,Sandi C,et al.Facilitation of AMPA receptor synaptic delivery as a molecular mechanism for cognitive enhancement[J].PLoS Biol,2012,10(2):e1001262.

[15]Bojesen KB,Clausen O,Rohde K,Christensen C,Zhang L,Li S,et al.Nectin-1 binds and signals through the fibroblast growth factor receptor[J].J Biol Chem,2012,287(44):37420-37433.

[16]Dallérac G,Zerwas M,Novikova T,Callu D,Leb?lanc-Veyrac P,Bock E,et al.The neural cell adhe?sion molecule-derived peptide FGL facilitates long-term plasticity in the dentate gyrusin vivo[J].Learn Mem,2011,18(5):306-313.

[17]Corbett NJ,Gabbott PL,Klementiev B,Davies HA,Colyer FM,Novikova T,et al.Amyloid-beta in?duced CA1 pyramidal cell loss in young adult rats is alleviated by systemic treatment with FGL,a neuralcelladhesion molecule-derived mimetic peptide[J].PLoS One,2013,8(8):e71479.

[18]Chen Y,Li S,Berezin V,Bock E.The fibroblast growth factor receptor(FGFR)agonist FGF1 and the neural cell adhesion molecule-derived peptide FGL activate FGFR substrate 2alpha differently[J].J Neurosci Res,2010,88(9):1882-1889.

[19]Borcel E,Pérez-Alvarez L,Herrero AI,Brionne T,Varea E,Berezin V,et al.Chronic stress in adult?hood followed by intermittent stress impairs spatial memory and the survival of newborn hippocampal cells in aging animals:prevention by FGL,a pep?tide mimetic of neural cell adhesion molecule[J].Behav Pharmacol,2008,19(1):41-49.

[20]Skibo GG,Lushnikova IV,Voronin KY,Dmitrieva O,Novikova T,Klementiev B,et al.A synthetic NCAM-derived peptide,FGL,protects hippocam?pal neurons from ischemic insult bothin vitroandin vivo[J].Eur J Neurosci,2005,22(7):1589-1596.

[21]Pedersen MV,Helweg-Larsen RB,Nielsen FC,Berezin V,Bock E,Penkowa M.The synthetic NCAM-derived peptide,FGL,modulates the tran?scriptional response to traumatic brain injury[J].Neurosci Lett,2008,437(2):148-153.

[22] Hohsfield LA,Humpel C.Intravenous infusion of monocytes isolated from 2-week-old mice enhanc?es clearance of beta-amyloid plaques in an Al?zheimer mouse model[J].PLoS One,2015,10(4):e0121930.

[23]Kodali M,Parihar VK,Hattiangady B,Mishra V,Shuai B,Shetty AK.Resveratrol prevents age-re?lated memory and mood dysfunction with in?creased hippocampal neurogenesis and microvas?culature,and reduced glial activation[J].Sci Rep,2015,5:8075.

[24]Ojo B,Rezaie P,Gabbott PL,Cowely TR,Med?vedev NI,Lynch MA,et al.A neural cell adhesion molecule-derived peptide,FGL,attenuates glial cell activation in the aged hippocampus[J].Exp Neurol,2011,232(2):318-328.

[25] Hernangómez M,Carrillo-Salinas FJ,Mecha M, Correa F,Mestre L,Loría F,et al.Brain innate im?munity in the regulation of neuroinflammation:ther?apeutic strategies by modulating CD200-CD200R interaction involve the cannabinoid system[J].Curr Pharm Des,2014,20(29):4707-4722.

[26]Cox FF,Berezin V,Bock E,Lynch MA.The neural cell adhesion molecule-derived peptide,FGL,atten?uates lipopolysaccharide-induced changes in glia in a CD200-dependent manner[J].Neurosci?ence,2013,235(4):141-148.

[27] Wong WT.Microglial aging in the healthy CNS:phenotypes,drivers,and rejuvenation[J].Front Cell Neurosci,2013,7:22.

[28]Zhou X,Z?ller T,Krieglstein K,Spittau B.TGFβ1inhibits IFNγ-mediated microglia activation and protects mDA neurons from IFNγ-driven neurotox?icity[J].J Neurochem,2015,134(1):125-134.

[29]Massobrio P,TessadoriJ, Chiappalone M,Ghirardi M.In vitrostudies of neuronal networks and synaptic plasticity in invertebrates and in mam?mals using multielectrode arrays[J].Neural Plast,2015:196195.

[30]Beesley PW,Herrera-Molina R,Smalla KH,Seidenbecher C.The neuroplastin adhesion mole?cules:key regulators of neuronal plasticity and syn?aptic function[J].J Neurochem,2014,131(3):268-283.

[31]Cambon K,Hansen SM,Venero C,Herrero AI,Skibo G,Berezin V,et al.A synthetic neural cell adhesion molecule mimetic peptide promotes syn?aptogenesis,enhances presynaptic function,and facilitates memory consolidation[J].J Neurosci,2004,24(17):4197-4204.

[32]Popov VI,Medvedev NI,Kraev IV,Gabbott PL,Davies HA,Lynch M,et al.A cell adhesion mole?cule mimetic,FGL peptide,induces alterations in synapse and dendritic spine structure in the den?tate gyrus of aged rats:a three-dimensional ultra? structural study[J].Eur J Neurosci,2008,27(2):301-314.

[33]Hodges JL,Vilchez SM,Asmussen H,Whitmore LA,Horwitz AR.α-Actinin-2 mediates spine mor?phology and assembly of the post-synaptic density in hippocampal neurons[J].PLoS One,2014,9(7):e101770.

[34]Ojo B,Rezaie P,Gabbott PL,Davies H,Colyer F,Cowley TR,et al.Age-related changes in the hip?pocampus(loss of synaptophysin and glial-synap?tic interaction)are modified by systemic treatment with an NCAM-derived peptide,F(xiàn)GL[J].Brain Behav Immun,2012,26(5):778-788.

[35]KlementievB,NovikovaT,NovitskayaV,Walmod PS,Dmytriyeva O,Pakkenberg B,et al. A neural cell adhesion molecule-derived peptide re?duces neuropathological signs and cognitive im?pairment induced by Abeta25-35[J].Neurosci?ence,2007,145(1):209-224.

[36]Golpich M,Amini E,Hemmati F,Ibrahim NM,Rahmani B,Mohamed Z,et al.Glycogen syn?thase kinase-3 beta(GSK-3β)signaling:implica?tions for Parkinson′s disease[J].Pharmacol Res,2015,97:16-26.

[37]Park SJ,Jin ML,An HK,Kim KS,Ko MJ,Kim CM,et al.Emodin induces neurite outgrowth through PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β-mediated signaling pathways in Neuro2acells[J].NeurosciLett,2015,588:101-107.

[38]Huang P,Li C,F(xiàn)u T,Zhao D,Yi Z,Lu Q,et al. Flupirtine attenuates chronic restraint stressinduced cognitive deficits and hippocampal apopto?sis in male mice[J].Behav Brain Res,2015,288:1-10.

[39]Development of a novel FGL therapy and transla?tional tests for regenerative treatment of neurologi?cal disorders.European Commission[EB/OL];(2012-01-01)http://cordis.europa.eu/search/index. cfm?fuseaction=proj.docum ent&PJ_RCN=12673448.

[40]Zellinger C,Salvamoser JD,Seeger N,Russmann V,Potschka H.Impact of the neural cell adhe?sion molecule-derived peptide FGL on seizure pro?gression and cellular alterations in the mouse kin?dling model[J].ACS Chem Neurosci,2014,5(3):185-193.

[41]Elsayed M,Banasr M,Duric V,F(xiàn)ournier NM,Licznerski P,Duman RS.Antidepressant effects of fibroblast growth factor-2 in behavioral and cellu?lar models of depression[J].Biol Psychiatry,2012,72(4):258-265.

[42]Turner CA,Gula EL,Taylor LP,Watson SJ,AkilH.Antidepressant-like effects of intracerebroven?tricular FGF2 in rats[J].Brain Res,2008,1224:63-68.

[43] Aonurm-Helm A,Jurgenson M,Zharkovsky T,Sonn K,Berezin V,Bock E,et al.Depressionlike behaviour in neural cell adhesion molecule(NCAM)-deficient mice and its reversal by an NCAM-derived peptide,FGL[J].Eur J Neurosci,2008,28(8):1618-1628.

[44]Erickson M,Hahn B,Leonard C,Robinson B,Luck S,Gold J.Enhanced vulnerability to distrac?tion does not account for working memory capaci?ty reduction in people with schizophrenia[J].Schizophr Res Cogn,2014,1(3):149-154.

[45]Secher T,Berezin V,Bock E,Glenth?j B.Effect of an NCAM mimetic peptide FGL on impairment in spatial learning and memory after neonatal phencyclidine treatment in rats[J].Behav Brain Res,2009,199(2):288-297.

[46]Ojo B,GabbottPL,Rezaie P,Corbett N,Medvedev NI,Cowley TR,et al.An NCAM mimet?ic,F(xiàn)GL,alters hippocampal cellular morphometry in young adult(4 month-old)rats[J].Neurochem Res,2013,38(6):1208-1218.

[47]Klein R,Blaschke S,Neumaier B,Endepols H,Graf R,Keuters M,et al.The synthetic NCAM mimetic peptide FGL mobilizes neural stem cellsin vitroandin vivo[J].Stem Cell Rev,2014,10(4):539-547.

[48]Wang J,Zheng J,Zheng Q,Wu Y,Wu B,Huang S,etal.FGL-functionalized self-assembling nanofiber hydrogel as a scaffold for spinal cord-de?rived neuralstem cells[J].Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl,2015,46:140-147.

Research progress in function and pharmacology of neural cell adhesion molecule-derived peptide FG loop

WANG Su-ping,GAO Yue,CHU Cheng-yan,LI Shen
(NO.1 Department of Neurology,Dalian Municipal Central Hospital,Dalian 116033,China)

Neural cell adhesion molecules(NCAMs)are able to promote neurogenesis,neuronal differentiation,and neuronal protection,playing a pivotal role in the regulation of the development and functions of the nervous system.FG loop(FGL),a bioactive polypeptide composed of 15 amino acids,is developed according to the spatial structure of NCAMs and binding site with fibroblast growth factor receptors.As the functional core segment of NCAMs,F(xiàn)GL has been proved to be neuroprotective,promote neuronal differentiation,have anti-inflammatory effects and regulate neural plasticity,which has a great potential in treatment of various neuropsychiatric diseases,such as ischemic brain injury,cognitive disorder,Alzheimer disease(AD)and depression.Furthermore,clinical researches have demonstrated that FGL is well tolerated in healthy male volunteers with no safety concerns.PhaseⅠclinical trial of FGL for AD is underway.FGL may be a potential therapeutic agent for treatment of human neuropsychiatric diseases in the future,which shows a promising application.

FGL;neural cell adhesion molecule;neuropsychiatric diseases;polypeptides

LI Shen,Tel:(0411)84418617,E-mail:listenlishen@hotmail.com

R971

A

1000-3002-(2016)08-0867-07

10.3867/j.issn.1000-3002.2016.08.011

Foundation item:The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(81300985)

2015-04-15 接受日期:2015-08-27)

(本文編輯:喬 虹)

國家自然科學(xué)基金項目(81300985)

王蘇平,男,碩士,主任醫(yī)師,主要從事神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病的臨床治療及干細(xì)胞應(yīng)用研究;李 深,女,博士,副主任醫(yī)師,主要從事神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育及再生研究。

李 深,E-mail:listenlishen@hotmail.com,Tel:(0411)84412001-8617

猜你喜歡
多肽神經(jīng)細(xì)胞海馬
多肽類藥物藥代動力學(xué)研究進(jìn)展
生根提苗就用碧邦有機多肽氮水溶肥
海馬
沉默RND3表達(dá)對氧糖缺失/復(fù)氧復(fù)糖損傷海馬神經(jīng)細(xì)胞炎癥反應(yīng)和細(xì)胞凋亡的影響
為什么大腦能記住事情?
右美托咪定抑制大鼠創(chuàng)傷性腦損傷后神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡
海馬
沙苑子總黃酮對骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞向神經(jīng)細(xì)胞分化潛能的影響
核酸適配體在多肽研究中的應(yīng)用
徐寒梅:創(chuàng)新多肽藥物研究與開發(fā)
东乌| 灵石县| 始兴县| 习水县| 老河口市| 博爱县| 同仁县| 南京市| 宾川县| 仙居县| 上饶县| 仁怀市| 大荔县| 英吉沙县| 壶关县| 巴马| 华阴市| 洛川县| 台北县| 夏河县| 宁明县| 绍兴县| 漾濞| 曲水县| 南康市| 高雄县| 芦山县| 安仁县| 临猗县| 若尔盖县| 浦县| 阿荣旗| 丰顺县| 赞皇县| 汉寿县| 汽车| 德化县| 许昌县| 霍山县| 方正县| 花莲市|