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麻醉對腫瘤患者圍術(shù)期免疫功能的影響

2016-02-21 14:28高鮮麗裴麗堅黃宇光
協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)雜志 2016年6期
關(guān)鍵詞:可抑制丙泊酚圍術(shù)

高鮮麗,裴麗堅,黃宇光

中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院麻醉科,北京100730

麻醉對腫瘤患者圍術(shù)期免疫功能的影響

高鮮麗,裴麗堅,黃宇光

中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院麻醉科,北京100730

麻醉;免疫;圍術(shù)期

隨著手術(shù)方式、化療、放療、內(nèi)分泌治療的進(jìn)展,惡性腫瘤患者的預(yù)后得到改善。然而,原發(fā)腫瘤手術(shù)切除后腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移、復(fù)發(fā)仍是腫瘤患者死亡的主要原因。腫瘤是全身性疾病,腫瘤患者本身已經(jīng)呈現(xiàn)細(xì)胞免疫功能抑制狀態(tài);化療、放療、營養(yǎng)不良、心理應(yīng)激等因素,可進(jìn)一步損害免疫系統(tǒng);加上疼痛、麻醉藥物、手術(shù)應(yīng)激等因素對機(jī)體免疫功能的影響,使圍術(shù)期成為惡性腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移的一個關(guān)鍵時期。因此,探討麻醉、手術(shù)對腫瘤患者免疫功能的影響,在圍術(shù)期盡可能保護(hù)患者免疫功能對改善預(yù)后有重要意義。本文綜述麻醉對腫瘤患者免疫功能的影響。

腫瘤患者免疫系統(tǒng)的調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制

完整的機(jī)體免疫系統(tǒng)可通過細(xì)胞免疫機(jī)制識別并靶向殺傷突變細(xì)胞,使突變細(xì)胞在未形成腫瘤之前即被清除,從而維持機(jī)體穩(wěn)態(tài)。人體免疫系統(tǒng)防止腫瘤抗原產(chǎn)生和腫瘤生長的機(jī)制分為三個階段:清除、相持及逃逸。免疫細(xì)胞中,自然殺傷細(xì)胞(natural killer cell,NK cell)、CD4+Th1細(xì)胞、CD8+細(xì)胞毒性T細(xì)胞(cytotoxic T-lymphocyte,CTL)是主要的抗腫瘤免疫效應(yīng)細(xì)胞,而Th2細(xì)胞、腫瘤相關(guān)巨噬細(xì)胞(tumor-associated macrophage,TAM)、髓系來源免疫抑制細(xì)胞(myeloid-derived suppressor cell,MDSC)、調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞(regulatory T cell,Treg cell)可促進(jìn)腫瘤生長。此外,促炎細(xì)胞因子、兒茶酚胺、前列腺素及信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)和轉(zhuǎn)錄活化因子3(signal transducer and activator of transcription 3,STAT3)、絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)、核因子κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)等信號傳導(dǎo)通路也與術(shù)后腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移復(fù)發(fā)有關(guān)。

NK細(xì)胞是主要的抗腫瘤細(xì)胞,NK細(xì)胞活性與腫瘤的發(fā)展和轉(zhuǎn)移呈負(fù)相關(guān)。CTL可通過表面的T細(xì)胞受體(T cell receptor,TCR)特異性地識別并結(jié)合靶細(xì)胞表面呈遞的I類主要組織相容性復(fù)合體(major histocompatibility complex,MHC)分子-抗原多肽復(fù)合物,殺傷靶細(xì)胞。因此,CTL抗腫瘤作用受限于腫瘤細(xì)胞表面MHC I類分子的表達(dá)。CD4+T細(xì)胞可根據(jù)微環(huán)境的不同分化為Th1、Th2、Th17和Treg細(xì)胞。Th1細(xì)胞分泌白細(xì)胞介素(interleukin,IL)-2、IL-12、干擾素-γ,激活抗原呈遞細(xì)胞,增強(qiáng)CTL及NK細(xì)胞的活性。Th2細(xì)胞分泌IL-4、IL-10,主要調(diào)節(jié)體液免疫反應(yīng),并可誘導(dǎo)Th17、Treg細(xì)胞、TAMs及MDSCs的產(chǎn)生,上述細(xì)胞可通過抑制CTL和NK細(xì)胞的活性促進(jìn)腫瘤生長及轉(zhuǎn)移。

手術(shù)對腫瘤患者免疫功能的影響

手術(shù)主要通過激活交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺皮質(zhì)軸(hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis,HPA axis)影響機(jī)體免疫功能。交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)興奮,釋放兒茶酚胺,可與T細(xì)胞、NK細(xì)胞及巨噬細(xì)胞表面的β2受體結(jié)合,增加細(xì)胞內(nèi)cAMP水平,抑制NK細(xì)胞的活性,使Th1/Th2平衡向Th2方向轉(zhuǎn)移。HPA軸激活后,糖皮質(zhì)激素水平增加,與術(shù)后免疫抑制程度呈正相關(guān)。動物實驗表明,術(shù)前應(yīng)用糖皮質(zhì)激素受體拮抗劑或切除腎上腺能減少術(shù)后T細(xì)胞凋亡及腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移[1],減輕糖皮質(zhì)激素對巨噬細(xì)胞活性的抑制。

麻醉對腫瘤患者免疫功能的影響

區(qū)域麻醉對免疫功能的影響

動物實驗表明區(qū)域麻醉能夠降低手術(shù)對NK細(xì)胞、肝臟單核細(xì)胞抗腫瘤活性的抑制,保護(hù)Th1/Th2平衡,從而減少術(shù)后腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移[2-3]。回顧性研究表明,區(qū)域麻醉能夠減少乳腺癌、結(jié)腸癌及前列腺癌術(shù)后腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)[4-6]。

常用全身麻醉藥物對免疫功能的影響

吸入麻醉藥:吸入麻醉藥對免疫細(xì)胞的抑制作用呈劑量及時間相關(guān)性,吸入麻醉藥能夠抑制淋巴細(xì)胞增生,抑制外周血單核細(xì)胞細(xì)胞因子的產(chǎn)生;還可誘導(dǎo)外周血淋巴細(xì)胞凋亡,降低線粒體膜電位,增加線粒體膜通透性,干擾MAPK信號通路,增加細(xì)胞內(nèi)活性氧的產(chǎn)生,增加內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)鈣釋放,這可能是吸入麻醉藥抑制淋巴細(xì)胞的機(jī)制。此外,異氟醚可作用于胰腺β細(xì)胞膜ATP敏感鉀通道,抑制胰島素分泌及葡萄糖利用,增強(qiáng)結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞對抗癌藥物介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡作用的抵抗。笑氣可抑制外周血單核細(xì)胞增生,抑制中性粒細(xì)胞的趨化作用。

靜脈麻醉藥:

·丙泊酚:丙泊酚可抑制中性粒細(xì)胞、單核細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞的功能,但對NK細(xì)胞及淋巴細(xì)胞的功能無影響,這可能與丙泊酚的脂質(zhì)載體有關(guān)。臨床劑量的丙泊酚通過調(diào)節(jié)Rho A、MAPK信號通路、細(xì)胞內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Slug抑制癌細(xì)胞的侵犯和轉(zhuǎn)移,增強(qiáng)癌細(xì)胞對化療藥物的敏感性[7];丙泊酚能夠抑制腫瘤生長,增強(qiáng)CTL細(xì)胞抗腫瘤活性[8]。丙泊酚-DHA、丙泊酚-EPA能夠抑制乳腺癌細(xì)胞黏附(黏附率降低15%~30%)和轉(zhuǎn)移(轉(zhuǎn)移率降低約50%),并能夠誘導(dǎo)癌細(xì)胞凋亡(凋亡率約為40%)[9]。

·阿片類藥物:阿片類藥物,尤其是嗎啡能夠抑制人類細(xì)胞免疫和體液免疫功能。動物實驗表明,嗎啡能夠促進(jìn)乳腺腫瘤血管生成,從而促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞生長[10]。然而,另外一些研究表明,嗎啡可能通過增強(qiáng)CTL細(xì)胞活性[11]、激活μ受體[12]、抑制NF-κB信號通路[13]減少腫瘤細(xì)胞播散。合成阿片類藥物對免疫功能影響較小,芬太尼、瑞芬太尼、阿芬太尼對中性粒細(xì)胞呼吸爆發(fā)功能無影響。雖然動物實驗表明,大劑量芬太尼可抑制NK細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞毒性作用,促進(jìn)腫瘤播散及轉(zhuǎn)移[14],但在健康志愿者研究中,芬太尼能增強(qiáng)NK細(xì)胞活性,增加外周血NK細(xì)胞、CD8+細(xì)胞比例[15-16]。

·其他:β受體阻滯劑、非甾體抗炎藥(nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs,NSAIDs)能夠降低乳腺癌患者腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移及復(fù)發(fā),動物實驗表明α2受體激動劑右美托咪定可降低Th1/Th2比例,抑制CTL活性,下調(diào)抗腫瘤免疫[17]。

患者術(shù)中生理指標(biāo)變化及麻醉管理對免疫功能的影響

低血壓、低血容量和低氧血癥

由于術(shù)前營養(yǎng)不良、脫水及術(shù)中出血等原因,腫瘤患者術(shù)中常出現(xiàn)低血壓,低血壓或低血容量不僅激活交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和HPA軸,而且降低組織灌注,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞缺氧,從而誘導(dǎo)黏附分子如細(xì)胞間黏附因子-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1,ICAM-1)、血管細(xì)胞黏附因子-1(vascular cell adhesion molecule-1,VCAM-1)表達(dá)增加[18],激發(fā)全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征,抑制Th1細(xì)胞反應(yīng),激活腫瘤細(xì)胞缺氧誘導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(hypoxia inducible transcription factor,HIF),誘導(dǎo)Treg細(xì)胞增生,促進(jìn)腫瘤血管生成[19]。因此,缺氧與腫瘤進(jìn)展和轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān)。Younes等[20]已經(jīng)證實手術(shù)期間低血壓發(fā)生次數(shù)是結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移灶切除術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的獨立危險因素。

低體溫

近期研究表明,北京地區(qū)圍術(shù)期患者低體溫現(xiàn)象仍然明顯,可高達(dá)39.9%[21]。動物實驗表明,低體溫可抑制NK細(xì)胞活性[22],在人類健康志愿者外周血體外培養(yǎng)實驗中,低溫(34℃)可抑制單核細(xì)胞抗原呈遞功能,延緩腫瘤壞死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)清除,促進(jìn)IL-10釋放,臨床研究表明,低溫可抑制IL-2生成,促進(jìn)促炎細(xì)胞因子產(chǎn)生[23],從而抑制機(jī)體免疫功能。因此,對于腫瘤患者圍術(shù)期應(yīng)預(yù)防低體溫。

高血糖

急性高血糖可抑制機(jī)體固有免疫功能,如抑制中性粒細(xì)胞的趨化、吞噬功能,抑制活性氧的產(chǎn)生。糖尿病患者血糖控制不佳(空腹血糖≥11.1 mmol/L)是肝細(xì)胞癌射頻消融術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)和預(yù)后差的危險因素[24],前列腺癌患者術(shù)前血糖水平是患者術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的獨立預(yù)測指標(biāo)[25]。

異體輸血

圍術(shù)期異體輸血引起的輸血相關(guān)免疫抑制可能是術(shù)后腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)的原因。異體輸血可抑制CTL及單核細(xì)胞的活性,抑制IL-2的產(chǎn)生,增加抑制性T細(xì)胞活性,促進(jìn)前列腺素釋放。研究證明圍術(shù)期輸血可增加膀胱癌[26]、肺癌[27]、結(jié)直腸癌[28]、肝細(xì)胞癌[29]的術(shù)后轉(zhuǎn)移和復(fù)發(fā),但與前列腺癌的復(fù)發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)移無關(guān)[30]。

綜上,腫瘤患者的圍術(shù)期麻醉管理十分重要,應(yīng)最大限度降低患者全身應(yīng)激反應(yīng)、減輕全身炎癥反應(yīng),盡可能保護(hù)自身免疫功能。區(qū)域麻醉、應(yīng)用非甾體抗炎藥、維持圍術(shù)期體內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)平衡,選擇合適的藥物和方案對腫瘤手術(shù)患者長期預(yù)后的影響有待通過大樣本、多中心、高質(zhì)量的臨床研究進(jìn)一步證實。如何通過優(yōu)化圍術(shù)期麻醉管理方案進(jìn)一步提高患者生活質(zhì)量,甚至一定程度降低腫瘤患者遠(yuǎn)期復(fù)發(fā)率和轉(zhuǎn)移率,值得關(guān)注與研究。

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[24]Hosokawa T,Kurosaki M,Tsuchiya K,et al.Hyperglycemia is a significant prognostic factor of hepatocellular carcinoma after curative therapy[J].World J Gastroenterol,2013,19: 249-257.

[25]Wright JL,Plymate SR,Porter MP,et al.Hyperglycemia and prostate cancer recurrence in men treated for localized prostate cancer[J].Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis,2013,16:204-208.

[26]Abel EJ,Linder BJ,Bauman TM,et al.Perioperative blood transfusion and radical cystectomy:does timing of transfusion affect bladder cancer mortality?[J].Eur Urol,2014,66: 1139-1147.

[27]Luan H,Ye F,Wu L,et al.Perioperative blood transfusion adversely affects prognosis after resection of lung cancer:a systematic review and a meta-analysis[J].BMC Surg,2014,14:34.

[28]Gunka I,Dostalik J,Martinek L,et al.Impact of blood transfusions on survival and recurrence in colorectal cancer surgery[J].Indian J Surg,2013,75:94-101.

[29]Liu L,Wang Z,Jiang S,et al.Perioperative allogenenic blood transfusion is associated with worse clinical outcomes for hepatocellular carcinoma:a meta-analysis[J].PLoS One,2013,8:e64261.

[30]Boehm K,Beyer B,Tennstedt P,et al.No impact of blood transfusion on oncological outcome after radical prostatectomy in patients with prostate cancer[J].World J Urol,2015,33:801-806.

裴麗堅電話:010-69152020,E-mail:hazelbeijing@vip.163.com

R614

A

1674-9081(2016)06-0450-04

10.3969/j.issn.1674-9081.2016.06.010

2014-10-27)

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