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高齡卵巢癌患者術(shù)后胃腸脹氣的早期干預(yù)

2016-02-27 13:26萬紅董艷紅高軍
中國現(xiàn)代醫(yī)生 2015年25期
關(guān)鍵詞:高齡患者卵巢腫瘤早期

萬紅+董艷紅+高軍

[摘要] 目的 探討減少高齡卵巢癌患者術(shù)后胃腸脹氣的早期干預(yù)效果。 方法 選取52例高齡卵巢癌手術(shù)病例,隨機(jī)分成干預(yù)組和對(duì)照組;對(duì)照組接受術(shù)后常規(guī)護(hù)理,干預(yù)組同時(shí)行促進(jìn)胃腸功能恢復(fù)的早期干預(yù)措施;比較術(shù)后腸鳴音恢復(fù)時(shí)間,肛門恢復(fù)排氣時(shí)間,血清胃動(dòng)素濃度,胃腸脹氣發(fā)生率及生活質(zhì)量情況。 結(jié)果 干預(yù)組腸鳴音恢復(fù)時(shí)間、肛門恢復(fù)排氣時(shí)間、胃腸脹氣發(fā)生率分別為(28.4±7.2)h、(35.1±6.7)h和23.1%,均小于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);干預(yù)組和對(duì)照組術(shù)后24 h胃動(dòng)素濃度分別為(162.5±47.3)pg/mL、(151.7±44.8)pg/mL,均低于術(shù)前,而術(shù)后72 h均較24 h升高,且干預(yù)組高于對(duì)照組[(228.5±67.3)pg/mL vs (175.1±54.6)pg/mL,P<0.05);術(shù)后干預(yù)組生活質(zhì)量總分高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 早期干預(yù)能顯著改善高齡卵巢癌術(shù)后胃腸脹氣的發(fā)生,促進(jìn)胃腸功能恢復(fù),提高患者生活質(zhì)量。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 卵巢腫瘤;高齡患者;胃腸脹氣;早期;護(hù)理干預(yù)

[中圖分類號(hào)] R737.31;R473.71 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2015)25-0129-03

Effect of early intervention on postoperative flatulence of elderly patients with ovarian cancer

WAN Hong1 DONG Yanhong1 GAO Jun2

1.Obstetrics and Gynecology Department,the People's Hospital of Lean County in Jiangxi Provice, Lean 344300, China;2.Department Gynecology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang 330006, China

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of early intervention on reduce postoperative flatulence of elderly patients with ovarian cancer. Methods A total of 52 cases of elderly ovarian cancer treated by surgery were involved, which were randomly divided into intervention and control group. The intervention measures to promote gastrointestinal function recovery were received in intervention group, while only postoperative routine nursing measures were received in control group. Recovery time of bowel sound, restoration of anal exhaust time, serum motilin levels, flatulence occurred rate and quality of life were compared between two groups. Results Recovery time of bowel sound, restoration of anal exhaust and flatulence occurred rate were(28.4±7.2)h, (35.1±6.7)h and 23.1% in intervention group respectively, were lower than those in control group(P<0.05). The motilin levels of postoperative 24 h were (162.5±47.3)pg/mL and (151.7±44.8)pg/mL in intervention and control group respectively, were lower than those in preoperative. The motilin levels in postoperative 72 h was higher than in postoperative 24 h, and the levels in intervention group was higher than that in control group[(228.5±67.3) pg/mL vs(175.1±54.6) pg/mL, P<0.05). The postoperative quality of life in intervention group was higher than that in control group(P<0.05). Conclusion Early intervention can reduce postoperative flatulence of elderly patients with ovarian cancer, promote the recovery of gastrointestinal function, improve the quality of life of the patients.

[Key words] Ovarian cancer; Elderly patients; Flatulence; Early; Nursing intervention

卵巢癌是女性生殖系統(tǒng)中死亡率最高的惡性腫瘤,其發(fā)病隨年齡增加,好發(fā)于60~70歲婦女,中位年齡為63歲。手術(shù)效果是影響卵巢癌總生存率的決定性因素[1]。經(jīng)腹手術(shù)后易出現(xiàn)胃腸脹氣等不適,嚴(yán)重時(shí)可誘發(fā)呼吸困難、下腔靜脈血液回流障礙、腹壁切口愈合不良、腸粘連等[2];且高齡患者由于身體功能在不斷減弱,胃腸道順應(yīng)能力差,術(shù)后更易出現(xiàn)胃腸脹氣,進(jìn)而引起一系列的并發(fā)癥,嚴(yán)重影響術(shù)后康復(fù)及生活質(zhì)量[3]。采取有效的護(hù)理管理及早期干預(yù)手段,減少術(shù)后胃腸脹氣的發(fā)生,具有重要的意義。本研究在臨床上采取早期干預(yù),可有效地減少高齡卵巢癌患者術(shù)后胃腸脹氣的發(fā)生,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。

1 資料與方法

1.1 臨床資料

選擇2011年9月~2015年5月在江西省人民醫(yī)院行經(jīng)腹手術(shù)的52例上皮性卵巢癌(epithelial ovarian cancer,EOC)病例,年齡60~72歲(中位65.6歲)。采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將其分為干預(yù)組和對(duì)照組,各26例,兩組年齡、文化、手術(shù)病理分期、組織學(xué)類型、分化程度等比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。

納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①均≥60歲;②接受全麻下經(jīng)腹全面分期手術(shù)或腫瘤細(xì)胞減滅術(shù);③病理確診為EOC;④無嚴(yán)重內(nèi)科合并癥,能耐受手術(shù);⑤術(shù)前無原發(fā)胃腸道疾?。虎抟缽男院?,能配合測(cè)評(píng);⑦對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)知情同意,簽署知情同意書。

1.2 干預(yù)方法

干預(yù)組主要從以下方面進(jìn)行早期干預(yù):①心理干預(yù):向患者傳授有關(guān)卵巢癌、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥等知識(shí),及心理因素對(duì)卵巢癌發(fā)病及康復(fù)的影響,使其嚴(yán)遵醫(yī)囑安心接受治療;出現(xiàn)胃腸道功能恢復(fù)不佳時(shí),指導(dǎo)其主動(dòng)面對(duì),降低焦慮抑郁情緒[4]。②飲食干預(yù)[2]:術(shù)前1周起避免食用纖維量較高和難消化食物,術(shù)前3 d起進(jìn)食無渣流質(zhì),術(shù)前禁食12 h、禁飲4 h;術(shù)后12 h后少量喝水,術(shù)后24 h進(jìn)食無渣流質(zhì),逐漸過渡到稀飯、蔬菜等清淡、易消化食物,避免進(jìn)食產(chǎn)氣和易發(fā)酵食物;少量多餐、細(xì)嚼慢咽,避免吞入大量氣體;如出現(xiàn)腹脹等推遲進(jìn)食。③體位干預(yù):術(shù)后去枕平臥 6 h;6 h后如生命體征正常、呼之能應(yīng)的情況下即給予頭高20°~45°的半臥位;當(dāng)出現(xiàn)胃腸脹氣癥兆時(shí),情況允許予膝胸臥位鍛煉[5,6]。④行為干預(yù):全麻清醒后,協(xié)助翻身(每2小時(shí)進(jìn)行1次);下腹部按摩(3次/d,10 min/次,持續(xù)2~3 d);深慢呼吸(3~5 min/次,持續(xù)2~3 d);盡量少說話,避免呻吟和用口呼吸;咀嚼口香糖[7];早期肢體運(yùn)動(dòng)(平臥,雙手放于身體兩側(cè),單腿伸直盡量上抬,保持5 s后放平,兩腿交叉進(jìn)行;雙腿同時(shí)上抬與身體呈90°,保持5 s,每組動(dòng)作做10次,2次/d);盡早下床活動(dòng),每天至少1 h[6]。⑤藥物干預(yù):注意水電解質(zhì)平衡,禁食期間每天常規(guī)補(bǔ)鉀,如血K+偏低,依缺失量補(bǔ)充;良好鎮(zhèn)痛;發(fā)現(xiàn)有胃排空延遲時(shí)可早期行開塞露塞肛、口服石蠟油、足三里穴位注射新斯的明等[8]。

1.3 觀察指標(biāo)

①腸鳴音恢復(fù)時(shí)間(以3次/min的清晰腸鳴音為正常);②肛門恢復(fù)排氣時(shí)間;③胃腸脹氣發(fā)生率;④血清胃動(dòng)素濃度:采集術(shù)前、術(shù)后24 h、術(shù)后72 h的血清,采用ELISA法檢測(cè)胃動(dòng)素濃度;⑤采用漢化版簡明健康調(diào)查量表評(píng)估患者生活質(zhì)量(術(shù)前和術(shù)后第10天),總分越高表示生活質(zhì)量越高[9]。

1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

采用SPSS19.0軟件,計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,組間比較用t檢驗(yàn),多組間比較采用ANOVA分析、進(jìn)一步采用 LSD-t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料采用相對(duì)量表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn);P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 兩組胃腸道功能評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)和生命質(zhì)量總分比較

干預(yù)組術(shù)后腸鳴音恢復(fù)、肛門排氣時(shí)間及胃腸脹氣發(fā)生率均小于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組術(shù)前生命質(zhì)量總分差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,術(shù)后10 d總分均有所下降,但干預(yù)組總分明顯高于對(duì)照組(P< 0.05)。見表1。

2.2 兩組血清胃動(dòng)素水平比較

兩組術(shù)前血清胃動(dòng)素濃度無明顯差異;術(shù)后24 h均明顯低于術(shù)前;術(shù)后72 h均較術(shù)后24 h升高,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),干預(yù)組明顯高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。見表2。

3 討論

隨著人口老齡化趨勢(shì)、卵巢癌發(fā)病老年化的特性以及對(duì)生命的敬畏,臨床上行手術(shù)治療的高齡卵巢癌患者越來越多,這也給婦科腫瘤醫(yī)生們帶來了巨大的挑戰(zhàn)[7]。經(jīng)腹手術(shù)患者術(shù)后容易出現(xiàn)各種并發(fā)癥,胃腸脹氣是其最常見、也是危害最大的一種[10-12]。老年患者由于生理功能減退等原因,術(shù)后更易引起胃腸脹氣。究其原因,可能為:①術(shù)前自身營養(yǎng)吸收困難,免疫力低下等狀況影響術(shù)后胃腸功能;②全麻導(dǎo)致患者胃腸迷走神經(jīng)調(diào)控能力降低,胃的存儲(chǔ)能力和腸功能蠕動(dòng)降低,致使胃腸功能紊亂;③術(shù)中對(duì)胃腸道的分離、大網(wǎng)膜切除、淋巴結(jié)清掃造成胃腸道血供減少,進(jìn)而影響胃腸蠕動(dòng);④術(shù)后禁食、臥床等導(dǎo)致胃腸道分泌及蠕動(dòng)功能減低等[8]。

研究報(bào)道,正確的早期干預(yù)能有效地減少術(shù)后胃腸脹氣的發(fā)生[3,5,6,13-16]?,F(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)是心身醫(yī)學(xué)、整體醫(yī)學(xué)的時(shí)代,對(duì)疾病的干預(yù)除了藥物、行為、飲食等干預(yù)外,心理干預(yù)也起著重要的作用。臨床上主要用腸鳴音、肛門排氣、胃腸脹氣等指標(biāo)評(píng)估胃腸道功能的恢復(fù)情況[17],近年來血清胃動(dòng)素檢測(cè)成為了一個(gè)較為精確的客觀評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)[18,19]。正常成人血清胃動(dòng)素水平為(264.32±61.27)pg/mL,老年人的平均水平要稍偏低。胃動(dòng)素對(duì)胃腸運(yùn)動(dòng)和胃腸電活動(dòng)都有強(qiáng)烈的影響,可刺激胃蛋白酶分泌,使胃黏膜血流量增加但不增加胃酸分泌,對(duì)胃體、胃竇及幽門不同區(qū)域的肌細(xì)胞有明顯的收縮作用,能使胃強(qiáng)烈收縮和小腸明顯的分節(jié)運(yùn)動(dòng),促進(jìn)胃排空,對(duì)胃腸道內(nèi)容物起清掃作用。其水平降低可使胃蠕動(dòng)減少,胃排空延緩[20]。

本研究中,通過早期綜合干預(yù),發(fā)現(xiàn)干預(yù)組術(shù)后腸鳴音恢復(fù)時(shí)間、肛門排氣時(shí)間及胃腸脹氣發(fā)生率均明顯小于對(duì)照組,術(shù)后血清胃動(dòng)素水平及生命質(zhì)量總分明顯高于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。我們認(rèn)為早期干預(yù)能顯著改善高齡卵巢癌術(shù)后胃腸脹氣的發(fā)生,促進(jìn)胃腸功能恢復(fù),提高患者生活質(zhì)量,值得臨床推廣。

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(收稿日期:2015-06-16)

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