趙伯陽(yáng),劉 禹,宋慧明,李 強(qiáng)
(1.中國(guó)科學(xué)院地球環(huán)境研究所 黃土與第四紀(jì)地質(zhì)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,西安 710061;2.中國(guó)科學(xué)院大學(xué),北京 100049;3.西安交通大學(xué) 人居環(huán)境與建筑工程學(xué)院,西安 710049)
基于油松樹輪寬度重建河北青龍過去123年平均相對(duì)濕度
趙伯陽(yáng)1,2,劉 禹1,3,宋慧明1,李 強(qiáng)1
(1.中國(guó)科學(xué)院地球環(huán)境研究所 黃土與第四紀(jì)地質(zhì)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,西安 710061;2.中國(guó)科學(xué)院大學(xué),北京 100049;3.西安交通大學(xué) 人居環(huán)境與建筑工程學(xué)院,西安 710049)
相對(duì)濕度的研究對(duì)理解古氣候變化有著重要的科學(xué)意義,但是目前國(guó)內(nèi)利用樹輪資料重建的歷史時(shí)期相對(duì)濕度變化十分有限。本文利用油松樹輪寬度重建了河北青龍地區(qū)1890 —2012年5 —7月的平均相對(duì)濕度變化,重建序列的方差解釋量為39.1%(減少自由度后為38.0%)。重建序列顯示出5個(gè)濕潤(rùn)期(1895 —1899年,1906 —1914年,1924 —1926年,1950 —1955年,1984 —2000年)和5個(gè)干旱期(1900 —1905年,1917 —1921年,1927 —1949年,1956 —1973年,1975 —1981年)。重建序列和觀測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)均與鄰近研究區(qū)的PDSI對(duì)應(yīng)良好,表明該序列具有較強(qiáng)的空間代表性,可以反映河北北部地區(qū)的平均相對(duì)濕度變化情況。本研究表明研究區(qū)相對(duì)濕度變化不僅受局地氣候控制,還可能受到ENSO影響。
青龍;油松;樹輪寬度;相對(duì)濕度;重建
樹木年輪資料以其分辨率高,定年精確,樣品分布廣泛等優(yōu)點(diǎn),已成為國(guó)際地圈生物圈計(jì)劃(International Geosphere-Biosphere Program,IGBP)中最重要的古氣候研究指標(biāo)之一。利用樹輪寬度指標(biāo),研究者們對(duì)歷史時(shí)期的區(qū)域及全球尺度溫度、降水等氣候指標(biāo)進(jìn)行重建研究,已取得了一些重要成果(Esper et al,2002;Cook et al,2004;Liu et al,2006;Briffa et al,2008;Mann et al,2008;Liu et al,2009;Yi et al,2012;Liu et al,2013;Yang et al,2014),這些研究成果對(duì)古氣候研究以及對(duì)未來氣候變化趨勢(shì)的預(yù)測(cè)有重要意義。
相對(duì)濕度是指空氣中水汽壓與飽和水汽壓的百分比,作為氣候的重要指標(biāo)之一,相對(duì)濕度的變化會(huì)影響植物葉片的蒸騰作用和光合作用(Guehl and Aussenac,1987),從而影響植物的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育過程;同時(shí),空氣中的濕度變化可以記錄當(dāng)?shù)氐暮闈?、干旱事件(呂軍等?002)。所以,對(duì)過去相對(duì)濕度變化的研究,是歷史時(shí)期氣候變化研究中不可或缺的一部分。目前我國(guó)樹輪氣候?qū)W研究中對(duì)溫度重建(包光等,2015;蔡秋芳和劉禹,2015;劉禹等,2015)和降水重建(Liu et al,2006;Yang et al,2014)報(bào)道較多,而對(duì)相對(duì)濕度進(jìn)行重建的研究尚不充分(Liu et al,2003;Shu et al,2005;Tsuji et al,2008;Liu et al,2015),尤其在我國(guó)華北北部地區(qū)尚無基于樹輪寬度的相對(duì)濕度重建。
本文利用河北省青龍滿族自治縣油松樹輪寬度資料,重建了1890—2012年的平均相對(duì)濕度,并探討了當(dāng)?shù)叵鄬?duì)濕度變化特征,為該區(qū)域歷史時(shí)期氣候變化研究提供了新的資料。
1.1 采樣點(diǎn)概況與樣品采集
本研究所使用樹輪樣品采集于河北省北部青龍滿族自治縣盤嶺溝村附近(40.49°N,119.53°E,海拔380 m,圖1)。采樣點(diǎn)為郁閉度較低的疏林,優(yōu)勢(shì)樹種為油松(Pinus tabulaeformisCarr.),采樣點(diǎn)草本植物生長(zhǎng)茂盛,樹木生長(zhǎng)良好,無病蟲害,無人工干預(yù)。按照國(guó)際樹木年輪庫(kù)(ITRDB)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),中國(guó)科學(xué)院地球環(huán)境研究所樹木年輪實(shí)驗(yàn)室于2013年8月在該研究區(qū)域使用5.15 mm生長(zhǎng)錐進(jìn)行采樣,每棵樹采集兩根樣芯,共采集16棵樹,總計(jì)32根樣芯,編號(hào)為QL。
1.2 年表的建立
在實(shí)驗(yàn)室中,按照現(xiàn)代樹木年輪基本研究標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(Schweingruber,1996;Stokes and Smiley,1996)對(duì)全部樣品進(jìn)行風(fēng)干,固定和打磨,直至顯微鏡下能夠清晰看到細(xì)胞為止。使用測(cè)量精度為0.01 mm的LINTAB寬度測(cè)量?jī)x對(duì)樣本進(jìn)行逐輪寬度測(cè)量及交叉定年,使用COFECHA程序(Holmes,1983)對(duì)定年結(jié)果進(jìn)行質(zhì)量控制,剔除相關(guān)性較差以及較短的樣品,最終進(jìn)入主年表的共有24根樣芯。
使用ARSTAN程序(Cook and Holmes,1986)建立樹輪年表。為了在最大程度上保留樣品完整信息并去除樹木本身具有的生長(zhǎng)趨勢(shì),采用保守的負(fù)指數(shù)或線性函數(shù)對(duì)寬度序列進(jìn)行去趨勢(shì),最終得到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)年表、差值年表和自回歸年表。與STD年表和ARS年表相比,RES年表在對(duì)高頻信號(hào)的保存上更出色,由于本研究所使用樣本本身長(zhǎng)度有限,低頻信息并不能良好保存,故本文研究采用RES年表(圖2)。EPS與樣本量大小有關(guān),研究者們普遍認(rèn)為當(dāng)EPS的值大于0.85時(shí)年表可靠(Wigley et al,1984),故EPS被用來確定年表的可靠起始年代。本研究采用年表起始年代為公元1890年,序列長(zhǎng)度為123年。
圖1 采樣點(diǎn)及其他所用資料地理位置示意圖Fig.1 Sampling site and the locations of other database for comparison
圖2 青龍RES年表、樣品數(shù)量、滑動(dòng)EPS及滑動(dòng)RbarFig.2 Plots for QL RES chronology, sample depth, running EPS and Running Rbar
1.3 氣候信息
距離采樣點(diǎn)最近的氣象站為青龍氣象站(40°24′N,118°57′E,海拔227.5 m,圖1),該氣象站連續(xù)的氣象觀測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)始于1957年。在有氣象數(shù)據(jù)資料的年份內(nèi)(1957—2012年),平均溫度為7.6—10.5℃,年降水量為387.6—1128 mm,年平均相對(duì)濕度為55.5%—65.2%。該氣象站數(shù)據(jù)表明(圖3),研究區(qū)域降水主要集中于夏季6—8月,雨熱同期。
帕爾默干旱指數(shù)(Palmer drought severity index,PDSI)對(duì)于區(qū)域和全球的干濕變化有著顯著的指示意義。本文將研究區(qū)樹輪資料與PDSI進(jìn)行比較,逐月相關(guān)PDSI資料取自距離采樣點(diǎn)最近的格點(diǎn)(41.25°N,118.75°E),氣象數(shù)據(jù)和重建資料與CRU scPDSI的空間分析利用KMNI Climate Explorer(http://climexp.knmi.nl)完成。
圖3 青龍氣象站多年降水、溫度、相對(duì)濕度月平均資料(1957—2012年)Fig.3 Monthly mean precipitation, monthly mean temperature and monthly mean relative humidity records from Qinglong meteorological station
2.1 寬度信號(hào)對(duì)氣候因子的響應(yīng)
相關(guān)分析表明,研究區(qū)域油松樹輪寬度RES年表與溫度和PDSI有一定相關(guān)性,但相關(guān)系數(shù)不高(最高相關(guān)系數(shù)r分別只有 - 0.32和0.40),顯然溫度與PDSI并不是研究區(qū)油松生長(zhǎng)的氣候限制因子,無法利用寬度數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)這二者進(jìn)行重建。RES年表與降水和相對(duì)濕度相關(guān)關(guān)系較高,尤其是在夏季,年表與降水和相對(duì)濕度有著較高的正相關(guān)關(guān)系。經(jīng)過月份組合之后,發(fā)現(xiàn)RES年表與5—7月平均相對(duì)濕度的相關(guān)性最高,相關(guān)系數(shù)r達(dá)到0.625(R2adj= 0.380,p<0.0001,n= 56)(圖4,圖5),達(dá)到重建標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
分析表明,在青龍地區(qū)油松生長(zhǎng)期內(nèi),5—7月的平均相對(duì)濕度越高,水汽充足越有利于樹木的同化作用,利于樹木生長(zhǎng),對(duì)應(yīng)得到寬輪,如果相對(duì)濕度低,樹木生長(zhǎng)被抑制,該年輪寬較窄。
2.2 轉(zhuǎn)換方程的建立及5 —7月平均相對(duì)濕度的重建
通過對(duì)圖5中寬度數(shù)據(jù)與平均相對(duì)濕度數(shù)據(jù)的線性回歸,建立轉(zhuǎn)換方程:
其中:MRH5—7代表每一年5—7月平均相對(duì)濕度,Wt代表RES年表中第t年的寬度指數(shù)。在有氣象觀測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)的1957—2012年,RES年表對(duì)5—7月平均相對(duì)濕度的方差解釋量達(dá)到了39.1%(調(diào)整自由度后的解釋方差為38.0%)。在重建期內(nèi),重建結(jié)果與觀測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)應(yīng)良好(圖6)。
本研究采用分段檢驗(yàn)的方法驗(yàn)證重建方程的可靠性和穩(wěn)定性,表1給出了分段檢驗(yàn)的結(jié)果。從給出的統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果看,每一時(shí)段的相關(guān)均十分顯著,且校驗(yàn)期的誤差縮減量(RE)和有效系數(shù)(CE)值均為正數(shù)(Cook et al,1999),1957—1988年與1981—2012年重建期的ST檢驗(yàn)均達(dá)到0.01置信水平,1957—1980年校驗(yàn)期的ST檢驗(yàn)達(dá)到0.05置信水平,證明重建方程穩(wěn)定,重建序列反應(yīng)了研究區(qū)域過去123年來5—7月平均相對(duì)濕度的變化。
圖4 青龍樹輪RES年表與青龍氣象站各月平均降水量、平均溫度、平均相對(duì)濕度和PDSI的相關(guān)分析結(jié)果Fig4 Correlation between ring width indices and meteorological data (including mean precipitation, mean temperature, mean relative humidity, PDSI, respectively) The dashed horizontal line was the 99% con fi dence limit.
圖5 青龍寬度指數(shù)與當(dāng)?shù)?—7月平均相對(duì)濕度散點(diǎn)圖Fig.5 Scatter plot of the QL tree-ring width indices and the May — July mean relative humidity
同時(shí),為了驗(yàn)證重建方程對(duì)高頻信號(hào)的還原度,將重建序列與觀測(cè)序列的一階差進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)(圖7a),相關(guān)系數(shù)達(dá)到0.546;將重建序列與觀測(cè)序列去趨勢(shì)后進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn),相關(guān)系數(shù)達(dá)到0.613(圖7b)。進(jìn)一步證明重建方程與氣象觀測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)在高頻上的一致性。
圖6 青龍1957 — 2012年當(dāng)年5 — 7月平均相對(duì)濕度重建值與觀測(cè)值對(duì)比Fig.6 Comparison between reconstructed (bold line) and observed (thin line) May—July mean relative humidity (1957 — 2012)
表1 分段檢驗(yàn)的數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)Tab.1 Statistics for a split calibration-veri fi cation procedure
圖7 (a)青龍5—7月平均相對(duì)濕度重建值與觀測(cè)值一階差的對(duì)比(b)去趨勢(shì)后平均相對(duì)濕度重建值與觀測(cè)值的對(duì)比Fig.7 Comparison between (a) fi rst-order differential, (b) detrended reconstructed (bold line) and observed (thin line) May—July mean relative humidity (1957—2012)
根據(jù)方程(1),本文重建了華北北部地區(qū)1890年以來5—7月平均相對(duì)濕度(圖8)。重建時(shí)段的平均相對(duì)濕度范圍為59.03%—69.38%,平均值為64.32%,總體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差σ為±2.13%。如果某一年的相對(duì)平均濕度距平超過σ,即將該年定義為相對(duì)濕潤(rùn)/干旱年份。經(jīng)過統(tǒng)計(jì),相對(duì)濕潤(rùn)年共計(jì)20年,占全部重建序列比例為16.3%;相對(duì)干旱年共計(jì)22年,占全部重建序列比例為17.9%。通過對(duì)年際變化進(jìn)行11年滑動(dòng)平均,得到研究區(qū)年代際尺度的平均相對(duì)濕度變化。重建期間具有5個(gè)濕潤(rùn)期,分別為1895—1899年,1906—1914年,1924—1926年,1950—1955年,1984—2000年;具有5個(gè)干旱期,分別為1900—1905年,1917—1921年,1927—1949年,1956—1973年,1975—1981年。
2.3 空間分析與周期分析
由于現(xiàn)在對(duì)相對(duì)濕度的研究仍不充分,空間尺度上高分辨率相對(duì)濕度格點(diǎn)數(shù)據(jù)仍不完備,故本文在對(duì)重建數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行空間分析時(shí)將相對(duì)濕度的觀測(cè)值與重建值分別與PDSI進(jìn)行相關(guān)性分析(圖9)。作為一個(gè)常用的干旱指標(biāo),帕爾默干旱指數(shù)的變化與研究區(qū)域的相對(duì)濕度變化有很好的相關(guān)性。通過圖9可知,觀測(cè)記錄與重建序列的空間相關(guān)模式十分相似,表明對(duì)華北北部地區(qū)5—7月平均相對(duì)濕度的重建具有一定的空間代表性。
圖8 青龍1890—2012年5—7月平均相對(duì)濕度重建曲線圖中細(xì)黑線為重建曲線,粗黑線為11年滑動(dòng)平均,水平實(shí)線為平均值,水平虛線為平均值的一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差上下限,圓點(diǎn)為干旱事件。Fig.8 Reconstruction of May—July mean relative humidity (thin line) during 1890—2012 Bold line represents 11-year moving averages. The horizontal line is the reconstructed mean. Dot represents drought events.
圖9 1957 — 2012年CRU scPDSI與青龍氣象站5 — 7月平均相對(duì)濕度空間相關(guān)(a)和與重建曲線空間相關(guān)(b),p<0.1Fig.9 Spatial correlation between the CRU scPDSI and observed May—July mean relative humidity during 1957—2012,p<0.1 (a) and spatial correlation between the CRU scPDSI and reconstructed May — July mean relative humidity during 1957—2012,p<0.1 (b)
同時(shí),本文采用多窗口譜分析方法(MTM)檢測(cè)華北北部地區(qū)過去123年5 —7月平均相對(duì)濕度重建序列的周期(圖10),結(jié)果表明,在95%的置信度上,重建序列存在5.20 a,4.20 a,4.03 a, 3.86 a,3.58 a,2.21 a準(zhǔn)周期震蕩。值得注意的是,本文的結(jié)果由樹輪RES年表重建得到,相較于STD年表和ARS年表,RES年表對(duì)高頻信息保存良好,但對(duì)低頻氣候信號(hào)保存不足。
圖10 青龍1890 — 2012年5 — 7月平均相對(duì)濕度重建序列MTM周期分析圖Fig.10 Power spectral of reconstructed May—July mean relative humidity curve during 1890 — 2012 in Qinglong region
本文通過對(duì)華北平原北部地區(qū)油松樹輪寬度資料的分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)該研究區(qū)域油松樣本RES年表與溫度和相對(duì)濕度呈現(xiàn)良好的正相關(guān)關(guān)系,特別是與5 — 7月平均相對(duì)濕度的相關(guān)系數(shù)達(dá)到0.625,滿足重建標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。由于空氣中的相對(duì)濕度會(huì)影響樹葉葉片上氣孔交換氣體的能力,進(jìn)而影響植物光合作用和呼吸作用(Guehl and Aussenac,1987),影響樹木生長(zhǎng),該過程會(huì)被樹輪寬度信號(hào)記錄下來。這表明利用樹輪RES年表對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)貧v史時(shí)期平均相對(duì)濕度進(jìn)行重建,具有可靠的生理學(xué)依據(jù)。
圖11為唐山市旱澇指數(shù)(a),(中央氣象局氣象科學(xué)研究院,1981;張德二等,2003)與研究區(qū)青龍地區(qū)平均相對(duì)濕度重建曲線(b)的逐年對(duì)比,在重建期間內(nèi)兩條曲線有著顯著的反相關(guān)關(guān)系,Spearman秩相關(guān)系數(shù)r=-0.394(n= 111,p< 0.001)。一些極端干旱/濕潤(rùn)年份同時(shí)在這兩份氣候資料中留下記錄。如干旱年1900、1919、1936、1944、1968、1972、1981、1992、1999和濕潤(rùn)年1890、1893、1894、1898、1938、1949、 1953、1973、1985、1991、1995等。表明重建曲線與唐山地區(qū)的旱澇歷史在高頻上具有一致性。
不僅僅是年際尺度,在年代際尺度上,青龍地區(qū)相對(duì)濕度重建曲線與唐山市旱澇指數(shù)變化趨勢(shì)的相關(guān)性也較好(圖12),這同樣可以從圖9給出的重建序列與PDSI的空間相關(guān)關(guān)系得到佐證,即華北地區(qū)北部唐山地區(qū)與青龍地區(qū)濕度變化具有一致性。這種變化的一致性表明本研究得到的重建序列在一定程度上反映了研究區(qū)周圍的干濕變化情況。值得注意的是,在達(dá)到1990年的相對(duì)平均濕度高值之后,該區(qū)域的平均相對(duì)濕度在持續(xù)下降,由于旱澇指數(shù)只發(fā)布至2000年,但可以明顯看出1991—2000年的10年間,有4年(1992、1997、1999、2000)的旱澇指數(shù)為5,表示該地區(qū)極其干旱。造成這一現(xiàn)象的機(jī)制尚不明確,有待進(jìn)一步研究。
胡廣利(1997)編寫的《青龍滿族自治縣志》中對(duì)青龍地區(qū)1930年以來發(fā)生過的災(zāi)情有詳細(xì)記載?!?960—1961年:連續(xù)兩年春旱,高溫。1961年6月10日最高氣溫達(dá)38.6℃,延誤農(nóng)時(shí),造成糧食減產(chǎn)500多萬公斤?!薄?972年:繼1971年秋旱之后,至1972年的7月中旬,12個(gè)月中全縣平均降水量只有261.4毫米,全縣5條大河有4條斷流,青龍河枯水流量降至1.007立方米/秒。5400眼水井干涸,479個(gè)生產(chǎn)隊(duì)人畜飲水需從外運(yùn)進(jìn),到5月中旬有2.5萬畝地尚未下種,有6.5萬畝旱種禾苗全部旱死?!薄?982年:春旱接伏旱,有2649眼井干涸,受旱農(nóng)田33.3萬畝,7.65萬畝絕收,約計(jì)減產(chǎn)6000萬公斤,7.69萬人口和1.9萬頭牲畜飲水嚴(yán)重困難。”這三次大旱均與本研究重建結(jié)果中的相對(duì)濕度極小值吻合(圖8),表明重建結(jié)果可以在一定程度上代表當(dāng)?shù)氐臍夂蚋蓾褡兓?/p>
圖11 青龍地區(qū)平均相對(duì)濕度重建值(b)與唐山市旱澇指數(shù)(a)對(duì)比Fig.11 Comparison betweenthe May—July mean relative humidity reconstruction in Qinglong region (b) and the Drought/ fl ood index in Tangshan city (a)
圖12 青龍地區(qū)重建平均相對(duì)濕度11年滑動(dòng)平均值(a)與唐山市旱澇指數(shù)11年滑動(dòng)平均值(b)對(duì)比Fig.12 11-year moving averages of mean relative humidity reconstruction in Qinglong region (a) and the Drought/ fl ood index in Tangshan city (b)
MTM譜分析(圖10)同樣表明重建序列不含有低頻信息,重建序列主要周期包含2.21 a周期,這個(gè)周期應(yīng)被解釋為中國(guó)大陸樹輪信號(hào)常見的準(zhǔn)兩年震蕩(QBO);3.58 a、3.86 a、4.03 a、4.20 a、5.20 a周期很有可能與ENSO活動(dòng)有關(guān),暗示該區(qū)域的氣候可能受到ENSO變化調(diào)制。
相關(guān)分析表明,華北平原北部青龍地區(qū)的油松生長(zhǎng)受到5 — 7月平均相對(duì)濕度的顯著控制,在此基礎(chǔ)上,本文采用線性回歸建立轉(zhuǎn)換方程,重建了研究區(qū)1890 — 2012年5 — 7月的平均相對(duì)濕度變化序列。重建序列對(duì)氣候因子的方差解釋量為39.1%。
在過去的123年中,整個(gè)重建序列具有5個(gè)平均相對(duì)濕度期高值期,分別為1895 — 1899年,1906 — 1914年,1924 — 1926年,1950 — 1955年,1984 — 2000年;具有5個(gè)平均相對(duì)濕度期低值期,分別為1900 — 1905年,1917 — 1921年,1927 — 1949年,1956 — 1973年,1975 — 1981年。通過對(duì)PDSI的空間相關(guān)分析,以及對(duì)唐山市旱澇指數(shù)序列的對(duì)比,本研究得到的平均相對(duì)濕度重建序列具有較強(qiáng)的空間代表性,可以在一定程度上代表華北地區(qū)北部的干濕變化。利用MTM譜分析對(duì)過去123年平均相對(duì)濕度的重建結(jié)果進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn),發(fā)現(xiàn)重建序列具有5.20 a、4.20 a、4.03 a、3.86 a、3.58 a、2.21 a周期,表明該地的平均相對(duì)濕度變化不僅受到當(dāng)?shù)貐^(qū)域氣候的控制,還可能受到ENSO事件的影響。
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Mean relative humidity reconstruction based on the tree-ring width from Chinese pines since 1890 from the Qinglong region, China
ZHAO Boyang1,2, LIU Yu1,3, SONG Huiming1, LI Qiang1
(1. State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China; 2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; 3. School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China)
Background, aim, and scopeThe study of humidity is essential for better understanding the past climatic variations, however, there were few long-term humidity reconstructions based on treering widths worldwide. Tree-rings have been considered as one of the best known archives in the past climate research field with their high resolution in time and reliability in cross-dating. In our study, a mean relative humidity (MRH5-7) reconstruction curve was carried out using the Chinese pine tree (Pinus tabulaeformisCarr.) from the Qinglong region in northern China.Materials and methodsEmploying the standard methods sponsored by the International Tree-Ring Data Bank (ITRDB), we collected 32 tree cores from 16 trees in Qinglong region (40.49°N, 119.53°E, 380 m a.s.l.) during October, 2013. The site has a discontinuous canopy with the sparse trees and the locally dominated tree species is Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformisCarr.). Following the standard dendrochronological procedures, all samples werecarefully preprocessed in Laboratory of Tree Ring Research, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences. All 32 cores were cross-dated precisely with the COFECHA program and three tree ring chronologies (STD, RES and ARS chronologies) were carried out with the ARSTAN program. In our case, we reconstruct past relative humidity with RES chronology because RES chronology has a good quality in storing high frequency climate signal. To clarify the climatic conditions in our study area, the meteorological data were extracted from the Qinglong station (40°24′N, 118°57′E, 227.5 m a.s.l., records from 1957 to 2012). PDSI which was extracted from the nearest data grid (41.25°N, 118.75°E) was compared with our RES chronology. To test the spatial representativeness of our reconstruction, spatial correlations between observed relative humidity and reconstructed relative humidity with CRU scPDSI were plotted via KNMI Climate Explorer (http://climexp.knmi.nl).We also further analyzed our reconstruction with the multi-taper method (MTM) to detect the periodicity of relative humidity variation.ResultsMean relative humidity reconstruction (May—July) in Qinglong region since 1890 was carried out using tree ring RES chronology. The reconstruction explained 39.1% (38.0%, after adjustment for the loss of degrees of freedom) of the instrumental variance during the calibration period (1957—2012). A split calibration-verification method was employed to examine the stability of our reconstruction and the statistics certi fi ed that our linear regression model is reliable and could be used to reconstruct the past relative humidity variation. In addition, first-order differential and detrended reconstructed and observed May—July mean relative humidity show a significant correlation, which demonstrates that the reconstructed and observed curves showed a conformance in high frequency. On the decadal scale, there are fi ve high-value MRH5—7intervals (1895—1899, 1906—1914, 1924—1926, 1950—1955, 1984—2000) and five low-value MRH5—7intervals (1900—1905, 1917—1921, 1927—1949, 1956—1973, 1975—1981). CRU scPDSI was employed as a bridge to connect our reconstruction and observation. The spatial correlation reveals that our reconstructed mean relative humidity variation show a synchronously relationship with the mean relative humidity observation in adjacent area. The MTM of spectral analysis was performed on our reconstruction, and significant high-frequent peaks were found at 5.20-year (95% C.L.), 4.20-year (95% C.L.), 4.03-year (95% C.L.), 3.86-year (95% C.L.), 3.58-year (95% C.L.) and 2.21-year (95% C.L.) interannual cycles.DiscussionRelative humidity has a considerable in fl uence on photosynthesis and transpiration by controlling the stomata conductance on plant leaves, and then change the tree growth rate. The signi fi cant correlation between relative humidity and tree ring width is reasonable and our reconstruction has a robust physiological base. We compare our reconstruction with drought/ fl ood index in Tangshan city. Historical records and mean relative humidity reconstruction signi fi cantly correlate with Spearman rank correlation coef fi cient ofr= - 0.394 (n=111,p<0.001). The drought ( fl ood) events often occurred in the low (high) mean relative humidity value year. The drought years: 1900, 1919, 1936, 1944, 1968, 1972, 1981, 1992, 1999 and wet years: 1890, 1893, 1894, 1898, 1938, 1949, 1953, 1973, 1985, 1991, 1995 are recorded by both drought/ fl ood index and our reconstruction, which demonstrates that both curves showed a conformance in high frequency. Two curves still have tendency correlation after 11-year moving averages method was employed. Combined with spatial correlation with CRU scPDSI, our reconstruction reflects the drought/flood changes to a certain extent around the study area. MTM analysis indicates that the mean relative humidity in study area might also be influenced by ENSO episodes, which demonstrates that our reconstruction shows the large-scale representativeness of sea-land coupling.ConclusionsMean relative humidity during May to July is the dominated limiting factors in Qinglong region. A mean relative humidity (MRH5—7) reconstruction curve was carried out using tree ring width index and linear regression model. Thereconstruction explained 39.1% (38.0%, after adjustment for the loss of degrees of freedom) of the instrumental variance during the calibration period (1957 — 2012). During past 123 years, there are fi ve high-value MRH5—7intervals (1895 — 1899, 1906 — 1914, 1924 — 1926, 1950 — 1955, 1984 — 2000) and five low-value MRH5—7intervals (1900 — 1905, 1917 — 1921, 1927 — 1949, 1956 — 1973, 1975 — 1981). MTM analysis indicates that the reconstruction has six major cycles, 5.20-year (95% C.L.), 4.20-year (95% C.L.), 4.03-year (95% C.L.), 3.86-year (95% C.L.), 3.58-year (95% C.L.) and 2.21-year (95% C.L.).Recommendations and perspectivesIt is relatively rare to reconstruct past relative humidity in northern China, especially with tree ring width chronology. Here, we carry out a May to July mean relative humidity reconstruction using tree ring RES chronology. Our reconstruction is reliable and has signi fi cant spatial representativeness based on the correlation analysis.
Qinglong region;Pinus tabulaeformisCarr.; tree-ring width; relative humidity; reconstruction
LIU Yu, E-mail: liuyu@loess.llqg.ac.cn
10.7515/JEE201605008
2016-05-30;錄用日期:2016-08-19
Received Date:2016-05-30;Accepted Date:2016-08-19
中國(guó)科學(xué)院重點(diǎn)部署項(xiàng)目(KZZD-EW-04-01);黃土與第四紀(jì)地質(zhì)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室開放基金
Foundation Item:Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZZD-EW-04-01); Project of State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG)
劉 禹,E-mail: liuyu@loess.llqg.ac.cn