高永峰 朱軍武 姚俊恒 井志強(qiáng)
河南襄城縣人民醫(yī)院 1)神經(jīng)外科; 2) CT室 襄城 461700
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動(dòng)脈瘤性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血首次CTA假陰性患者28 例臨床分析
高永峰1)朱軍武1)姚俊恒1)井志強(qiáng)2)
河南襄城縣人民醫(yī)院 1)神經(jīng)外科; 2) CT室襄城461700
【摘要】目的探討動(dòng)脈瘤性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血首次CTA假陰性患者的可能原因及處理方法。方法對(duì)2011-03—2015-03收治28例動(dòng)脈瘤性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血首次CTA假陰性患者的資料進(jìn)行回顧分析。結(jié)果28例患者均行頭顱CT檢查明確有蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血行16層CTA檢查,全部陰性患者均行DSA復(fù)查。首次復(fù)查陰性患者給予抗血管痙攣藥物并在三周后復(fù)查DSA,DSA結(jié)果首次檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)動(dòng)脈瘤26個(gè),其中1例復(fù)查DSA檢出2個(gè)動(dòng)脈瘤。本組26例動(dòng)脈瘤中,位于大腦中動(dòng)脈6例,前交通動(dòng)脈4例,頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈-后交通動(dòng)脈7例,眼動(dòng)脈動(dòng)脈瘤2例,后循環(huán)動(dòng)脈瘤7例。26例假陰性動(dòng)脈瘤最大直徑<3 mm。其中2例DSA檢查仍為陰性,于1~3個(gè)月后再?gòu)?fù)查CTA或DSA,仍為陰性。 結(jié)論對(duì)于高度懷疑動(dòng)脈瘤出血的彌漫性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血患者,及時(shí)行CTA檢查,如CTA為陰性又不能完全排除動(dòng)脈瘤者,等腦血管痙攣期結(jié)束后行DSA,能降低CTA假陰性率。
【關(guān)鍵詞】CTA假陰性;動(dòng)脈瘤性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血;首次,DSA
自發(fā)性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血是多種病因引起的急性出血性腦血管疾病,大多由顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤破裂導(dǎo)致,病情進(jìn)展迅速,如不及時(shí)處理,預(yù)后極差。早期明確蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血病因并作針對(duì)性治療,可有效降低再出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)并提高存活率[1-3]?,F(xiàn)對(duì)2011-03—2015-03 間收治的首次CTA檢查中為陰性28例動(dòng)脈瘤性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血患者資料進(jìn)行回顧分析,報(bào)告如下。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料本組28例患者中男13例,女15例;年齡40~65歲。Hunt-HessⅠ級(jí)6例,Ⅱ級(jí)13例,Ⅲ級(jí)9例。
1.2檢查方法16層CTA檢查:采用GE公司生產(chǎn)的(BrightSpeed)16層螺旋CT機(jī)行CTA檢查。DSA應(yīng)用SIDMDNS公司生產(chǎn)1 200mA數(shù)字血管減影X線機(jī)進(jìn)行檢查。CTA陰性者如病情允許,盡快安排在出血3 d內(nèi)再行DSA檢查,由經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的神經(jīng)外科醫(yī)師對(duì)原始及重組圖像進(jìn)行分析判斷。影像學(xué)檢查以DSA圖像為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
2結(jié)果
28例患者均行頭顱CT檢查明確有蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血行16層CTA檢查,全部陰性患者均行DSA復(fù)查。首次復(fù)查陰性患者給予抗血管痙攣藥物并在3周后復(fù)查DSA。DSA結(jié)果首次檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)動(dòng)脈瘤26個(gè),其中1例復(fù)查DSA檢出2個(gè)動(dòng)脈瘤。26例動(dòng)脈瘤中,位于大腦中動(dòng)脈6例,前交通動(dòng)脈4例,頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈-后交通動(dòng)脈7例,眼動(dòng)脈動(dòng)脈瘤2例,后循環(huán)動(dòng)脈瘤7例。26例假陰性動(dòng)脈瘤最大直徑<3 mm。其中2例DSA檢查仍為陰性,于1~3個(gè)月后再?gòu)?fù)查CTA或DSA,仍為陰性。
3討論
動(dòng)脈瘤性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血病情兇險(xiǎn),進(jìn)展急劇,病死率及致殘率都非常高。特別是首次破裂后隨時(shí)面臨再次出血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。再出血的動(dòng)脈瘤病死率明顯增高。因此早期明確診斷蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血病因并積極治療有顯著臨床意義。DSA是腦動(dòng)脈瘤診斷的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但DSA是一種有創(chuàng)檢查,技術(shù)要求高,難以顯示動(dòng)脈瘤與周?chē)M織的關(guān)系,可誘發(fā)動(dòng)脈瘤再出血、腦梗死以及腦血管痙攣等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥。特別是高級(jí)別動(dòng)脈瘤,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯增加。在動(dòng)脈瘤破裂的最初6 h內(nèi)不宜行DSA檢查。與DSA檢查相比, CTA是一種無(wú)創(chuàng)、快速的血管檢查技術(shù),尤其適合于病情危重、Hunt分級(jí)3級(jí)以上、高齡且合并多種疾病如凝血功能異常等而不適合立即行DSA檢查的患者及急診SAH患者的篩查,對(duì)臨床治療有良好的指導(dǎo)和參考作用。隨著CT設(shè)備及計(jì)算機(jī)三維重建技術(shù)的發(fā)展,CTA在診斷顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤的準(zhǔn)確率明顯提高。64排CTA的圖像特征能準(zhǔn)確顯示動(dòng)脈瘤及其特征并且決定行夾閉或者血管內(nèi)介入治療[2-5]。
CTA可以作為診斷蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血的一個(gè)主要的診斷工具,甚至將取代DSA。但CTA也有局限性,CTA可能受到部分容積效應(yīng)不同程度的影響,從而導(dǎo)致其對(duì)靠近顱底以及海綿竇區(qū)且體積較小的動(dòng)脈瘤的靈敏度低。但對(duì)于直徑>3 mm的動(dòng)脈瘤其診斷結(jié)果與DSA無(wú)顯著差異,CTA假陰性的客觀因素主要與動(dòng)脈瘤的大小及部位、血管痙攣導(dǎo)致動(dòng)脈瘤閉塞等因素有關(guān),所以CTA存在一定程度的假陰性率。CTA的局限性表現(xiàn)為以下幾個(gè)方面:(1)CTA空間分辨率不及DSA,使其顯示小動(dòng)脈瘤的敏感度下降。≤3 mm的小動(dòng)脈瘤,特別是大腦中動(dòng)脈分叉處的動(dòng)脈瘤常被漏診。本組發(fā)現(xiàn)CTA假陰性的病例其動(dòng)脈瘤最大直徑均小于3.0 mm,對(duì)于微小動(dòng)脈瘤的診斷CTA仍顯不足。(2)蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血引起的血管痙攣致使動(dòng)脈充盈不足,尤其是小動(dòng)脈,造影劑未能充分進(jìn)入動(dòng)脈瘤腔,導(dǎo)致成像困難,難以識(shí)別。本組有3例就是在血管痙攣期過(guò)后再次復(fù)查DSA發(fā)現(xiàn)的。CTA對(duì)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈 的三級(jí)小血管分支及穿支動(dòng)脈的顯示較差,對(duì)于后循環(huán)動(dòng)脈瘤CTA尚不能替代DSA。此外CTA不能顯示腦循環(huán)動(dòng)態(tài)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)改變,也是導(dǎo)致假陰性的原因。(3)顱底骨性突起較多,由于骨質(zhì)覆蓋、血管彎曲、偽影遮蓋均可影響動(dòng)脈瘤的檢測(cè)。如頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈巖骨段及海綿竇段動(dòng)脈瘤,就易受顱骨及海綿竇內(nèi)血液的影響,顯示較差;而眼動(dòng)脈和后交通動(dòng)脈處的動(dòng)脈瘤,則容易被誤認(rèn)為是骨性突起而漏診。本組1例后交通動(dòng)脈瘤,即因?yàn)楸徽`認(rèn)為是骨性突起而漏診。(4)增強(qiáng)后血管CT值與鄰近的骨質(zhì)密度相近,受此影響CTA對(duì)靠近顱底部小動(dòng)脈瘤因而顯示不清。本組1例眼動(dòng)脈瘤,1例后交通動(dòng)脈瘤就因此造成假陰性。(5)檢查時(shí)造影劑注射劑量不足,動(dòng)脈瘤與其他血管重疊時(shí)會(huì)影響分析。后期在進(jìn)行去骨減影時(shí),同時(shí)會(huì)將部分血管減去,而容易導(dǎo)致微小動(dòng)脈瘤的漏診。CTA采集數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行圖像重建過(guò)程中可能會(huì)有信息丟失,個(gè)人技術(shù)、參數(shù)設(shè)置等對(duì)圖像質(zhì)量均有一定的影響。(6)對(duì)于多發(fā)性動(dòng)脈瘤患者,臨床醫(yī)生診斷時(shí)常關(guān)注于SAH“責(zé)任動(dòng)脈瘤”,而忽視了未破裂的動(dòng)脈瘤,也會(huì)造成漏診。本組1例多發(fā)動(dòng)脈瘤因此漏診。(7)CTA診斷的陽(yáng)性率及準(zhǔn)確率與診斷醫(yī)師對(duì)顱內(nèi)血管解剖知識(shí)的掌握及經(jīng)驗(yàn)有很大關(guān)系[6-8]。
我們認(rèn)為,在SAH的治療過(guò)程中,CTA因其易操作、精確等特點(diǎn),在一定程度上已可替代DSA。CTA的檢查結(jié)果完全可以被當(dāng)做蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血篩查、行動(dòng)脈瘤夾閉術(shù)或介入栓塞術(shù)前的參考依據(jù)。但由于CTA自身的一些局限性,目前尚不能完全取代DSA。所以對(duì)于CTA不能確定蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血病因時(shí),均需限期進(jìn)一步行DSA檢查以明確診斷。
4參考文獻(xiàn)
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[3]Ahmet P,Evren S,Esra Z,et al. Performance analysis of 8-channel MDCT angiography in detection,localization,and sizing of intracranial aneurysms identified on DSA[J]. Diagn Interv Radiol,2009 15(2):81-85.
[4]Gerardin E,Daumas-Duport B,Tollard E,et al. Usefulness of multislice computerized tomography angiography in preoperative diagnosis of ruptured cerebral aneurysms[J]. Journal of Neuroradiology,2009,36:278-284.
[5]Mohan S,Lee W,Tan JT,et al. Multi-detector computer tomography angiography in the initial assessmen of patients acutely suspected of having intracranial aneurysm rupture[J]. Ann Acad Med Singapore,2009,38(9):769-773.
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(收稿2015-10-22)
Clinical analysis of 28 cases of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage for the first time with CTA false negative
GaoYongfeng,ZhuJunwu,YaoJunheng,JingZhiqiang.
DepartmentofNeurosurgery,XiangchengCountyPeople'sHospital,Xiangcheng461700,China
【Key words】CTA false negative; subarachnoid hemorrhage; first, DSA
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo investigate the possible causes and treatment methods of the first CTA false negative patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. MethodsThe data of 28 cases of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage in our hospital from March 2011 -2015 to March CTA were retrospectively analyzed.ResultsAll 28 patients underwent CT examination, and 16 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage underwent CTA examination, all patients underwent DSA scan. The first review of the negative patients given anti vascular spasm drugs were applied and three weeks after DSA, DSA findings for the first time to check the 26 aneurysm, of which 1 case DSA detected 2 aneurysms. This group of 26 patients with aneurysms, located in the middle cerebral artery in 6 cases, 4 cases of anterior communicating artery, internal carotid artery and posterior communicating artery in 7 cases, ophthalmic artery aneurysm in 2 cases, posterior circulation aneurysms in 7 cases, 26 cases of false negative aneurysm maximum diameter <3 mm. 2 cases were still negative, and the CTA or 1~3 after DSA months was still negative.ConclusionFor patients with diffuse subarachnoid hemorrhage, a strong suspicion of arterial aneurysm bleeding, give them CTA check, CTA negative, can not be completely ruled out, and after the end of other cerebral vasospasm give them the DSA, can greatly reduce the false negative rate(92.8%,26/28).
【中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)】R814.42
【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼】B
【文章編號(hào)】1077-8991(2016)02-0004-02