李俊青 劉紀(jì)恩 勾瑞恩 曹珺
鄭州市第一人民醫(yī)院脊柱外科 鄭州 450000
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經(jīng)皮穿刺椎體后凸成形術(shù)后鄰近椎體骨折的危險(xiǎn)因素
李俊青劉紀(jì)恩勾瑞恩曹珺
鄭州市第一人民醫(yī)院脊柱外科鄭州450000
【摘要】目的探討經(jīng)皮穿刺椎體后凸成形術(shù)(PKP)治療骨質(zhì)疏松性椎體壓縮骨折術(shù)后鄰近椎體骨折的危險(xiǎn)因素。方法收集2012-06—2013-06間經(jīng)PKP治療老年人骨質(zhì)疏松性椎體壓縮骨折45例臨床資料,分為骨折組和未骨折組,進(jìn)行單因素和多因素分析。 結(jié)果單因素分析顯示兩組在體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI)、術(shù)前骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)術(shù)后Cobb角及抗骨質(zhì)疏松治療方面有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P<0.05),多因素分析顯示兩組在術(shù)后Cobb角和抗骨質(zhì)疏松治療方面有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P<0.05)。結(jié)論術(shù)后Cobb角和抗骨質(zhì)疏松治療是PKP術(shù)后鄰近椎體骨折的危險(xiǎn)因素。
【關(guān)鍵詞】經(jīng)皮穿刺椎體后凸成形術(shù);鄰近椎體骨折;危險(xiǎn)因素
隨著我國(guó)社會(huì)老齡化的加快,老年人骨質(zhì)疏松性椎體壓縮骨折發(fā)病率日趨增高,其所導(dǎo)致的疼痛及功能障礙嚴(yán)重影響老年人的生活質(zhì)量。目前,經(jīng)皮穿刺椎體后凸成形術(shù)(percutaneous kyphoplasty,PKP)是治療骨質(zhì)疏松性椎體壓縮性骨折的主要手術(shù)方式,療效滿意,但手術(shù)節(jié)段鄰近椎體的骨折常有發(fā)生且危險(xiǎn)因素的研究結(jié)論多有不同。本文回顧分析2012-06—2013-06經(jīng)PKP治療老年人骨質(zhì)疏松性椎體壓縮骨折45例臨床資料及隨訪結(jié)果,探討PKP治療后鄰近椎體骨折的危險(xiǎn)因素,為治療及康復(fù)提供參考。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料將45例經(jīng)PKP治療骨質(zhì)疏松性椎體壓縮骨折老年患者根據(jù)隨訪結(jié)果分為骨折組和未骨折組。鄰近椎體指術(shù)段上下椎體,同一患者不同術(shù)段鄰近椎體骨折者按1例統(tǒng)計(jì)。骨折組20例,男5例,女15例;年齡(71.5±8.2)歲。未骨折組25例,男9例,女16例;年齡(70.0±6.5)歲。
1.2觀察指標(biāo)性別、年齡、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(BMI)、吸煙史、激素史、術(shù)前骨密度、手術(shù)入路、骨水泥注入量、術(shù)后椎體Cobb角、抗骨質(zhì)疏松治療。BMI按<28和≥28分別計(jì)數(shù);術(shù)前骨密度按<-2.5T和≥-2.5T分別計(jì)數(shù);術(shù)后Cobb角為術(shù)后復(fù)查X線側(cè)位片手術(shù)椎體上下終板所形成的夾角。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析采用SPSS13.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料采用卡方檢驗(yàn),多因素分析采用多因素Logistic回歸分析(Forward LR),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1單因素分析骨折組與未骨折組在BMI、術(shù)前骨密度、術(shù)后Cobb角及抗骨質(zhì)疏松治療方面比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),在性別、年齡、吸煙史、激素史、入路、骨水泥量方面均差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表1。
2.2多因素分析模型檢驗(yàn),χ2=6.32,P=0.01,模型有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。對(duì)PKP術(shù)后鄰近椎體骨折有顯著影響的因素有術(shù)后Cobb角和抗骨質(zhì)疏松治療,(P<0.05),見表2。
3討論
經(jīng)皮穿刺椎體后凸成形術(shù)是治療老年人骨質(zhì)疏松性椎體壓縮骨折的主要手術(shù)方式,其止痛好、見效快、下床活動(dòng)早、安全。但PKP術(shù)后鄰近椎體骨折常有發(fā)生,本組單因素及多因素分析顯示性別、年齡、吸煙史、激素史、入路、骨水泥量不是鄰近椎體骨折的危險(xiǎn)因素。張斌等[1]研究認(rèn)為性別和年齡與PKP術(shù)后繼發(fā)鄰近椎體骨折無(wú)相關(guān)性,但隨著年齡增高,骨折發(fā)生率會(huì)隨之增加。本組資料顯示,長(zhǎng)期激素使用不是鄰近椎體骨折危險(xiǎn)因素,與徐沁等[2]多因素研究分析結(jié)果不同;Tatsumi等[3]認(rèn)為長(zhǎng)期服用類固醇激素患者PKP術(shù)后再骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加約2.6倍,且離強(qiáng)化椎越近,骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)越高。糖皮質(zhì)激素通過(guò)抑制成骨細(xì)胞活性,減少鈣磷沉積,促進(jìn)骨質(zhì)疏松發(fā)展,進(jìn)而增加骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。這可能與本組樣本較小及激素的使用時(shí)間有關(guān)。
目前PKP術(shù)有經(jīng)單側(cè)椎弓根入路和經(jīng)雙側(cè)椎弓根入路。本組結(jié)果顯示手術(shù)入路不是術(shù)后鄰近椎體骨折危險(xiǎn)因素,與Steinmann等[4]研究結(jié)果一致。而對(duì)于骨水泥注入量是否是鄰近椎體骨折仍存在爭(zhēng)議。趙剛等[5]研究認(rèn)為骨水泥注入后3個(gè)月后的最大載荷及應(yīng)力仍高于骨質(zhì)疏松對(duì)照組,過(guò)量的骨水泥可使椎體硬度過(guò)高、局部椎體關(guān)節(jié)靈活性變差,易導(dǎo)致鄰近椎體骨折。Kim 等[6]認(rèn)為椎體剛度恢復(fù)需使骨水泥填充比例達(dá)到 30%,但其可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致鄰近椎體骨折。Komemushi等[7]也認(rèn)為椎體成形術(shù)后相鄰椎體骨折可能性增加與相鄰椎體應(yīng)力集中,剛度、硬度的增加等因素有關(guān)。但Molloy等[8]認(rèn)為椎體強(qiáng)化后硬度的增加與骨水泥量相關(guān)性較小,額外增加注射量不會(huì)增加椎體硬度。Grafe等[9]的前瞻性對(duì)照實(shí)驗(yàn)表明PKP可增強(qiáng)治療節(jié)段的總體強(qiáng)度和剛度,但PKP手術(shù)前后鄰近節(jié)段椎體的應(yīng)力和應(yīng)變變化很小。賈璞等[10]也認(rèn)為骨水泥注入量不是臨近椎體骨折的相關(guān)因素,與我們的結(jié)果一致。
本組單因素分析顯示,骨折組與未骨折組在BMI及術(shù)前骨密度間有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,而多因素分析二者無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,BMI及術(shù)前骨密度不是PKP術(shù)后鄰近椎體骨折的危險(xiǎn)因素。Lin等[11]認(rèn)為低BMI患者椎體比較脆弱,當(dāng)BMI<22 kg/m2時(shí),新發(fā)椎體骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯增加,低BMI本身即是骨質(zhì)疏松性骨折的危險(xiǎn)因素。Ahn等[12]認(rèn)為低BMI會(huì)導(dǎo)致椎體的抗骨折能力下降,這與低BMI人群雌激素分泌水平低有關(guān)。Movrin等[13]的研究表明骨密度指數(shù)是鄰近椎體骨折的相關(guān)因素。賈璞等[10]也認(rèn)為骨質(zhì)疏松程度是 PKP術(shù)后出現(xiàn)椎體再骨折的危險(xiǎn)因素。Uppin等[14]認(rèn)為骨質(zhì)疏松越嚴(yán)重越容易發(fā)生鄰近椎體再骨折??赡芘c我們對(duì)BMI及BMD分組不夠細(xì)及分組值等有關(guān)。
本組單因素與多因素分析結(jié)果一致認(rèn)為骨折組與未骨折組在術(shù)后Cobb角及抗骨質(zhì)疏松治療間有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,而且術(shù)后Cobb角與鄰近椎體骨折成負(fù)相關(guān),與Lin等[11]結(jié)果一致。Li等[15]將166例PKP術(shù)后患者分成鄰近椎體骨折組、遠(yuǎn)隔椎體骨折組及非骨折組進(jìn)行研究。發(fā)現(xiàn)椎體高度恢復(fù)越多,鄰近椎體骨折發(fā)生率越高。張斌等[1]的多因素Logistic回歸分析研究提示,傷椎前緣高度恢復(fù)程度與術(shù)后繼發(fā)鄰近椎體骨折呈正相關(guān)。王林峰等[16]以后凸角矯形度數(shù)作為分組研究結(jié)果顯示,矯形度數(shù)較大的患者再次骨折的時(shí)間較對(duì)照組提前。Movrin等[13]研究顯示,當(dāng)術(shù)后后凸≥9°時(shí),臨近椎體骨折的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加12倍。因此,糾正的角度及高度并非越大越好,適當(dāng)?shù)某C正后凸畸形和恢復(fù)椎體高度可減少鄰近椎體骨折的發(fā)生。
骨質(zhì)疏松是一種全身性涉及多系統(tǒng)的疾病,PKP只是局部姑息治療,利于早期改善生活質(zhì)量,并未從病因?qū)W上進(jìn)行治療及改善骨質(zhì)疏松程度,PKP后可再次出現(xiàn)椎體或其他部位骨折。因此,抗骨質(zhì)疏松治療利于降低椎體骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn),應(yīng)引起骨科臨床醫(yī)師的足夠重視。
4參考文獻(xiàn)
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(收稿2015-10-16)
Risk factors of adjacent vertebral fractures after percutaneous kyphoplasty
LiJunqing,LiuJien,GouRuien,CaoJun.
DepartmengtofSpinalSurgery,Thefirstpeople’sHospitalofZhengzhou,Zhengzhou450000,China
【Key words】percutaneous kyphoplasty; adjacent vertebral fractures; risk factors
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo explore the risk factors of adjacent vertebral fractures after percutaneous kyphoplasty in the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. MethodsCollecting 45 cases of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures in patients with PKP surgery from June 2012 to June 2013, they were divided into fracture group and non-fracture group, then using univariate and multivariate analysis.ResultsThere was significant difference in body mass index, preoperative bone mineral density, postoperative Cobb angel and anti-osteoporosis therapy between the two groups via univariate analysis(P<0.05),in postoperative Cobb angel and anti-osteoporosis therapy between the two groups via multivariate analysis(P<0.05).ConclusionPostoperative Cobb angel and anti-osteoporosis therapy are the risk factors of adjacent vertebral fractures after percutaneous kyphoplasty in the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures.
【中圖分類號(hào)】R683.2
【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼】B
【文章編號(hào)】1077-8991(2016)02-0006-03