劉九茹
(河南中醫(yī)藥大學(xué) 外語學(xué)院, 鄭州 450046)
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情態(tài)動詞在醫(yī)藥英語學(xué)術(shù)論文中的用法淺析*
劉九茹
(河南中醫(yī)藥大學(xué) 外語學(xué)院, 鄭州 450046)
情態(tài)動詞是英語中表達(dá)推斷或結(jié)論的主要方法之一。本文歸納并總結(jié)了2個最常用的情態(tài)動詞can 和may及它們的過去式could和might在醫(yī)藥英語學(xué)術(shù)論文中的用法,旨在為中醫(yī)藥專業(yè)人員撰寫英語學(xué)術(shù)論文提供幫助。
情態(tài)動詞; 英語;學(xué)術(shù)論文
情態(tài)動詞又叫情態(tài)助動詞,在英語中用于表示情態(tài),即說話人的觀點或態(tài)度。根據(jù)說話人表態(tài)的依據(jù)不同,情態(tài)意義分為根情態(tài)和認(rèn)知情態(tài)。認(rèn)知情態(tài)指說話人基于其掌握的已知信息做出表態(tài),根情態(tài)則是說話人因具有某種特殊身份而做出的表態(tài)。這兩種用法即情態(tài)動詞的推測性用法和非推測性用法[1]。推測性用法用于表示可能、推測和必然等意義,一般用于表示推斷或結(jié)論(deduction or conclusion)[2]。科學(xué)研究是一個不斷提出假設(shè)和驗證假設(shè)的過程,因而學(xué)術(shù)論文中所用的情態(tài)動詞多為情態(tài)動詞的推測性用法。為了解情態(tài)動詞在醫(yī)藥英語學(xué)術(shù)論文中的使用情況,總結(jié)其用法規(guī)律,幫助中醫(yī)藥專業(yè)人員正確使用英語情態(tài)動詞,筆者搜集了30篇中醫(yī)藥專業(yè)英語學(xué)術(shù)論文,對其中的情態(tài)動詞用法進(jìn)行了研究。
英語情態(tài)動詞共有14個,包括一些過去時形式,其中9個可以用于推測。這些情態(tài)動詞所表達(dá)的可能性由小到大分別是might ﹤ may ﹤ could ﹤ can﹤ should ﹤ought to ﹤would ﹤ will ﹤ must[1]。根據(jù)筆者對30篇中醫(yī)藥專業(yè)英語學(xué)術(shù)論文的調(diào)查,除ought to外,其他8個情態(tài)動詞在中醫(yī)藥學(xué)術(shù)論文中均有使用。其中,最常用的情態(tài)動詞為can和may,90%的論文中用了這兩個詞,平均每篇包含9.8和8.6個句子。其次是can的過去式could,85%的論文使用,平均每篇5.1個句子。其他依次為would,might,should和will。沒有論文使用ought to,這是因為ought to多用于口語中。調(diào)查結(jié)果與Biber等將can和may歸為英語核心情態(tài)動詞的理論相一致。下面筆者舉例說明使用頻率最高的兩個情態(tài)動詞can和may及它們的過去式在醫(yī)藥英語學(xué)術(shù)論文中的用法。
can和could表示可能性可以交替使用,并無時間概念上的差異,只是與can相比,could語氣更加委婉,可能性更弱。此外can與may的區(qū)別在于can用于肯定陳述句中,往往表示邏輯上的可能性,may則表示事實上的可能性。在中醫(yī)藥論文中,can首先常見于引言部分對研究背景的介紹。如:
例1:Ammonia is a product of the metabolism of amino acids and other nitrogenous compounds and can accumulate in several disorders, such as acute or chronic liver failure and in urea cycle defects (Felipo and Butterworth 2002)[3].
例2:The whole process can easily be controlled and adulteration or substitution of a sample can be prevented[4].
例1用于論文的引言中對研究背景的描述,例2則用于方法和材料中對材料的選擇加以說明。這兩種情況下作者普遍用了can,一是與可能性大小有關(guān),另外,can作為現(xiàn)在時的標(biāo)記也符合羅伯特·戴和芭芭拉·蓋斯特爾的觀點[5]。引言應(yīng)盡量用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)來寫,因為這部分是要在已有知識的基礎(chǔ)上提出自己的研究問題。同時,一篇科技論文一旦發(fā)表就會成為(已有)知識,(因此)引用已發(fā)表的研究成果應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在時,既是對前人研究的尊重,也是符合學(xué)術(shù)道德規(guī)范的行為。
can還用于實驗結(jié)果及討論部分對實驗結(jié)果圖表的解讀,其用法多見于as can be seen, as we can see, it can be seen/concluded/viewed/followed that等句型,用來描述實驗結(jié)果并對其進(jìn)行解讀(例3),研究結(jié)論的闡述也多用can(例4)。
例3:In addition, it can be seen from the Fig. 2i that the mean plasma concentration-time profiles of DLE and DS in mice were similar to those in rats (see Pharmacokinetic Study in Rats), both indicating that DLE produced higher plasma concentration than DS at initial time points[6].
例4:The Tmax and the t1/2 of isocorydine, which is 0.333 ± 0.144 h and 1.965 ± 0.387 h respectively, show that isocorydine can be rapidly absorbed and quickly eliminated in plasma[6].
could是can的過去式。根據(jù)George Yule的觀點,過去式是一種委婉的說法[6]。could在引言部分多用于陳述研究問題,表示未經(jīng)證實的假設(shè)(例5),或者用于結(jié)論部分,陳述進(jìn)一步研究的可能(例6)。
例5: The aim of the present study was to investigate if a cocktail approach could be used to screen CYP BM3 libraries for metabolic activity and diversity. Furthermore, it was of interest to know if such an approach could be used in combination with different chemometric tools in order to identify metabolites without prior knowledge of their structure and identity[6].
例6:The mutants described in this study could be useful as a starting point for further site-directed or random mutagenesis, to further enhance metabolic efficiency and change substrate diversity and regioselectivity[7].
與can一樣,may也可用于論文的引言部分,引述前人研究成果。
例7:Metabolites produced by CYPs are well known to display important pharmacological activities or may be responsible for the toxicity or other unwanted side effects of xenobiotics[7].
may更多的是用在對實驗結(jié)果和討論部分,用于解讀當(dāng)前實驗的結(jié)果及陳述結(jié)論。may與can用法的區(qū)別在于:may多用于陳述實驗結(jié)果或結(jié)論等實質(zhì)性內(nèi)容,而can則多用于與內(nèi)容無直接關(guān)系的敘述中,如上例的as can be seen 等句型中。
例8:In addition, elevated neutrophils stimulate up-regulation of cytokines and chemokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, or tumor necrosis factor, and the tumor microenvironment induced by the process may contribute to a progression of malignancy[8].
根據(jù)羅伯特·戴和芭芭拉·蓋斯特爾的觀點[5],一篇論文至少應(yīng)三次提到研究結(jié)果,分別是摘要、引言、討論或結(jié)論中,當(dāng)然敘述方式稍有區(qū)別。例9和例10分別選自同一篇論文的摘要和討論部分,例11則選自該論文的引言部分,不過作者沒有使用情態(tài)動詞,而是使用了whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。
例9:In contrast to clinical findings, the results suggest that female rats may be resistant to MS-induced depression-like behaviour. The behavioural effects of MS and light treatment in female rats may involve the MAPK/ERK signal transduction pathway[7].
例10:The MAPK/ERK signal transduction pathway may be involved in resistance to depressive-like behaviour of MS females although resistance to depression-like behaviour may involve several other pathways including hormonal ones[8].
例11:We also investigated whether the MAPK signal transduction pathway which has been suggested to be associated with stress-induced depression, is altered by MS and subsequent constant light exposure in female rats[7].
might 的用法與could相似。因為都是過去時形式,它們用于表達(dá)比原形情態(tài)動詞may和can更小的可能性,語氣也更加委婉。另外,might 表達(dá)的可能性比could更小。因此,might多用于陳述討論部分實驗數(shù)據(jù)解讀出的次要結(jié)果或是結(jié)論中對未來研究的建議等。
例12:The identified preanalytical biomarkers might be useful for the assessment of sample
quality not only in metabolomics projects but also in other clinical studies[8].
本文通過分析總結(jié)兩個核心情態(tài)動詞及其過去式在英語醫(yī)藥學(xué)術(shù)論文中的用法,強(qiáng)調(diào)在英語論文寫作中選詞的重要性。當(dāng)前,英語已經(jīng)成為學(xué)術(shù)界的通用語,用英語寫作學(xué)術(shù)論文,進(jìn)行學(xué)術(shù)交流是中醫(yī)藥高層次人員必備的技能之一。用詞準(zhǔn)確是學(xué)術(shù)信息交流基礎(chǔ),因為“選擇就是意義”。情態(tài)動詞多用于表達(dá)研究問題和結(jié)論等核心內(nèi)容的句子中,與實驗成果密切相關(guān),關(guān)乎學(xué)術(shù)交流的核心內(nèi)容,希望能引起中醫(yī)藥專業(yè)人員的重視。
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[2] George Yule. Explaining English Grammar [M]. 上海:上海外語教育出版社,2002.
[3] Larissa Daniele Bobermin et al. Gap Junction Intercellular Communication Mediates Ammonia-Induced Neurotoxicity[J]. Neurotox Res, 2016 (29):314-324.
[4] Micha Wo zniakiewicz et al. Development of microextraction by packed sorbent for toxicological analysis of tricyclic antidepressant drugs in human oral fluid[J]. Journal of Chromatography, 2014, 1337(7): 9-16.
[5] Robert A. Day, Barbara Gastel, How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper[M] (影印版).北京:北京大學(xué)出版社, 2007.
[6] Mingming Zhao et al. Evaluation of Docetaxel-Loaded Intravenous Lipid Emulsion: Pharmacokinetics, Tissue Distribution, Antitumor Activity, Safety and Toxicity[J]. Pharm Res, 2010, 27(8):1687-1702.
[7] J. J. Dimatelis et al. Female rats are resistant to developing the depressive phenotype induced by maternal separation stress[J]. Metab Brain Dis,2016,( 31):109-119.
[8] Peiyuan Yin et al. Preanalytical Aspects and Sample Quality Assessment in Metabolomics Studies of Human Blood[J]. Clinical Chemistry,2013, 59(5):833-845.
[責(zé)任編校:柯 莉]
Use of Modal Verbs in Medical Academic Papers
LIU Jiu-ru
(HenanUniversityofChineseMedicine,Zhengzhou,Henan450046China)
English modal verbs are mainly used to indicate possibility and deduction and they are widely used in scientific papers. In this paper the author investigated the usage of two of the most commonly used modal verbs, “can” and “may”, and their past forms, “could” and “might”, in medical academic papers.
modal verbs; English; academic papers
2016-03-24
劉九茹(1971-),女,河南省安陽市人,碩士,副教授,從事翻譯理論與實踐,中醫(yī)英譯研究,漢英語法對比等研究。
河南省教育廳人文社會科學(xué)研究項目(編號:2015-ZD-217)。
H 319.3
B
1008-9276(2016)06-0547-03