潘霄汝 張汝芝 金慧玲
真皮干細(xì)胞在毛囊周期中的作用
潘霄汝 張汝芝 金慧玲
毛囊由表皮(上皮)及真皮(間充質(zhì))組成,它們之間的相互作用在毛囊的形態(tài)發(fā)生及生長(zhǎng)中發(fā)揮重要作用,二者之間相互作用是毛囊成功重建的關(guān)鍵因素。在毛發(fā)形成過(guò)程中,真皮細(xì)胞是誘導(dǎo)者,上皮細(xì)胞是應(yīng)答者。真皮鞘和毛乳頭內(nèi)存在毛囊真皮干細(xì)胞,屬于成體干細(xì)胞,具有慢周期、未分化、自我更新和體外增殖能力強(qiáng)的特點(diǎn)。真皮鞘中的真皮干細(xì)胞較長(zhǎng)壽,可以歷經(jīng)幾個(gè)毛囊周期,重建真皮鞘。在毛囊周期的生長(zhǎng)期,真皮鞘中的干細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生新細(xì)胞提供給毛乳頭;在退行期,真皮干細(xì)胞子代移出毛乳頭或死亡。毛囊真皮細(xì)胞對(duì)于損傷和疾病之后的毛囊重建及修復(fù)具有重要意義。
毛囊;真皮;干細(xì)胞;生物學(xué)過(guò)程;毛發(fā)疾病
Fund program:Special Fund for Conditional Construction and People′s Livelihood Science and Technology of Jiangsu Province(BL2014036)
毛囊由上皮和真皮組成,它們之間的相互作用在毛囊的形態(tài)發(fā)生和毛發(fā)生長(zhǎng)中發(fā)揮重要作用。兩種細(xì)胞類型之間的信號(hào)通路交互而復(fù)雜,在毛發(fā)形成過(guò)程中,真皮細(xì)胞是誘導(dǎo)者,上皮細(xì)胞是應(yīng)答者[1]。盡管在小鼠身上進(jìn)行的毛發(fā)實(shí)驗(yàn)取得了顯著效果,但重建人類毛囊仍然是挑戰(zhàn),需要探討在處理過(guò)程中富集具有生發(fā)能力的細(xì)胞,并維持他們的生發(fā)能力,以及給這些細(xì)胞提供適當(dāng)?shù)乃拗鳝h(huán)境。
1.1 毛乳頭:毛囊的真皮部分可以分成兩部分;毛乳頭及真皮鞘。毛乳頭是位于毛囊基底部的特殊間質(zhì)成分,是真皮干細(xì)胞的化學(xué)及物理性壁龕。毛乳頭細(xì)胞提供指導(dǎo)性信號(hào),誘導(dǎo)毛囊隆突區(qū)的細(xì)胞增殖,啟動(dòng)毛囊生長(zhǎng)期[2]。一個(gè)充分發(fā)育的生長(zhǎng)期毛囊,毛乳頭定居在皮下脂肪深層,被毛發(fā)基質(zhì)細(xì)胞包圍[3]。因此,利用分離酶和隨后的膠原酶處理存在于皮下脂肪層的生長(zhǎng)期毛囊下部,可更有效地獲取人類毛乳頭[4]。在退行期,上皮細(xì)胞帶退化,毛乳頭移向真皮。在退行期末,隆突的底部形成次級(jí)毛胚芽,毛乳頭細(xì)胞立即向這些細(xì)胞靠攏、停留,并形成下一個(gè)毛囊周期中的下部毛囊[3]。體外培養(yǎng)的毛乳頭細(xì)胞呈扁平和多邊形,有向多層次聚集生長(zhǎng)的趨勢(shì),這種聚集行為可能與其毛囊誘導(dǎo)性有關(guān)。多次傳代后,毛乳頭細(xì)胞逐漸失去增殖能力。在培養(yǎng)液中加入成纖維生長(zhǎng)因子2可以促進(jìn)小鼠觸須和人毛乳頭細(xì)胞的長(zhǎng)期培養(yǎng),超過(guò)30代[5]。
1.2 真皮鞘:從隆突區(qū)水平向下襯托毛囊的上皮,通過(guò)蒂與毛乳頭的基底相連。毛乳頭與真皮鞘通過(guò)基底膜與毛囊上皮分離,由間充質(zhì)起源的特殊成纖維細(xì)胞組成。在毛囊周期中,真皮鞘被認(rèn)為是毛乳頭細(xì)胞的貯存庫(kù),推測(cè)干細(xì)胞可能存在于真皮鞘,類似于相應(yīng)的上皮部分外毛根鞘[6]。在經(jīng)典的大鼠觸須離斷研究中,證實(shí)移除毛囊下部后毛乳頭可以再生,然而,在隆突水平去除毛囊,毛乳頭不會(huì)再生,顯然再生細(xì)胞來(lái)源于真皮鞘。在正常的毛囊周期中,毛乳頭和真皮鞘之間可能存在雙向細(xì)胞交流[1]。最近的一項(xiàng)研究提示,凝血酶信號(hào)通過(guò)磷脂酰肌醇3激酶途徑調(diào)控毛乳頭細(xì)胞和真皮鞘細(xì)胞之間的轉(zhuǎn)換[7]。毛乳頭和真皮鞘之間更精確的關(guān)系尚需要一種針對(duì)每個(gè)細(xì)胞群的特殊啟動(dòng)子[6]。
1.3 毛囊真皮干細(xì)胞在毛乳頭和真皮鞘間的作用:在毛發(fā)周期中,毛乳頭細(xì)胞的數(shù)量波動(dòng),但毛乳頭細(xì)胞又很少經(jīng)歷有絲分裂。因此,人們推測(cè),在毛乳頭附近有前體細(xì)胞群,即毛囊真皮干細(xì)胞(HFDSC)存在,充當(dāng)新毛乳頭細(xì)胞的貯存庫(kù)[8]。人們通過(guò)不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)Ki67染色的定量研究,觀察并比較第一個(gè)成人毛發(fā)周期過(guò)程中毛乳頭和真皮鞘內(nèi)細(xì)胞分裂,結(jié)果顯示,毛囊間質(zhì)細(xì)胞在生長(zhǎng)期的早期被激活分裂,在生長(zhǎng)期的中后期增殖遞減。在生長(zhǎng)期的Ⅳ階段,毛乳頭細(xì)胞達(dá)到最大,此時(shí)細(xì)胞數(shù)量是休止期的兩倍,認(rèn)為細(xì)胞數(shù)的增加是從真皮鞘招募細(xì)胞[9]。在下一靜止期之前,毛乳頭細(xì)胞可再次遷移進(jìn)入真皮鞘。真皮鞘和毛乳頭內(nèi)細(xì)胞增殖的比較顯示,有絲分裂活動(dòng)幾乎都在真皮鞘細(xì)胞中進(jìn)行[10]。
基于毛囊間充質(zhì)內(nèi)的增殖動(dòng)力學(xué),毛乳頭內(nèi)缺乏有絲分裂象。有推測(cè),在真皮鞘周?chē)幸粋€(gè)明顯的前體細(xì)胞群,起著補(bǔ)充毛乳頭細(xì)胞的作用。2014年,Rahmani等[10]為了驗(yàn)證此假說(shuō),進(jìn)行了一種可誘導(dǎo)的體內(nèi)遺傳譜系追蹤實(shí)驗(yàn)。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),真皮鞘內(nèi)存在一種自我更新的細(xì)胞群HFDSC,這種細(xì)胞能夠功能性地重組真皮鞘和毛乳頭,后續(xù)的分化和表型受到局部環(huán)境影響。HFDSC經(jīng)歷連續(xù)幾個(gè)毛囊周期后仍能保留在真皮鞘中。
2.1 毛囊真皮干細(xì)胞的分子標(biāo)記:毛乳頭和真皮鞘細(xì)胞是特殊的間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞,能夠表達(dá)特異性酶及分子[1]。盡管大多標(biāo)記性蛋白的功能尚未知,但已廣泛用于識(shí)別毛乳頭和真皮鞘,例如,堿性磷酸酶(ALP)活性已被用作一種標(biāo)記物來(lái)檢測(cè)毛乳頭的存在,作為毛發(fā)誘導(dǎo)性的指示劑,表達(dá)ALP的毛乳頭細(xì)胞可以被培養(yǎng)和誘導(dǎo)毛囊形成[11]。在毛發(fā)生長(zhǎng)早期,毛乳頭和鄰近毛乳頭的近端真皮鞘中,ALP活性達(dá)到最高水平,在生長(zhǎng)期的中間期,下降了50%[12]。體外培養(yǎng)的毛乳頭細(xì)胞在傳代后毛發(fā)誘導(dǎo)性降低,ALP表達(dá)下降。ALP活性時(shí)間和空間變化,與毛乳頭和真皮鞘的毛發(fā)誘導(dǎo)性一致[13]。α平滑肌肌動(dòng)蛋白存在于大鼠和人類毛囊真皮鞘中,但不存在于毛乳頭內(nèi)。然而,毛乳頭細(xì)胞在培養(yǎng)中會(huì)變成α平滑肌肌動(dòng)蛋白陽(yáng)性。因此,體內(nèi)α平滑肌肌動(dòng)蛋白是真皮鞘的標(biāo)記,在體外則是毛乳頭和真皮鞘的共同標(biāo)記[14]。
在小鼠,多能聚糖表達(dá)于生長(zhǎng)期毛囊,在休止期毛囊中不表達(dá)。在人類毛囊,多能聚糖多被報(bào)道特異性地表達(dá)于毛發(fā)生長(zhǎng)期的毛乳頭,在誘導(dǎo)和維持生長(zhǎng)期中發(fā)揮作用。雄激素性禿發(fā)毛囊微小化毛乳頭中失去多能聚糖表達(dá)[15]。作為造血干細(xì)胞標(biāo)記的CD133,也在生長(zhǎng)早期階段的毛乳頭細(xì)胞中強(qiáng)烈表達(dá),且CD133陽(yáng)性的細(xì)胞誘導(dǎo)毛囊新生的效率比CD133陰性的細(xì)胞要高[16]。
2.2 毛囊真皮干細(xì)胞的生物學(xué)特征:HFDSC具有自我更新和多潛能分化的特征,能夠分化為脂肪細(xì)胞、平滑肌細(xì)胞、成骨細(xì)胞、軟骨細(xì)胞、甚至是神經(jīng)元和神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)以及造血系統(tǒng)細(xì)胞。毛囊同種異體移植實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示,HFDSC沒(méi)有明顯的免疫排斥反應(yīng),因此,更適合做為組織工程和臨床應(yīng)用的種子細(xì)胞[17]。還有學(xué)者認(rèn)為,Oct4、Sox2、Klf4和c?Myc 4種轉(zhuǎn)錄因子即可重組HFDSC,產(chǎn)生誘導(dǎo)性多能干細(xì)胞,且拔取患者頭發(fā)是一種無(wú)創(chuàng)而又易行的獲取細(xì)胞的途徑[18]。
最近一項(xiàng)研究顯示,多種生長(zhǎng)因子可以維持人毛囊來(lái)源的間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的高增殖和多向分化的潛能。增殖分析表明,堿性成纖維細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子和表皮生長(zhǎng)因子水平低至1 ng/ml以及酸性成纖維細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子>5 ng/ml水平均增加HFDSC增殖。與增殖分析一致,免疫熒光染色顯示,在這3種生長(zhǎng)因子存在條件下,>95%的毛囊間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞顯示出細(xì)胞核抗原染色陽(yáng)性,培養(yǎng)的HFDSC保留三胚層分化潛能的標(biāo)記。相反,HFDSC會(huì)丟失大部分多向分化潛能[19]。
還有報(bào)道指出,HFDSC和角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞共培養(yǎng)也可以促進(jìn)HFDSC生長(zhǎng),由角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞的調(diào)節(jié)培養(yǎng)基可以培養(yǎng)毛乳頭細(xì)胞傳代超過(guò)90代,且不丟失毛發(fā)的誘導(dǎo)活性[20]。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),與貼壁培養(yǎng)相比,三維環(huán)境中生長(zhǎng)出的HFDSC能夠保留部分誘導(dǎo)能力[21]。與角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞混合培養(yǎng),模擬自然生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境,可以在人皮膚中誘導(dǎo)重新產(chǎn)生毛囊,達(dá)到人類重建毛發(fā)的愿望[22]。
3.1 毛囊真皮干細(xì)胞再生真皮鞘,補(bǔ)充毛乳頭:細(xì)胞追蹤觀察顯示,在毛發(fā)周期開(kāi)始用YFP熒光標(biāo)記真皮鞘內(nèi)的干細(xì)胞,隨著周期的進(jìn)展,在毛乳頭內(nèi)觀察到熒光標(biāo)記細(xì)胞,且比例逐漸增加。由此可見(jiàn),真皮鞘內(nèi)的真皮干細(xì)胞可做為細(xì)胞儲(chǔ)存庫(kù)而發(fā)揮作用,隨著生長(zhǎng)周期的進(jìn)展,不僅自身進(jìn)行增殖,而且還不斷地向毛乳頭遷移,維持和補(bǔ)充每個(gè)新的毛發(fā)周期中毛乳頭內(nèi)的細(xì)胞數(shù)量[10]。
3.2 毛囊真皮干細(xì)胞調(diào)節(jié)毛發(fā)類型:Rahmani等[10]以他莫昔芬處理αSMACreERT2:YFP小鼠,標(biāo)記HFDSC及其子代,隨后在不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)解剖單個(gè)毛囊,觀察記錄毛發(fā)類型的改變和聚集入毛乳頭內(nèi)的YFP陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞數(shù)。結(jié)果顯示,轉(zhuǎn)換成更大毛發(fā)類型的毛囊,毛乳頭內(nèi)的YFP陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞顯著升高。相反,在生長(zhǎng)期開(kāi)始,基因上耗竭HFDSC導(dǎo)致至少毛發(fā)生長(zhǎng)暫時(shí)中斷和改變毛發(fā)表型。他們還做了一組對(duì)照實(shí)驗(yàn),利用白喉毒素殺死從休止期向生長(zhǎng)期過(guò)渡的HFDSC,將小鼠脫毛處理后分為兩組,一組用白喉毒素連續(xù)處理7 d,而對(duì)照組不予處理。結(jié)果顯示,實(shí)驗(yàn)組鼠的毛發(fā)生長(zhǎng)期進(jìn)展延遲,且進(jìn)展緩慢,毛囊YFP陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞的數(shù)量減少,進(jìn)入毛乳頭的毛囊干細(xì)胞數(shù)量相應(yīng)減少,因而毛發(fā)類型改變。
3.3 毛發(fā)疾病中的真皮干細(xì)胞:雄激素性禿發(fā)是一種以毛囊微小化和毛發(fā)生長(zhǎng)期縮短為特征的疾病,可能是由于睪酮和二氫睪酮作用于毛乳頭細(xì)胞內(nèi)的雄激素受體,引起基因(如轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子β和表皮生長(zhǎng)因子1)轉(zhuǎn)錄發(fā)生改變[23]。雄激素也可以驅(qū)使毛乳頭細(xì)胞分泌抑制性自分泌因子[24]。有學(xué)者培養(yǎng)來(lái)自脫發(fā)和非脫發(fā)頭皮的毛乳頭細(xì)胞,發(fā)現(xiàn)來(lái)源于禿發(fā)的毛乳頭細(xì)胞呈現(xiàn)出衰老的特性,包括增殖能力的丟失、形態(tài)的改變、老化相關(guān)的標(biāo)記物、氧化應(yīng)激標(biāo)記物入如p16INK4a/pRb以及熱休克蛋白27的表達(dá)[1]。最近的一項(xiàng)研究顯示,雄激素調(diào)節(jié)毛乳頭細(xì)胞內(nèi)Wnt信號(hào),再次提示雄激素參與雄激素性禿發(fā)的發(fā)病過(guò)程[25]。
HFDSC的壁龕是動(dòng)態(tài)的,分布于毛乳頭和真皮鞘中,但歸根結(jié)底起源于真皮鞘,在細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)展過(guò)程中,真皮鞘源源不斷向毛乳頭遷移干細(xì)胞,再生真皮鞘,補(bǔ)充毛乳頭,在成年毛發(fā)再生中起重要作用。HFDSC具有長(zhǎng)壽而又多潛能的特點(diǎn),可做為一個(gè)巨大的成人干細(xì)胞儲(chǔ)存庫(kù),是一個(gè)被未來(lái)科學(xué)給予厚望的干細(xì)胞來(lái)源。就目前來(lái)看,HFDSC可通過(guò)分離和增殖,并定向誘導(dǎo)分化為各類細(xì)胞的方法而應(yīng)用于臨床,雖然研究尚不成熟,但在不遠(yuǎn)的將來(lái),可能部分取代骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞用于再生醫(yī)學(xué)。對(duì)HFDSC的深入研究有助于揭示部分毛發(fā)疾病(如雄激素源性禿發(fā))的發(fā)生機(jī)制,尋求更好的治療方法。
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Role of dermal stem cells in hair follicle cycling
Pan Xiaoru,Zhang Ruzhi,Jin Huiling*.*Department of Dermatology and Venereology,The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College,Bengbu 233004,Anhui,China
Correspongding author:Zhang Ruzhi,Email:zhangruzhi628@163.com
The hair follicle is composed of the epidermal(epithelial) and dermal(mesenchymal)compartments,whose interaction plays an important role in the morphogenesis and growth of hair follicles,and is also a key factor for successful reconstruction of hair follicles.Generally,dermal cells are considered as inducers,and epithelial cells as responders during the process of hair formation.There are hair follicle dermal stem cells(HFDSCs)in the dermal sheath and hair papilla,which belong to adult stem cells,and are characterized by slow periodicity,undifferentiation,self?renewal and strong proliferative abilityin vitro.HFDSCs in the dermal sheath show a relatively long life,and can survive several hair follicle cycles to reconstitute the dermal sheath.In the anagen phase of hair follicle cycles,stem cells in the dermal sheath generate new cells for the hair papilla.In the catagen phase,dermal stem cell progenies move out of the hair papilla or die.HFDSCs are of great significance for reconstruction and repair of hair follicles after occurrence of injuries and diseases.
Hair follicle;Dermis;Stem cells;Biological processes;Hair diseases
江蘇省省級(jí)條件建設(shè)與民生科技專項(xiàng)(BL2014036)
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673?4173.2016.06.014
233004安徽,蚌埠醫(yī)學(xué)院第一附屬醫(yī)院皮膚性病科(潘霄汝、金慧玲);蘇州大學(xué)附屬第三醫(yī)院皮膚科(潘霄汝、張汝芝)
張汝芝,Email:zhangruzhi628@163.com
2016?01?05)