陸會(huì)飛, 牛小平
皖南醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬弋磯山醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科,安徽 蕪湖 241001
神經(jīng)肽參與NERD內(nèi)臟高敏感外周機(jī)制的研究進(jìn)展
陸會(huì)飛, 牛小平
皖南醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬弋磯山醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科,安徽 蕪湖 241001
內(nèi)臟高敏感是胃食管反流病(gastroesophageal reflux disease, GERD)重要發(fā)病機(jī)制,尤其在非糜爛性反流病(non-erosive reflux disase, NERD)患者中。某些神經(jīng)肽類物質(zhì)如P物質(zhì)(substance P, SP)和降鈣素基因相關(guān)肽(calcitonin gene-related peptide, CGRP)在介導(dǎo)傷害性或非傷害性刺激致痛覺(jué)過(guò)敏的發(fā)生和調(diào)控中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用,是參與痛覺(jué)信息傳遞過(guò)程中的重要神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)。新近研究顯示,SP和CGRP在NERD患者食管黏膜中的表達(dá)明顯增加,且與疼痛感覺(jué)閾值呈明顯負(fù)相關(guān),推測(cè)某些神經(jīng)肽類物質(zhì)可能共同參與NERD內(nèi)臟高敏感的外周機(jī)制。
神經(jīng)肽;非糜爛性反流??;內(nèi)臟高敏感
非糜爛性反流病(non-erosive reflux disease, NERD)是胃食管反流病(gastroesophageal reflux disease, GERD)最常見(jiàn)類型,約占GERD的70%[1],且其發(fā)病率呈逐年上升趨勢(shì)[2]。GERD 病理生理機(jī)制尚未完全闡明,目前公認(rèn)的病理機(jī)制有食管黏膜屏障功能及食管清除作用降低、食管抗反流屏障結(jié)構(gòu)與功能異常和胃十二指腸內(nèi)容物等對(duì)食管黏膜的侵害。Hartono等[3]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),NERD 發(fā)病的重要病理生理機(jī)制與食管內(nèi)臟高敏感相關(guān),且目前其治療依賴于質(zhì)子泵抑制劑(proton pump inhibitor, PPI),但對(duì)于部分NERD患者反流癥狀療效不佳,推測(cè)內(nèi)臟高敏感是NERD患者PPI療效差的重要原因之一。新近研究顯示[4],某些神經(jīng)肽類物質(zhì)如P物質(zhì)(substance P, SP)和降鈣素基因相關(guān)肽(calcitonin gene-related peptide, CGRP)在NERD患者食管黏膜表達(dá)明顯增加,且與疼痛感覺(jué)閾值呈明顯負(fù)相關(guān),推測(cè)SP和CGRP可能共同參與NERD內(nèi)臟高敏感的外周機(jī)制。近年來(lái),神經(jīng)肽與NERD內(nèi)臟高敏感的相互關(guān)系成為研究熱點(diǎn)。本文就神經(jīng)肽參與NERD內(nèi)臟高敏感外周機(jī)制的研究進(jìn)展作一綜述。
內(nèi)臟高敏感是指引起內(nèi)臟不適刺激或異常疼痛的閾值降低,內(nèi)臟對(duì)傷害性刺激反應(yīng)強(qiáng)烈或?qū)ι硇源碳ぎa(chǎn)生不適感的現(xiàn)象,是GERD重要發(fā)病機(jī)制,尤其在NERD患者中。在NERD患者中生理量的反流物即可導(dǎo)致食管敏感性升高的患者產(chǎn)生燒心、反流等不適感覺(jué)。目前認(rèn)為,NERD食管高敏感的發(fā)生由外周機(jī)制(食管感覺(jué)神經(jīng)纖維末梢致敏)和中樞機(jī)制(脊髓、大腦中樞致敏)介導(dǎo)。
食管黏膜上初級(jí)傳入神經(jīng)感受器被化學(xué)刺激(如酸刺激)、機(jī)械刺激(如球囊擴(kuò)張和高振幅蠕動(dòng)收縮)、溫度刺激(如冷、熱流體)和其他內(nèi)在刺激(如壓力、精神心理作用)激活而產(chǎn)生動(dòng)作電位,動(dòng)作電位信號(hào)再由迷走神經(jīng)和脊神經(jīng)通路傳至中樞而引起食管高敏感[5],這一傳導(dǎo)過(guò)程涉及外周和中樞機(jī)制。而對(duì)于NERD內(nèi)臟高敏感外周機(jī)制方面,Weijenborg等[6]認(rèn)為食管內(nèi)臟高敏感是由于受到過(guò)度刺激的食管組織釋放炎癥介質(zhì)引起外周酸敏感受體的轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)閾值降低,即食管黏膜內(nèi)分泌細(xì)胞受到冷熱、化學(xué)、機(jī)械等刺激后, 釋放組胺、5-羥色胺(5-HT)、緩激肽等炎癥介質(zhì), 這些炎癥介質(zhì)可降低食管黏膜中辣椒素受體(transient receptorpotential vanilloid 1, TRPV1) 等酸敏感受體的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)閾值,從而增加食管內(nèi)臟高敏感, 并可刺激食管感覺(jué)神經(jīng)纖維末梢釋放CGRP、谷氨酰胺、SP等神經(jīng)活性物質(zhì), 進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)信號(hào)向中樞傳導(dǎo)。Woodland等[7]對(duì)食管的神經(jīng)病理生理學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)有兩種方式可以致食管高敏感:(1)食管黏膜增寬的細(xì)胞間隙(dilated intercellular spaces, DIS)致黏膜屏障功能減退而使各種反流物如酸等更易進(jìn)入食管黏膜;(2)食管黏膜炎癥刺激傳入神經(jīng)末梢,并使患者反復(fù)出現(xiàn)反流癥狀,尤其是在NERD患者。同時(shí),也有研究[8-9]證實(shí)胃十二指腸內(nèi)容物反流入食管可致食管黏膜完整性破壞及炎癥發(fā)生而引起外周致敏,進(jìn)一步使食管敏感性增加而產(chǎn)生反流、燒心等不適癥狀。另外,食管表面特殊的支配神經(jīng)也參與了食管內(nèi)臟高敏感的發(fā)生,Woodland等[10]對(duì)食管傳入神經(jīng)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),有害反流刺激食管近端黏膜分布的表淺傳入神經(jīng)纖維而增強(qiáng)反流事件的感知,其可能是由于遠(yuǎn)端和近端食管同時(shí)受到刺激共同引起的,且更大可能是由近端食管黏膜分布的特殊支配神經(jīng)受刺激所致;如反流誘發(fā)的咳嗽、咽喉異物感等食管外癥狀可能就是由于食管的內(nèi)臟高敏感所致,且氣管在其中也起了主要作用[11]。
神經(jīng)肽是泛指存在于神經(jīng)組織并參與神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)功能作用的內(nèi)源性活性物質(zhì),是一類特殊的信息物質(zhì),在體內(nèi)具有調(diào)節(jié)痛覺(jué)、情緒、學(xué)習(xí)與記憶等多種多樣的生理功能。神經(jīng)肽類物質(zhì)SP和CGRP為兩種興奮性神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)并參與了痛覺(jué)信息的一級(jí)傳遞,食管組織中的肌間和黏膜下的神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞叢有CGRP不同程度的表達(dá),而SP主要表達(dá)于黏膜下神經(jīng)叢,其釋放可由食管黏膜TRPV1的激活介導(dǎo),Guarino等[12]發(fā)現(xiàn)在NERD患者的食管黏膜內(nèi)TRPV1基因表達(dá)異常增加;且在酸暴露下,內(nèi)臟痛覺(jué)的產(chǎn)生是由于其激活了食管黏膜上TRPV1并引起感覺(jué)神經(jīng)纖維末端釋放如CGRP和SP等[13]大量神經(jīng)肽類物質(zhì)引起。同樣,Chen[14]對(duì)NERD內(nèi)臟高敏感患者食管黏膜的活檢發(fā)現(xiàn)TPRV1表達(dá)的增加是內(nèi)臟高敏感的外周機(jī)制,由其介導(dǎo)釋放的SP和CGRP的增加被認(rèn)為在NERD患者痛覺(jué)和神經(jīng)源性炎癥中發(fā)揮了重要作用,因此,在NERD患者食管黏膜組織中檢測(cè)這些重要的生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物對(duì)NERD發(fā)生的病理生理機(jī)制可得到進(jìn)一步的闡明。
2.1 SP參與NERD內(nèi)臟高敏感的外周機(jī)制SP廣泛分布于對(duì)辣椒素敏感的感覺(jué)神經(jīng)C纖維中,其胞體存在于食管神經(jīng)叢內(nèi),發(fā)出纖維到達(dá)食管壁各層,其外周端游離神經(jīng)末梢本身就是傷害性感受器,反復(fù)刺激可使其敏感性增加。在NERD患者中,食管高敏感可由化學(xué)、機(jī)械、冷熱、炎癥等刺激激活食管黏膜上TRPV1引起感覺(jué)神經(jīng)纖維末梢釋放SP而致中樞和(或)外周敏化介導(dǎo),Liu等[15]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)脊髓背角神經(jīng)元和初級(jí)傳入纖維末梢釋放SP的增加可由炎癥、冷熱等刺激介導(dǎo),從而導(dǎo)致脊髓背角中樞敏感化及痛閾降低而致痛覺(jué)敏感性增高;Teodoro等[16]對(duì)神經(jīng)源性疼痛大鼠模型的研究得出外圍的SP及其受體NK1(neurokinin-1,NK1)參與了在冷熱、機(jī)械等刺激下誘發(fā)的炎癥或神經(jīng)性疼痛,從而使痛覺(jué)過(guò)敏。SP在外周除作為向中樞傳導(dǎo)的疼痛遞質(zhì)外,在多種因素刺激下,傷害感受器的末端可釋放神經(jīng)肽SP等物質(zhì),致血管的通透性增加,從而引起局部組織黏膜水腫和生長(zhǎng)因子、細(xì)胞因子、緩激肽等相關(guān)因子的釋放,而這些物質(zhì)可以增加傷害感受器敏感性,從而降低其異位放電的閾值[17]導(dǎo)致外周致敏。同樣,Schmidt等[18]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)SP及IL-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)的釋放有促炎性作用而使神經(jīng)興奮性增高引起感覺(jué)過(guò)敏,進(jìn)而形成神經(jīng)源性炎癥,該現(xiàn)象被稱為傳入神經(jīng)的傳出功能,其可能是SP參與NERD食管內(nèi)臟高敏感性形成的重要機(jī)制之一。SP可因異常增高與過(guò)度表達(dá)而發(fā)揮過(guò)度的生物學(xué)效應(yīng),這可能與食管對(duì)酸及機(jī)械等刺激感覺(jué)過(guò)敏和NERD患者諸多臨床癥狀密切相關(guān)。
2.2 CGRP參與內(nèi)臟高敏感的外周機(jī)制NERD內(nèi)臟高敏感患者的諸多臨床癥狀如反流、胸痛等與異常增高和過(guò)度表達(dá)的CGRP相關(guān),增加的CGRP可使神經(jīng)刺激沖動(dòng)信號(hào)異常放大,從而導(dǎo)致食管對(duì)刺激的感知過(guò)敏。研究[20]發(fā)現(xiàn),神經(jīng)末梢功能處于興奮狀態(tài)可由食管黏膜SP和CGRP含量增加引起,導(dǎo)致“神經(jīng)源性炎癥”,從而使局部微環(huán)境發(fā)生改變,進(jìn)一步引起患者痛覺(jué)過(guò)敏,且CGRP可以抑制與SP降解有關(guān)的內(nèi)肽酶,使SP的作用增加或延長(zhǎng),兩者在疼痛信息傳遞中可能存在協(xié)同作用,這一研究提示處于興奮狀態(tài)的神經(jīng)C纖維的游離末梢在生理性酸暴露或較小的擴(kuò)張刺激就可能足以被激活產(chǎn)生神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)而導(dǎo)致內(nèi)臟高敏感。某些神經(jīng)活性物質(zhì)如CGRP等可由食管刺激信號(hào)傳入神經(jīng)纖維外周端而被釋放,同時(shí),細(xì)胞因子和多種炎癥介質(zhì)可由被這些神經(jīng)活性物質(zhì)進(jìn)一步活化的肥大細(xì)胞脫顆粒而釋放,引起內(nèi)臟感知閾值降低[19],從而使高閾值纖維的閾值降低,導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)纖維在非傷害性刺激下不斷有電活動(dòng);也可使平時(shí)對(duì)機(jī)械性刺激不敏感的鄰近“沉默型纖維”的傷害性感受器激活,引起神經(jīng)C纖維膜電位的改變,而致敏神經(jīng)C纖維末稍釋放的CGRP可通過(guò)正反饋調(diào)節(jié)作用于肥大細(xì)胞,使興奮的C纖維始終保持過(guò)度興奮狀態(tài)而誘發(fā)外周致敏。
在NERD內(nèi)臟高敏感患者的食管黏膜及血清中均可發(fā)現(xiàn)神經(jīng)肽類物質(zhì)SP和CGRP表達(dá)明顯的增加,且有大量研究證實(shí)其參與了NERD食管內(nèi)臟高敏感機(jī)制。Yoshida 等[4]研究表明,SP和CGRP在NERD內(nèi)臟高敏感患者食管黏膜的表達(dá)較正常對(duì)照組明顯增加,并與TRPV1的激活相關(guān);張秀蓮等[20]對(duì)正常人及GERD患者食管黏膜SP、CGRP含量測(cè)定得出正常人及糜爛性食管炎患者食管黏膜SP、CGRP的表達(dá)較NERD患者明顯減少,從而推測(cè)NERD的外周敏感化機(jī)制可能與SP、CGRP過(guò)多表達(dá)相關(guān);同時(shí),國(guó)內(nèi)有研究[21]報(bào)道,在NERD患者血清中同樣也發(fā)現(xiàn)神經(jīng)肽類物質(zhì)SP 和CGRP 明顯高于正常對(duì)照組,推測(cè)SP和CGRP同樣也可能參與NERD內(nèi)臟高敏機(jī)制。此外,學(xué)者們對(duì)腸道高敏感動(dòng)物模型的研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)神經(jīng)肽類物質(zhì)SP和CGRP表達(dá)量較正常對(duì)照組明顯增高,推測(cè)其與腸道內(nèi)臟高敏感有相關(guān)性,Shang等[22]研究表明疏肝可降低慢性應(yīng)激引起大鼠的內(nèi)臟敏感性,其機(jī)制可能與結(jié)腸組織黏膜表達(dá)的TRPV1和SP相關(guān);Matricon等[23]在腸易激綜合征大鼠模型的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),注射辣椒素或CGRP拮抗劑可阻礙丁酸鹽誘發(fā)的成年大鼠結(jié)腸高敏感性。
充分研究NERD的發(fā)病機(jī)制必將促進(jìn)其治療進(jìn)展,近年來(lái),內(nèi)臟高敏感逐漸成為NERD治療的新靶點(diǎn)[24]?;瘜W(xué)、機(jī)械等多種刺激可引起食管黏膜特殊受體TRPV1的激活致神經(jīng)肽類物質(zhì)SP和CGRP的釋放而參與內(nèi)臟高敏的發(fā)生,TRPV1是食管上皮組織的主要酸受體,其表達(dá)于神經(jīng)細(xì)胞和上皮細(xì)胞且與食管內(nèi)臟敏感性及炎癥應(yīng)答密切相關(guān)。因此,可將TRPV1通道作為治療NERD的新靶點(diǎn)[25],而TRPV1拮抗劑為治療PPI制劑療效不佳的NERD食管內(nèi)臟高敏感患者提供了新的方向,并在近幾年被廣泛研究[26],Satat等[27]研究結(jié)果表明瞬時(shí)受體電位通道TRPV1拮抗劑可削弱神經(jīng)源性炎癥與辣椒素引起的疼痛反應(yīng),此外,它們也能減少冷刺激及觸覺(jué)異常性疼痛,所以在尋求新型鎮(zhèn)痛藥中TRPV1拮抗劑是一個(gè)很有前景的研究方向。同樣,內(nèi)臟痛調(diào)節(jié)劑通過(guò)影響中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)或外周的感覺(jué)傳導(dǎo)通路,也可緩解對(duì)PPI制劑不敏感的NERD患者痛覺(jué)、心源性胸痛以及功能性燒心患者痛覺(jué)癥狀,這類藥物包括選擇性5-HT再攝取劑(selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, SSRI)[28]及三環(huán)類抗抑郁藥[29]和5-HT受體激動(dòng)劑、拮抗劑等藥物。
某些神經(jīng)肽類物質(zhì)與內(nèi)臟高敏感相關(guān)疾病的發(fā)生密切相關(guān),內(nèi)臟高敏感是NERD患者產(chǎn)生反流、燒心等相關(guān)癥狀的重要機(jī)制之一,其產(chǎn)生是一個(gè)多因素、多機(jī)制的過(guò)程。目前對(duì)于神經(jīng)肽參與NERD內(nèi)臟高敏感的病理生理機(jī)制尚未完全闡明,對(duì)該方向的深入研究可為NERD內(nèi)臟高敏感的病理生理機(jī)制提出新的理論依據(jù),同時(shí)也可為治療NERD的藥物開(kāi)發(fā)提供新的分子靶點(diǎn),進(jìn)而為NERD患者的臨床診療奠定新的理論基礎(chǔ)。
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(責(zé)任編輯:馬 軍)
Progress of neuropeptides in visceral hypersensitivity of non-erosive reflux disease
LU Huifei, NIU Xiaoping
Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
Visceral hypersensitivity is an important pathogenesis mechanism in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), especially in non-erosive reflux disease (NERD). Some neuropeptides such as substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) play key roles in mediating occurrence and regulation on nociceptive or non-nociceptive stimuli induced hyperalgesia, and also are the important neurotransmitter participating in nociceptive information ransmission process. Recent researches show that SP and CGRP expressions are significantly increased in esophageal mucosa of NERD patients, and significantly negative correlation are found among SP, CGRP and pain perception threshold, it is speculated that SP and CGRP may participate in visceral hypersensitivity peripheral mechanisms of NERD.
Neuropeptides; Non-erosive reflux disease; Visceral hypersensitivity
10.3969/j.issn.1006-5709.2016.09.027
皖南醫(yī)學(xué)院重點(diǎn)培育基金(WK2014ZF09)及院引進(jìn)人才基金項(xiàng)目(YR201206)
陸會(huì)飛,在讀碩士,研究方向: 功能性胃腸病。E-mail:luhuifei901@163.com
牛小平,博士,副主任醫(yī)師,碩士生導(dǎo)師,研究方向:功能性胃腸病
R573
A 文章編號(hào):1006-5709(2016)09-1071-04
2015-11-11