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NMDA受體在消化系統(tǒng)疾病中的作用

2016-03-14 03:38謝冬冰郭玉婷欒海蓉
關(guān)鍵詞:亞基谷氨酸胃腸道

謝冬冰, 郭玉婷, 欒海蓉

1.山東中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)第二臨床學(xué)院,山東 濟(jì)南 250014; 2.山東中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院消化科

NMDA受體在消化系統(tǒng)疾病中的作用

謝冬冰1, 郭玉婷2, 欒海蓉1

1.山東中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)第二臨床學(xué)院,山東 濟(jì)南 250014; 2.山東中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院消化科

NMDA受體(N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor, NMDAR)是興奮性神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)谷氨酸受體的一種亞型,參與體內(nèi)神經(jīng)發(fā)育、神經(jīng)元的興奮性、突觸可塑性、神經(jīng)元的死亡等多種不同的生理、病理過程。越來越多的研究顯示NMDA不僅在神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育、疼痛等發(fā)揮著重要的作用,且參與非神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的增殖、分化及胃腸運(yùn)動(dòng),本文旨在通過了解其與胃腸道腫瘤及功能性胃腸病的關(guān)系,研究NMDA受體在其中的作用,為臨床從NMDA受體途徑治療消化道腫瘤及功能性胃腸病提供新思路,并對(duì)此作一概述。

NMDA受體;胃腸道腫瘤;胃腸運(yùn)動(dòng)

1 NMDA受體的組成及功能

谷氨酸是哺乳動(dòng)物中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)主要的興奮性氨基酸,儲(chǔ)存于突觸前囊泡中,以鈣依賴的方式釋放。谷氨酸受體可分為離子型受體和G蛋白偶聯(lián)的代謝型受體兩大類[1]。N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(N-Methyl-D-aspartate,NMDA)受體為主要的離子型受體。NMDA受體由NR1、NR2和NR3等亞基組成。NR1是受體的功能部分,構(gòu)成離子通道,絕大多數(shù)在所有發(fā)育階段的中樞神經(jīng)元中都有表達(dá);NR2包括NR2A、NR2B、NR2C、NR2D,具有調(diào)節(jié)受體通道動(dòng)力學(xué)的作用,其在人體的表達(dá)中呈現(xiàn)出時(shí)間和空間的不同,NR2B、和NR2D在胎兒期就有表達(dá),而NR2A、NR2C僅在出生后才表達(dá)。NR3不單獨(dú)構(gòu)成有功能的離子通道,也不與NR1、NR2組成通道,而可能是作為調(diào)節(jié)亞基存在[2]。NMDA受體介導(dǎo)緩慢興奮效應(yīng),具有高的Ca2+滲透性,Ca2+的內(nèi)流可觸發(fā)不同形式的突觸可塑性的分子過程[3]。NMDA不僅在神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育、疼痛等發(fā)揮著重要的作用,且參與胃腸道腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖、分化[4]及胃腸運(yùn)動(dòng)[5]。

2 NMDA受體與消化道腫瘤

腫瘤的產(chǎn)生主要由腫瘤細(xì)胞的過度增殖與凋亡失調(diào)所致。近年來研究發(fā)現(xiàn),NMDA受體為谷氨酸離子受體,不僅在神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育、疼痛等發(fā)揮重要作用,且參與非神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的增殖,與多種惡性腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移侵襲相關(guān),其表達(dá)水平隨著腫瘤的侵襲程度升高[6-7]。且有研究表明谷氨酸受體拮抗劑能抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖,并誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞周期阻滯及細(xì)胞的死亡[8-9]。Rzeski等[8]研究也表明谷氨酸拮抗劑在體外抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的分化和遷移,且增加腫瘤細(xì)胞的死亡和形態(tài)改變。在消化道腫瘤的研究中,NMDA受體在消化道腫瘤中也有表達(dá)。

2.1 NMDA受體與胃癌胃癌是消化系統(tǒng)常見的惡性腫瘤,是世界范圍內(nèi)最常見的惡性腫瘤之一[9],在我國(guó),胃癌的發(fā)病率及死亡率僅次于肺癌,位居第二[10]。在對(duì)NMDA受體在胃癌中表達(dá)的研究中,Watanabe等[11]通過對(duì)胃癌細(xì)胞株MKN45和MKN28中NMDA受體表達(dá)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),胃癌細(xì)胞株MKN45和MKN28表達(dá)所有除NR2B亞基外的NMDA受體亞基mRNA,且NR2A亞基呈現(xiàn)高表達(dá),并應(yīng)用NMDA受體拮抗劑AP5能抑制MKN45細(xì)胞的增殖,證明AP5主要作用于NR2A亞基而抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖,而后進(jìn)一步研究證明NR2A亞基主要通過加速細(xì)胞周期促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖。對(duì)于NMDA的NR2B亞基的研究,Liu等[12]在對(duì)6種不同胃癌細(xì)胞株MKN1、MKN7、MKN74、AZ521、NUGC4和NUGC3的研究中,通過RNA檢測(cè)細(xì)胞株中NMDA的R2B亞基表達(dá),結(jié)果表明,NMDA R2B的減少或缺失與胃癌細(xì)胞及原發(fā)性胃癌密切相關(guān)。而在鄰近正常組織中NMDA R2B的高表達(dá)則是腫瘤形成的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素,說明NMDA受體與胃癌有密切關(guān)系。

2.2 NMDA受體與食管癌食管癌是發(fā)生在食管上皮組織,包括胃食管連接處的惡性腫瘤,是最常見的胃腸道惡性腫瘤之一,其導(dǎo)致的死亡率在腫瘤導(dǎo)致的死亡中位居第六[13]。我國(guó)屬于世界“食管癌多發(fā)地帶”,最新數(shù)據(jù)顯示,食管癌在我國(guó)的發(fā)病率及死亡率僅次于肺癌、胃癌、肝癌,位居第四[10]。其發(fā)病年齡多在40歲以上,男性多于女性,但近年來40歲以下發(fā)病者有增長(zhǎng)趨勢(shì)[14]。在基于食管癌NMDA受體的研究中,Kim等[15]通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn)NMDA R2B在95%以上的原發(fā)性食管鱗狀細(xì)胞癌組織甲基化,且在一種食管鱗狀細(xì)胞癌細(xì)胞株中呈現(xiàn)沉默表達(dá),且進(jìn)一步證實(shí)NMDA R2B能抑制細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)及增殖,此結(jié)果與Liu等[12]對(duì)于NMDA R2B在胃癌的表達(dá)相一致,證實(shí)NMDA受體在食管癌的生長(zhǎng)增殖中發(fā)揮重要作用。

2.3 NMDA受體與肝癌肝癌是指發(fā)生于肝臟的惡性腫瘤,包括原發(fā)性肝癌和轉(zhuǎn)移性肝癌兩種,人們?nèi)粘Uf的肝癌多指原發(fā)性肝癌。原發(fā)性肝癌是臨床上最常見的惡性腫瘤之一[16],其發(fā)生率和死亡率居我國(guó)惡性腫瘤的第三位,其中男性發(fā)病率遠(yuǎn)高于女性[10]。肝癌的發(fā)病機(jī)制多樣,在與NMDA受體相關(guān)的研究中,Yamaguchi等[17]通過免疫組化等檢測(cè)NMDA在肝癌細(xì)胞中表達(dá)上調(diào),通過RT-PCR在體外檢測(cè)肝癌細(xì)胞株HepG2、HuH-7和HLF中NMDA的表達(dá),并通過NMDA受體拮抗劑MK801干預(yù),證實(shí)NMDA受體在體外抑制肝癌細(xì)胞增殖,誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞周期阻滯,此實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)一步說明NMDA受體與原發(fā)性肝癌的生長(zhǎng)、增殖相關(guān)。

2.4 NMDA受體與胰腺癌胰腺癌是一種惡性程度很高,診斷和治療都很困難的消化道惡性腫瘤,約90%起源于腺管上皮的導(dǎo)管腺癌。胰腺癌早期的確診率不高,手術(shù)、化療、放療的效果不佳,治愈率低,死亡率高[18]。其死亡率在美國(guó)腫瘤導(dǎo)致的死亡中位居第四[9]。在胰腺癌細(xì)胞中NMDA受體表達(dá)的研究中,Malsy等[19]通過對(duì)胰腺癌細(xì)胞中NMDA中的R1、R2A、R2B亞基的表達(dá),發(fā)現(xiàn)R2A亞基有表達(dá),并應(yīng)用NMDA受體拮抗劑對(duì)胰腺癌細(xì)胞進(jìn)行干預(yù),通過細(xì)胞增殖實(shí)驗(yàn)、凋亡實(shí)驗(yàn)的研究證明NMDA受體拮抗劑抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖,并誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡和阻滯細(xì)胞周期。

以上結(jié)果都表明NMDA受體與消化道腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)、增殖相關(guān),而NMDA受體拮抗劑通過抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖及促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的凋亡從而增強(qiáng)腫瘤細(xì)胞的殺傷效應(yīng),有望成為腫瘤細(xì)胞抑制藥物,成為一種新的癌癥治療手段[8]。

3 NMDA受體與功能性胃腸病

功能性胃腸病(functional gastrointestinal disease,F(xiàn)GID)以慢性、持續(xù)性或復(fù)發(fā)性的胃腸道癥候群為主要表現(xiàn),而臨床上缺乏可解釋的病理解剖學(xué)或生物化學(xué)異常?;颊叱3霈F(xiàn)食欲不振、早飽、腹痛、惡心、嘔吐、腹脹、腹瀉、便秘及排便困難等癥狀。胃腸道運(yùn)動(dòng)和感覺生理及腦-腸軸異常是胃腸功能障礙的基礎(chǔ)。FGID在成人分為6大類:食管(A類);胃十二指腸(B類);腸道(C類);功能性腹痛綜合征(FAPS)(D類);膽管(E類)和肛門直腸(F類)。其中功能性腸病(C類)包括腸易激綜合征(IBS)(C1類)、功能性腹脹氣(C2類)、功能性便秘(C3類)和功能性腹瀉(C4類)[20]。FGID的發(fā)病機(jī)制頗多,其中較重要的一個(gè)是內(nèi)臟高敏感性和神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)[21],而近年來許多研究都表明NMDA受體參與內(nèi)臟高敏感性和神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)的形成。

3.1 NMDA受體與腸易激綜合征腸易激綜合征(irritable bowel syndrome,IBS)指一組包括腹痛、腹脹、排便習(xí)慣改變和大便性狀異常、黏液便等表現(xiàn)的臨床綜合征,持續(xù)存在或反復(fù)發(fā)作,經(jīng)檢查排除可引起這些癥狀的器質(zhì)性疾病,是最常見的一種功能性腸道疾病[22]。基于IBS的發(fā)病機(jī)制,內(nèi)臟高敏感為其中一重要的發(fā)病機(jī)制[23-24]。內(nèi)臟高敏感包括痛覺過敏及異常疼痛。前者指原本有害的刺激可引起超常的反應(yīng);后者是指正常情況下原本無害的刺激可誘發(fā)痛覺[25-26]。二者都是脊髓背角神經(jīng)元興奮性增強(qiáng)所致,即中樞敏化。而脊髓背角的NMDA受體的激活對(duì)形成中樞敏化至關(guān)重要[27]。因而NMDAR參與產(chǎn)生和維持IBS患者中樞內(nèi)臟高敏感性主要通過NR2B發(fā)揮作用。研究[28]發(fā)現(xiàn)在IBS大鼠模型的脊髓中NR2B的表達(dá)顯著增加。Chen等[29]也發(fā)現(xiàn)在內(nèi)臟高敏感IBS大鼠模型的大鼠海馬中其NR2B表達(dá)明顯增強(qiáng),而Soliman等[30]研究表明,通過鞘內(nèi)注射NMDA引起大鼠痛閾的降低,呈劑量依賴性減少疼痛指數(shù),應(yīng)用NMDA受體抑制劑MK-801可顯著抑制該變化。以上結(jié)果都表明NMDA受體參與形成內(nèi)臟高敏感性IBS。

3.2 NMDA受體與功能性消化不良功能性消化不良(functional dyspesia,F(xiàn)D)是指具有上腹痛、上腹脹、早飽、噯氣、食欲不振、惡心、嘔吐等不適癥狀,經(jīng)檢查排除引起這些癥狀的器質(zhì)疾病的一組臨床綜合征,癥狀可持續(xù)或反復(fù)發(fā)作,病程一般規(guī)定為超過1個(gè)月或在12個(gè)月中累計(jì)超過12周,也是臨床上最常見的一種FGID[31]。研究[32]發(fā)現(xiàn)精神、社會(huì)心理因素在功能性消化不良癥狀的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展中發(fā)揮著重要的作用,而患者中抑郁和焦慮的發(fā)病率遠(yuǎn)高于正常人群。一個(gè)長(zhǎng)達(dá)12年的縱向研究[33]表明,包括FD在內(nèi)的FGID的發(fā)病和情緒障礙之間存在雙向的影響。而胃腸道主要受到植物神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)的調(diào)節(jié),目前神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌的調(diào)節(jié)集中在下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺軸(HPA軸)的研究,HPA軸的興奮主要通過下丘腦和海馬調(diào)控,其中海馬[34]主要通過發(fā)放沖動(dòng)調(diào)控應(yīng)激導(dǎo)致的HPA軸的變化,且海馬也是抑郁發(fā)生形成的主要腦區(qū)。海馬調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制與海馬的神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)及受體相關(guān),NMDA受體是谷氨酸的離子型受體,是興奮性神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)谷氨酸受體,其與應(yīng)激發(fā)生的神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌機(jī)制相關(guān),研究[5]表明NMDA受體與胃腸道蠕動(dòng)形成相關(guān)。而動(dòng)物研究表明,慢性應(yīng)激引起抑郁樣行為表現(xiàn)的同時(shí)胃運(yùn)動(dòng)減弱。而臨床研究也顯示FD患者胃基礎(chǔ)壓力較低,且胃竇蠕動(dòng)波振幅下降[23],王明華等[35]實(shí)驗(yàn)表明:NMDA受體阻斷劑MK-801可以明顯由慢性應(yīng)激引起的行為與胃活動(dòng)的改變有關(guān)。即NMDA受體在應(yīng)激性抑郁中參與了應(yīng)激引起的胃活動(dòng)變化。以上結(jié)果都表明NMDA受體可能經(jīng)由中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)海馬釋放進(jìn)而參與胃腸運(yùn)動(dòng),產(chǎn)生FD等FGID。

NMDA是興奮性神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)谷氨酸的離子型受體,不僅在神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育、疼痛等發(fā)揮著重要的作用,且參與非神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的增殖、分化及胃腸運(yùn)動(dòng),本文就NMDA受體在消化道的表達(dá),通過研究胃癌、食管癌、胰腺癌及原發(fā)性肝癌與NMDA受體的關(guān)系,證明NMDA受體與消化道腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)、增殖相關(guān),并進(jìn)一步證實(shí)NMDA受體拮抗劑抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖、分化,從而為臨床上消化道腫瘤的治療提供新的治療途徑。且本文通過NMDA受體參與胃腸運(yùn)動(dòng)的關(guān)系,進(jìn)一步揭示NMDA參與FGID,為臨床治療FGID提供新思路。

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(責(zé)任編輯:馬 軍)

The role of NMDA receptors in the digestive system disease

XIE Dongbing1, GUO Yuting2, LUAN Hairong1

1.The Second Clinical College of Shandong University of TCM, Ji’nan 250014; 2.Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of TCM, China

N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is a subtype of excitatory glutamate receptor, it mainly participates in a variety of physiological and pathological processes such as the development of neural, the sensitization of central, and the death of neurons in vivo. Recently studies have shown that NMDA not only participates in the proliferation and differentiation of nerve cells, but also involves in the formation of the irritable gastric bowel movement. The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of NMDAR in it, and provide new train of thought, to treat digestive tract tumors and functional gastrointestinal through its relationship with the digestive system diseases.

N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor; Gastrointestinal tumors; Gastrointestinal movement

10.3969/j.issn.1006-5709.2016.09.028

山東省自然科學(xué)基金(Y2008C141)

謝冬冰,研究生,研究方向:胃腸道腫瘤的研究。E-mail:13065011477@163.com

郭玉婷,主任醫(yī)師,碩士生導(dǎo)師,研究方向:胃腸道疾病的診治。E-mail:zhmqlw@sina.com

735

A 文章編號(hào):1006-5709(2016)09-1075-04

2015-11-20

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