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水體中短鏈氯化石蠟污染研究進(jìn)展*

2016-03-17 05:39周浩郎,邢永澤,閻冰
關(guān)鍵詞:水生沉積物毒性

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水體中短鏈氯化石蠟污染研究進(jìn)展*

0引言

氯化石蠟(CPs)是直鏈正構(gòu)烷烴的氯代衍生物,工業(yè)上用作阻燃劑、增塑劑、金屬加工油和皮革處理劑等,其中碳鏈長度為10~13個(gè)碳原子的氯化石蠟被定義為短鏈氯化石蠟(SCCPs)。相對于中鏈氯化石蠟(MCCPs,碳鏈長度為14~17)和長鏈氯化石蠟(LCCPs,碳鏈長度為18~30),短鏈氯化石蠟因其較強(qiáng)的生物累積特性和更高的毒性而受到廣泛關(guān)注。自20世紀(jì)50年代以來,我國已經(jīng)開始生產(chǎn)氯化石蠟,隨著國內(nèi)塑料制品工業(yè)的迅速發(fā)展,氯化石蠟行業(yè)發(fā)展迅速。目前,我國已是氯化石蠟第一生產(chǎn)大國,截至2015年,國內(nèi)氯化石蠟總產(chǎn)能達(dá)160萬t。氯化石蠟產(chǎn)品中SCCPs含量普遍在6%以上[1-2]。這一方面對我國的生態(tài)環(huán)境和人體健康帶來極大的潛在危害,另一方面面臨著國際社會要求淘汰SCCPs 消費(fèi)的巨大壓力。

2002年,歐盟水框架指令已禁止使用SCCPs,并將其列為水中的首要危險(xiǎn)化學(xué)品之一。2008年“關(guān)于持久性有機(jī)污染物(POPs)斯德哥爾摩公約”將其列入POPs備選清單,我國也于同年啟動對SCCPs的評估工作。2011年的斯德哥爾摩大會上SCCPs僅以一票之差最終未被列入POPs 受控名單[3]。2015年3月歐盟對現(xiàn)行的塑料制品法規(guī)(EU)No10/2011進(jìn)行升級,法規(guī)中進(jìn)一步要求減少SCCPs的使用量[4]。2015年11月歐盟又在《持久性有機(jī)污染物法規(guī)》中修訂了對SCCPs的限制[5]?,F(xiàn)有研究表明,SCCPs普遍存在于各種環(huán)境介質(zhì)中,尤其在水體中廣泛存在。本文綜述了SCCPs在水體中的環(huán)境行為及毒性研究進(jìn)展,期望對SCCPs的深入研究提供參考。

1SCCPs的理化性質(zhì)

SCCPs是一類組成復(fù)雜的混合物,常溫下為淡黃色或無色粘稠液體。SCCPs亨利定律常數(shù)是0.7~18 Pa·m3·mol-1,蒸汽壓為3.2×10-4~0.066 Pa(文獻(xiàn)[6]),這表明SCCPs可以從大氣中沉降到土壤、底泥和水中,也可以從上述介質(zhì)中再活化到空氣中。SCCPs的辛醇水分配系數(shù)(LogKow)的值為4.39~8.69(文獻(xiàn)[7]),具有較高的脂溶性,因此在水生生物中有較強(qiáng)的生物富集及放大能力。SCCPs也具有較高的辛醇空氣分配系數(shù)(logKOA),表明SCCPs具有吸附在大氣的有機(jī)相中進(jìn)行長距離遷移的能力[8]。多數(shù)SCCPs混合物的溶解度是22.4~994 μg·L-1,C10和C13混合物的溶解度為6.4~2370 μg·L-1(文獻(xiàn)[6])。隨著碳鏈的增加,SCCPs的水溶性和蒸氣壓均有下降的趨勢,但與一些氯化芳烴不同,在5個(gè)氯原子以內(nèi),隨著氯原子個(gè)數(shù)的增加,水溶性增大[9]。

2水體中SCCPs的污染現(xiàn)狀

目前為止還未發(fā)現(xiàn)自然來源的SCCPs。水體中SCCPs主要來自SCCPs及其他鏈長CPs生產(chǎn)、儲存、運(yùn)輸和使用過程中的排放;設(shè)備沖洗和使用后的金屬加工/切削液也都可能成為SCCPs進(jìn)入水生生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的源頭。

2.1SCCPs在沉積物中的分布

沉積物是SCCPs重要的“匯”,是國內(nèi)外SCCPs研究的熱點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域。在歐洲工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū),巴塞羅那河流底泥中的含量為0.25~3.04 μg·g-1(干重)[10];挪威河流沉積物中檢測出很高的SCCPs(19400 ng·g-1)(濕重)[11]。捷克工業(yè)區(qū)附近河流沉積物中 SCCPs 濃度介于無檢測值至347.4 ng·g-1(干重)之間[12]。北美五大湖地區(qū),在安大略湖漢米爾頓港附近的沉積物中檢測到最高濃度SCCPs,五大湖其他區(qū)域SCCPs濃度為5.9~410 ng·g-1(干重)[13-14]。亞洲地區(qū),日本2條河流沉積物中SCCPs水平為4.9~484.4 ng·g-1(干重)[15]。上述研究表明人類工業(yè)活動的強(qiáng)弱是決定該地區(qū)沉積物中SCCPs含量的主要原因。Tomy等[16-17]檢測到北極地區(qū)偏遠(yuǎn)湖泊沉積物中的SCCPs濃度為1.6~257 ng·g-1(干重),發(fā)現(xiàn)SCCPs在包括極地區(qū)域在內(nèi)的廣泛地理范圍內(nèi)普遍存在,表明SCCPs可以通過長距離大氣傳輸在全球范圍內(nèi)分布。我國的SCCPs研究起步較晚,但進(jìn)展很快。陳滿英等[18]報(bào)道珠江三角洲地區(qū)沉積物(池塘、河流和河口及柱芯)SCCPs 的濃度為 320~6600 ng·g-1(干重),該研究發(fā)現(xiàn)SCCPs沉積埋藏過程中可能存在脫氯的降解過程。陳茹等[19]報(bào)道了黃渤海地區(qū)沉積物樣品中SCCPs濃度在14.5~85.2 ng·g-1(干重),陳晨等[20]報(bào)道遼河口海域沉積物中SCCPs 的濃度為 64.9~1683.4 ng·g-1(干重)。上述結(jié)果暗示河流排放是海洋中SCCPs的主要來源。李慧娟等[21]報(bào)道SCCPs在長江三角洲和閩浙沿岸的表層沉積物含量水平為9.0~37.2 ng·g-1(干重),該研究同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)SCCPs在沉積物中的遷移很大程度上受總有機(jī)碳(TOC)影響。

2.2SCCPs在水中的分布

雖然SCCPs在水中的溶解度不高,但廣泛存在于各種水環(huán)境中。西班牙Llobregat河和英國Dawen河的SCCPs濃度分別為300~2100 ng·L-1(文獻(xiàn)[22-23])和200~1700 ng·L-1(文獻(xiàn)[24]),高于已報(bào)道的日本幾條河流(7.6~220 ng·L-1)[25-26]及加拿大勞倫斯河(15.74~59.57 ng·L-1)[27]的SCCPs含量。2000—2004年對安大略湖的持續(xù)監(jiān)測顯示,湖中SCCPs的平均濃度為1.194 ng·L-1,處于較低水平[28]。Castells等[29]對西班牙污水處理廠進(jìn)出水樣品的檢測發(fā)現(xiàn):進(jìn)水口SCCPs濃度為 310~620 ng·L-1;出水口 SCCPs 未檢出。Zeng等[30]測得北京高碑店污水處理廠進(jìn)水口的SCCPs濃度(4200~4700 ng·L-1)顯著高于出水口濃度(364~416 ng·L-1),但活性污泥中SCCPs含量為(15.6±1.4)μg·g-1(干重),結(jié)果暗示雖然污水處理廠能夠有效凈化水中SCCPs,但沉積物容易造成二次污染。有關(guān)海水中SCCPs濃度的報(bào)道較少,于國龍[31]對遼寧普蘭店灣的海水進(jìn)行調(diào)查,測得SCCPs的濃度為493.87~1490 ng·L-1;馬新東等[32]研究遼東灣海域海水中SCCPs的濃度在4.1~13.1 ng·L-1,結(jié)果表明海水中SCCPs的污染濃度與人類生產(chǎn)活動正相關(guān)。

2.3SCCPs在水生生物中的分布

SCCPs的物理性質(zhì)決定其在水生生物中有較強(qiáng)的生物富集及放大能力。目前已報(bào)道的各種水生生物體內(nèi)SCCPs數(shù)據(jù)較多。英國河流中,底棲生物、蚯蚓和魚類體內(nèi)SCCPs的含量為0.05~0.8 μg·g-1(濕重)[24]。北美五大湖地區(qū),安大略湖魚類體內(nèi)的SCCPs濃度為7.01~2630 ng·g-1(濕重)[33];密歇根湖和安大略湖糠蝦體內(nèi)SCCPs濃度的平均值為2.1~7.5 ng·g-1(脂重)[34];五大湖的魚類和無脊椎生物中SCCPs濃度的平均值為130~500 ng·g-1(脂重)[35]。海洋中,挪威境內(nèi)鮭魚、鱈魚和北極點(diǎn)紅鮭等海洋魚類體內(nèi)SCCPs的濃度在108~3700 ng·g-1(脂重)[11]。Tomy等[8]測得北極地區(qū)白鯨、環(huán)斑海豹和海象等海洋哺乳動物體內(nèi)的SCCPs濃度為 95~626 ng·g-1(濕重)。上述水生生物樣本體內(nèi)SCCPs的主要成份是碳鏈長度較短和低氯代組分,這些組分的揮發(fā)性較高,更易被生物體累積。馬新東等[36]測得遼東灣不同生物體內(nèi)SCCPs的濃度為86~4400 ng·g-1(濕重),且不同物種間的含量差異比較顯著,其中濃度最低的生物為浮游動物,濃度最高的為扇貝。于國龍等[31]測得遼河入??诤S?4種生物體內(nèi)的SCCPs含量為758.62~17027.26 ng·g-1(干重)。姜國等[37]測得長三角和珠三角地區(qū)不同種魚類體內(nèi)的SCCPs含量分別為8~130 ng·g-1和9~118 ng·g-1(濕重)。Yuan等[38]調(diào)查了中國環(huán)渤海區(qū)域9個(gè)沿海城市軟體動物樣品中的SCCPs濃度水平,發(fā)現(xiàn)SCCPs在我國海產(chǎn)品中可普遍被檢出?,F(xiàn)有研究表明,我國水生生物體內(nèi)SCCPs的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)普遍位于目前世界報(bào)道水生動物體內(nèi)SCCPs質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)范圍的中高端,賦存程度不容樂觀。

2.4SCCPs對水生生物的毒性效應(yīng)

目前,國外以大鼠為對象對SCCPs的生物毒性做了一些的研究。不同劑量水平的SCCPs會導(dǎo)致大鼠出現(xiàn)各種臨床癥狀,如脊椎突出,呼吸異常,活動減少,直至死亡[39]。Cooley等[40]發(fā)現(xiàn)幼年虹鱒魚在含有SCCPs的環(huán)境中暴露21 d即出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的肝臟組織病理學(xué)反應(yīng),纖維損害和肝臟細(xì)胞壞死嚴(yán)重。Madeley和Maddock[41]通過SCCPs對虹鱒魚的毒性研究,認(rèn)為SCCPs對水生生物的毒性可能需要很長一段時(shí)間才能表達(dá)出來。另有研究表明,大型蚤(Daphnia magna)、糠蝦(Mysidopsis bahia)和貽貝(Mytilus edilus)等水生無脊椎動物對SCCPs相對比較敏感[42-43]?,F(xiàn)有研究認(rèn)為SCCPs對陸生脊椎動物毒性較低,對魚類的急性毒性閾值超過其在水中的溶解度,但一些水生無脊椎動物對SCCPs則相對比較敏感[9,44]。另外,由于SCCPs是一類親脂性化合物,儲存于脂肪中的SCCPs可通過脂肪代謝再進(jìn)入血液而威脅健康[45]??偟膩碚f,雖然SCCPs對多種生物的毒性作用已有相關(guān)報(bào)道,但研究廣度和深度仍然不足。

3展望

我國是CPs生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)大國,也是受SCCPs污染較重的國家之一。由于SCCPs具有持久性、長距離遷移性、生物富集性和生物毒性等特性,必須關(guān)注其對生態(tài)環(huán)境及人體健康的潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn);加大SCCPs的研究力度,對控制污染、保護(hù)環(huán)境具有深遠(yuǎn)的意義。目前,國內(nèi)外對SCCPs的研究還集中在實(shí)驗(yàn)室階段,不同實(shí)驗(yàn)室對同一種 SCCPs 樣品分析結(jié)果差異巨大,開展相對成熟的、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的定量方法研究以及國際實(shí)驗(yàn)室間分析比對研究是必要的。SCCPs毒性效應(yīng)和致毒機(jī)制的研究仍比較粗淺,需加強(qiáng)對其致毒效應(yīng)的機(jī)制和分子機(jī)理的研究。另外海洋作為SCCPs重要的匯,應(yīng)加強(qiáng)SCCPs在海洋中環(huán)境行為的研究力度。

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(責(zé)任編輯:陸雁)

Review on Short-chain Chlorinated Paraffins Pollution in Water

周浩郎,邢永澤,閻冰

ZHOU Haolang,XING Yongze,YAN Bing

(廣西科學(xué)院,廣西紅樹林研究中心,廣西紅樹林保護(hù)與利用重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,廣西北海536007)

(Guangxi Key Lab of Mangrove Conservation and Utilization,Guangxi Mangrove Research Center,Guangxi Academy of Sciences,Beihai,Guangxi,536007,China)

摘要:短鏈氯化石蠟(SCCPs)擬列入“斯德哥爾摩公約”禁止使用的一類持久性有機(jī)污染物,對生態(tài)環(huán)境和人體健康具有極大的潛在危害,已成為國際環(huán)境科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的一個(gè)研究熱點(diǎn)。水體是SCCPs重要的“匯”,本文著重綜述了水生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中沉積物、水、生物體等不同環(huán)境介質(zhì)中SCCPs的含量分布及對水生生物的危害,并對SCCPs的研究重點(diǎn)和前景進(jìn)行展望。

關(guān)鍵詞:短鏈氯化石蠟水體污染狀況

Abstract:Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs),as a candidate of persistent organic pollutants in “Stockholm Convention”,have potential hazard to ecological environment and people health, which becomes a new hotspot in field of environmental science worldwide. The water is an important destination of SCCPs. The distribution of SCCPs in different environmental media and the potential threaten of SCCPs to aquatic animals were critically reviewed in this paper. Meanwhile, the research progress and trend of SCCPs were also reviewed.

Key words:short-chain chlorinated paraffins,water,contamination level

中圖分類號:X52

文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A

文章編號:1002-7378(2016)01-0068-05

作者簡介:周浩郎(1962-),男,副研究員,主要從事海洋生物及其多樣性研究。

收稿日期:2015-08-19

網(wǎng)絡(luò)優(yōu)先數(shù)字出版時(shí)間:2016-01-28

網(wǎng)絡(luò)優(yōu)先數(shù)字出版地址:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/45.1075.N.20160128.1511.006.html

*廣西科學(xué)院基本科研業(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)項(xiàng)目(15YJ22HSL11)資助。

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