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膠萊盆地白堊系林寺山組礫巖沉積特征及盆地演化意義

2016-03-30 07:35曠紅偉柳永清汪明偉王能盛
沉積學(xué)報(bào) 2016年1期
關(guān)鍵詞:萊陽蘇魯造山

章 朋 曠紅偉 柳永清 彭 楠 許 歡 汪明偉 安 偉 王能盛

(1.中國(guó)地質(zhì)科學(xué)院地質(zhì)研究所 北京 100037;2.中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)(北京)地球科學(xué)與資源學(xué)院 北京 100083;

3.中國(guó)海洋石油總公司 湛江分公司 廣東湛江 524057)

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膠萊盆地白堊系林寺山組礫巖沉積特征及盆地演化意義

章朋1,2曠紅偉1柳永清1彭楠1許歡1汪明偉3安偉1王能盛1

(1.中國(guó)地質(zhì)科學(xué)院地質(zhì)研究所北京100037;2.中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)(北京)地球科學(xué)與資源學(xué)院北京100083;

3.中國(guó)海洋石油總公司 湛江分公司廣東湛江524057)

摘要膠萊盆地下白堊統(tǒng)萊陽群底部林寺山組主要由礫巖組成。通過對(duì)盆地及周緣18個(gè)地點(diǎn)林寺山組礫巖系統(tǒng)的調(diào)查,從礫巖組分、礫徑和長(zhǎng)軸排列方向的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析出發(fā),研究該礫巖沉積相類型、盆地物源區(qū)、古水流及林寺山組上覆地層中砂巖碎屑鋯石U-Pb年齡譜特點(diǎn),并進(jìn)一步討論了盆地演化的意義。研究表明,林寺山組底部礫巖以沖積扇相為主,但不同地點(diǎn)亞、微相類型又有差異。原型膠萊盆地由萊陽、海陽—即墨和諸城—五蓮3個(gè)獨(dú)立盆地組成,被6個(gè)隆起區(qū)所分隔。萊陽盆地的物源主要來自膠北隆起和蘇魯造山帶北部;海陽—即墨盆地以蘇魯造山帶北部隆起區(qū)、即墨—牟平隆起、膠南隆起為主物源區(qū);諸城—五蓮盆地以膠南隆起和馬山—李黨家低隆起為主要物源區(qū)。林寺山組礫巖的出現(xiàn)標(biāo)志著蘇魯造山帶大規(guī)模塌陷和膠萊盆地的形成。

關(guān)鍵詞膠萊盆地白堊系林寺山組礫巖沉積特征盆地演化

第一作者章朋男1988年出生碩士研究生沉積地質(zhì)與盆地分析研究E-mail:zhangp0927@126.com

0引言

膠萊盆地恰處于華北克拉通東緣,東南緣通過蘇魯造山帶與華南板塊相接。膠萊盆地早白堊世萊陽群底部普遍發(fā)育一套底礫巖,命名為“林寺山組”礫巖。該礫巖在分析萊陽盆地形成演化歷史中具特殊意義[1-2],其出現(xiàn)與造山帶的活動(dòng)密切相關(guān),記錄著造山帶塌陷成盆的啟動(dòng)時(shí)限,以往未有專門的類似研究,而對(duì)于膠萊盆地的研究多局限于地層劃分對(duì)比、沉積序列以及火山巖年代學(xué)研究,在一系列問題上仍存有爭(zhēng)議。

(1) 盆地原型的性質(zhì)及形成機(jī)制。①膠萊盆地受到古太平洋板塊NW向俯沖的影響,導(dǎo)致郯廬斷裂發(fā)生大規(guī)模左旋活動(dòng)、五蓮—青島斷裂發(fā)生右旋活動(dòng)而形成走滑—拉分盆地[3-5],或者由盆地以某斷裂系的單一右旋或左旋走滑運(yùn)動(dòng)控制形成走滑—拉分盆地[6-11];②膠萊盆地是在蘇魯造山作用后期,由一系列正斷層控制而形成的斷陷盆地[12-17];③膠萊該盆地是由于太平洋板塊對(duì)歐亞板塊的NNW向俯沖而形成的撓曲盆地[18]。

(2) 原型盆地恢復(fù)不一致,盆地原始構(gòu)造單元?jiǎng)澐?、沉積范圍、沉積—沉降中心分布、物源區(qū)等方面存有較大爭(zhēng)議[14,17,19-28]。

(3) 控盆斷裂認(rèn)識(shí)不一致,包括沂沭斷裂帶、即墨—牟平斷裂帶、百尺河斷裂、青島—五蓮斷裂、五龍村斷裂[10,13,18,29-30]。

(4)以往對(duì)蘇魯造山代的研究多集中于構(gòu)造地質(zhì)學(xué)、高壓/超高壓變質(zhì)巖巖石學(xué)變等方面[31-38],未能運(yùn)用盆山耦合理論,通過膠萊盆地的沉積構(gòu)造響應(yīng)信息,反演出蘇魯造山構(gòu)造演化歷程。

本文在前人研究的基礎(chǔ)上,通過對(duì)膠萊盆地林寺山組礫巖18個(gè)不同地點(diǎn)的詳細(xì)調(diào)查,從礫巖組分、礫徑和長(zhǎng)軸排列方向的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析出發(fā),研究該礫巖沉積相類型、礫石成分、古水流及林寺山組上覆地層中砂巖碎屑鋯石U-Pb年齡譜特點(diǎn),并進(jìn)一步討論了盆地演化的意義。研究成果揭示了膠萊盆地林寺山組礫巖源區(qū)、搬運(yùn)過程和沉積環(huán)境,恢復(fù)了膠萊盆地形成初期的古水流系統(tǒng),重建初期各盆地展布格局,最后討論了萊陽盆地的形成機(jī)制及其對(duì)蘇魯造山帶演化理解和啟示。

1地質(zhì)概況

山東省位于華北克拉通中東部,沂水?dāng)嗔褞⑵浞指魹闁|西兩部分,膠萊盆地發(fā)育于沂沭斷裂帶東側(cè)(圖1),總體走向?yàn)镹E—SW向,南北夾于膠南隆起和膠北隆起之間,東部伸入黃海,以千里巖斷裂為界,中部即墨—牟平斷裂將盆地分為東西兩部分,面積約1.2×104km2。原型盆地后期經(jīng)歷了熱力改造、疊合埋深改造、構(gòu)造變形改造和隆升剝蝕改造等,而形成典型白堊紀(jì)復(fù)合改造型盆地[4,29,39-40]。

膠萊盆地基底巖系為太古界膠東群、下元古界荊山群、粉子山群和上元古界蓬萊群,與上覆白堊系下統(tǒng)林寺山組礫巖多呈角度不整合接觸或斷層接觸[4,19]。白堊系地層主要為一套陸相碎屑巖—火山巖沉積,從下往上依次為下白堊統(tǒng)萊陽群、青山群和上白堊統(tǒng)王氏群。萊陽群為河湖相沉積,青山群為中—酸性火山巖、火山碎屑巖夾沉積巖,王氏群以紫紅色、紅色碎屑巖為主的河湖相沉積。

圖1 膠萊盆地地質(zhì)簡(jiǎn)圖及萊陽群地層柱狀簡(jiǎn)圖A.黃崖底;B.山角;C.郭城鎮(zhèn);D.朱吳鎮(zhèn);E.海陽桃源;F.皇華鎮(zhèn);G.許孟鎮(zhèn);H.五蓮;I.桑園鎮(zhèn);J.柳黃溝;K.郝戈莊;F1.青島—五蓮斷裂;F2.即墨—牟平斷裂帶;F3.千里巖斷裂。Fig.1 Sketch geological map of Jiaolai Basin and columnar section of the Laiyang Gruop

萊陽群由下向上劃分為六個(gè)組,依次為瓦屋夼組、林寺山組、止鳳莊組、水南組、龍旺莊組和曲格莊組[4]。瓦屋夼組為灰綠、灰黃色頁巖、粉砂巖夾含細(xì)礫砂巖、砂礫巖沉積,含有大量葉肢介及植物化石[14],野外調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),瓦屋夼組橫向上與林寺山組應(yīng)為相變關(guān)系。林寺山組主要為紫紅色、淺紫紅色、褐灰色粗—巨礫巖至細(xì)礫巖,夾紫紅色或灰綠色砂巖,化石少見。止鳳莊組下部為辮狀河相沉積,主要為紫紅色中礫巖、砂礫巖、粗砂巖,與林寺山組整合接觸或相變接觸,上部為三角洲相沉積,主要為紫紅色、灰黃色細(xì)—粉砂巖砂巖,局部夾中—粗砂巖。水南組為湖泊相沉積,主要為灰綠色、灰黑色薄層狀粉砂巖質(zhì)頁巖、粉砂巖和細(xì)砂巖沉積。龍旺莊組為灰紫色、灰綠色中細(xì)砂巖、粉砂巖、泥巖,夾含礫細(xì)砂巖。曲格莊組為河流相沉積,主要為紫紅色砂礫巖、粗砂巖、中細(xì)砂巖組成的正韻律沉積。

本文所研究的林寺山組由山東區(qū)域地質(zhì)調(diào)查隊(duì)王來明等(1992年)命名,它主要分布于膠北隆起南緣和膠南隆起北緣,由山麓洪積相的巨礫巖、粗礫巖、中礫巖組成,夾少量中—薄層砂巖,沉積厚度較薄,為一套邊緣相沉積。該套地層與下覆盆地基底呈斷層或角度不整合接觸。

2研究方法

(1) 對(duì)早白堊世中—晚期萊陽群沉積巖石組合、沉積構(gòu)造等進(jìn)行描述,并對(duì)林寺山組出露較好,地層連續(xù)的地區(qū)進(jìn)行剖面實(shí)測(cè),綜合分析盆地沉積相類型和古地理環(huán)境。

(2) 對(duì)18個(gè)林寺山組礫巖測(cè)點(diǎn)的礫石成分、磨圓度、長(zhǎng)軸長(zhǎng)度、短軸長(zhǎng)度進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)和分析(表1、圖1),每個(gè)測(cè)點(diǎn)統(tǒng)計(jì)面積不小于1 m2。根據(jù)各測(cè)點(diǎn)的礫石成分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù),繪制礫石成分含量餅狀圖,分析盆地的物源區(qū)。根據(jù)公式φ=-log2(X)獲得各個(gè)測(cè)點(diǎn)礫石長(zhǎng)軸長(zhǎng)度的粒徑φ值(X為礫石長(zhǎng)軸長(zhǎng)度,單位為mm),繪制各測(cè)點(diǎn)φ值的概率直方圖和累計(jì)概率曲線圖;然后依據(jù)??撕臀值滤岢龉剑謩e計(jì)算各測(cè)點(diǎn)礫石的均值、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方差、偏度、峰度值,研究林寺山組沉積時(shí)期水動(dòng)力條件及沉積環(huán)境。

(3) 對(duì)萊陽群中疊瓦狀礫石及交錯(cuò)層理產(chǎn)狀進(jìn)行測(cè)量,再經(jīng)地層校正后制得古水流玫瑰花圖,探討盆地古地貌及物源剝蝕區(qū)位置。

(4) 為了從更高精度上限定盆地物源區(qū),對(duì)林寺山組上覆砂巖中的碎屑鋯石進(jìn)行LA-ICP-MA鋯石U-Pb測(cè)年。樣品粉碎、鋯石挑選與制靶在河北省廊坊誠(chéng)信地質(zhì)公司完成,鋯石透射光、反射光圖像及LA-ICP-MS鋯石U-Pb測(cè)試工作在中國(guó)地質(zhì)科學(xué)院國(guó)家地質(zhì)測(cè)試中心完成。數(shù)據(jù)用Glitter軟件處理,并用Isoplot軟件進(jìn)行年齡計(jì)算和圖譜制作,對(duì)于大于1 000 Ma的年齡采用100×(207Pb/206Pb)/(206Pb/238U),小于1 000 Ma年齡采用100×(207Pb/235Pb)/(206Pb/238U),分別計(jì)算鋯石測(cè)年結(jié)果諧和度,諧和度在90%~110%之外的數(shù)據(jù)予以排除。

3礫巖特征

3.1礫石粒度

膠萊盆地18個(gè)不同地點(diǎn)中林寺山組礫巖粒度的系統(tǒng)觀測(cè)獲得了一系列參數(shù),其中包括:磨圓度、分選、偏度、峰度等(表1)。

3.1.1北部地區(qū)

膠萊盆地北緣黃崖底和山角兩個(gè)測(cè)點(diǎn)分析結(jié)果顯示,兩地區(qū)礫石表現(xiàn)為棱角—次棱角狀,粒徑φ值跨度較大,為-7~1;粒度從下往上表現(xiàn)為多個(gè)細(xì)—粗的沉積旋回。黃崖底標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方差普遍比山角高,多為1.0以上,分選差或中等—差;山角標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方差多為1.0以下,分選中等或差—中等。黃崖底峰度為尖峰;山角峰度多為寬峰或中等寬峰。盆地北部邊緣郭城鎮(zhèn)、朱吳鎮(zhèn)、桃源礫巖標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方差與黃崖底-3、黃崖底-4及山角所測(cè)值較為相近,峰度為中等寬峰狀分布,與山角峰度值較為相似。

3.1.2南部地區(qū)

五蓮-1、五蓮-2、桑園鎮(zhèn)、柳黃溝等地下部礫巖粒徑φ值處于-6~0之間,次圓狀,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方差0.9~1.01,分選中等—差,呈近對(duì)稱分布,為中等寬峰或?qū)挿?;上部五?3測(cè)點(diǎn)粒度偏小,粒徑φ值為-4~2,次棱—棱角狀,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方差0.91,分選中等—差,為寬峰,說明該測(cè)點(diǎn)礫巖沉積水動(dòng)力條件較五蓮-1、五蓮-2測(cè)點(diǎn)礫巖弱?;嗜A鎮(zhèn)和許孟鎮(zhèn)測(cè)點(diǎn)礫巖粒度特點(diǎn)與前述測(cè)點(diǎn)相似,但標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方差要大于前者,最高可達(dá)1.21,表明水動(dòng)力條件的穩(wěn)定性要弱于前者。

3.2礫石成分

通過對(duì)膠萊盆地10個(gè)地點(diǎn)(含18個(gè)測(cè)點(diǎn))的2 241顆礫石成分統(tǒng)計(jì)可知(圖2),北部黃崖底的礫石成分以基底巖系黑云片巖、透輝石巖、大理巖為主,含量高達(dá)93.1%,其次含少量花崗巖(圖3a)。郭城鎮(zhèn)以花崗巖和花崗片麻巖為主,約占85.7%,其次含少量石英巖。山角、朱吳鎮(zhèn)以花崗片麻巖為主,約占62.2%~84.7%,其次為花崗巖和片麻巖(圖3b,c)。海陽桃源的林寺山組礫石成分幾乎全為燕山期花崗巖(圖3d),含量高達(dá)98.3%。南部皇華鎮(zhèn)、許孟鎮(zhèn)、五蓮、柳黃溝主要以花崗巖和花崗片麻巖為主,約占68.5%~87.5%,其次含有少量石英巖、大理巖、片麻巖,以及少量再旋回砂巖和基性侵入巖(圖3e,f)。

3.3礫巖沉積相分析

根據(jù)各礫石測(cè)點(diǎn)統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果(表1),結(jié)合礫巖的沉積充填序列、巖石結(jié)構(gòu)(顆粒支撐類型、膠結(jié)類型)及沉積構(gòu)造等特征,系統(tǒng)分析林寺山期的沉積相及沉積類型(表2)。

表1 膠萊盆地各礫石統(tǒng)計(jì)點(diǎn)礫石長(zhǎng)軸φ值的粒度參數(shù)

圖2 膠萊盆地林寺山組礫石成分分布圖a.花崗片麻巖;b.花崗巖;c.石英巖;d.片麻巖;e.大理巖;f.片巖;g.基性侵入巖;h.砂巖;i.黑云片巖;j.透輝石巖。Fig.2 The gravel components of the Linsishan Formation in the Jiaolai Basin

圖3 膠萊盆地林寺山組礫巖礫石成分a.黃崖底;b.朱吳鎮(zhèn);c.山角;d.海陽;e.許孟;f.五蓮THS.透輝巖;HYP.黑云片巖;SY.石英巖;PM.片麻巖;HGPM.花崗片麻巖;DL.大理巖;JXQ.基性侵入巖Fig.3 Photos showing characteristics of the conglomerate from Linsishan Formation in Jiaolai Basin

萊陽黃崖底林寺山組礫巖(圖4)粒度均值從下向上表現(xiàn)為多個(gè)細(xì)—粗的沉積旋回,偏度表現(xiàn)為多個(gè)偏粗粒分布—近對(duì)稱分布變化旋回,表明當(dāng)時(shí)水動(dòng)力條件極不穩(wěn)定,多期沉積事件相互疊加;礫巖峰度呈尖峰狀分布,表明水動(dòng)力條件極強(qiáng),為干旱型沖積扇沉積;下部礫巖表現(xiàn)為扇根亞相,多為泥石流沉積,夾少量河道沉積(圖4b,c);上部礫巖粒度、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方差較下部有所減小,表明水動(dòng)力強(qiáng)度較下部明顯減弱,表現(xiàn)為扇中或扇端亞相,多為河道沉積和河道間灣沉積(圖4d,e)。

山角、郭城鎮(zhèn)、朱吳鎮(zhèn)、桃源等地林寺山組礫巖(圖4)粒度、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方差、峰度等普遍較黃崖底小,說明林寺山組沉積時(shí)山角水動(dòng)力條件較黃崖底弱。下部多為扇根亞相,泥石流沉積(圖4g);上部則為扇中亞相,以篩狀沉積為主,夾漫流沉積和河道沉積(圖4h~k),漫流沉積層厚度多為20~30 cm,平行層理或斜層理發(fā)育,一些漫流沉積層被水流撕裂、沖斷,延伸不遠(yuǎn)即尖滅,上覆礫巖層表現(xiàn)為正粒序沉積,體現(xiàn)一種突變的水動(dòng)力條件(圖4j);而有些漫流沉積層厚度穩(wěn)定,延伸較遠(yuǎn),上覆礫巖層為逆粒序沉積,這反映一種漸變的水動(dòng)力條件(圖4h)[45]。這種漫流沉積的發(fā)育充分的說明了當(dāng)時(shí)水動(dòng)力條件極不穩(wěn)定,強(qiáng)弱轉(zhuǎn)化頻繁。

皇華鎮(zhèn)和許孟鎮(zhèn)林寺山組礫巖(圖5)粒度特點(diǎn)與山角相似,但沉積特征等方面與山角有顯著區(qū)別,表現(xiàn)為濕潤(rùn)型沖積扇沉積。下部為扇根亞相,泥石流沉積(圖5b)。上部扇中亞相特征最為顯著(圖5c,d,e),河道沉積與篩狀沉積交互出現(xiàn);頂部為扇端亞相,以河道沉積為主(圖5f,g),整套地層漫流沉積少見且厚度較薄(圖5e)。

五蓮、桑園鎮(zhèn)、柳黃溝地區(qū)林寺山組下部礫巖為較強(qiáng)水動(dòng)力條件下的快速混雜堆積,為濕潤(rùn)型沖積扇扇根亞相沉積(圖6a,b,c)。整套沉積層序以發(fā)育一套扇三角洲相為特點(diǎn),以扇三角洲前緣亞相為主(?),多表現(xiàn)為水下河道沉積(圖6d,e,f)。

4盆地物源分析

4.1礫石成分

礫巖一般屬于近源沉積,礫石成分受外界改造較小,所以能直觀地反應(yīng)物源區(qū)母巖成分,揭示盆緣鄰區(qū)山脈隆升和侵蝕演化的過程,恢復(fù)盆地初期的物源區(qū)。本次研究共統(tǒng)計(jì)了10地區(qū)(18個(gè)測(cè)點(diǎn))的礫巖成分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)(圖2)。

黃崖底林寺山組礫石成分以黑云片巖、透輝石巖為主,約占70.4%,其次為大理巖,約為18.3%,含少量花崗巖和石英巖,與下覆荊山群變質(zhì)基底巖性一致,且礫石呈棱角—次棱角狀,不具再旋回沉積礫巖特征,因此,推測(cè)黃崖底礫石可能主要來自鄰近地區(qū)荊山群。桃源礫石成分以燕山期花崗巖為主,含量高達(dá)98.3%,恰好與鄰近花崗巖發(fā)育特征及類型相一致,推斷桃源林寺山組的物源區(qū)可能為蘇魯造山帶北部地區(qū)。

表2 膠萊盆地各地區(qū)林寺山組沉積特征及沉積相劃分依據(jù)

圖4 萊陽盆地北緣林寺山組沉積特征Fig.4 Depositional characteristics of Linsishan Formation in the north of Jiaolai Basin

圖5 萊陽盆地南緣諸城地區(qū)林寺山組沉積特征Fig.5 Depositional characteristics of Linsishan Formation in Zhucheng, the south of Jiaolai Basin

圖6 萊陽盆地南緣林寺山組沉積特征a.五蓮市郊林寺山組下部沖積扇扇根亞相;b.柳黃溝村林寺山組下部沖積扇扇根亞相;c.桑園鎮(zhèn)林寺山組下部沖積扇扇根亞相;d.五蓮市郊林寺山組上部扇三角洲相(?),疊瓦構(gòu)造;e.五蓮市郊林寺山組上部近岸扇三角洲相(?),斜層理;f.五蓮市郊林寺山組上部近岸扇三角洲相(?),正—反粒序?qū)永?。Fig.6 Depositional characteristics of Linsishan Formation in the south of Jiaolai Basin

其余8個(gè)統(tǒng)計(jì)點(diǎn)礫石成分較為一致,以花崗片麻巖、花崗巖為主,兩者含量高達(dá)69%~85%,含少量大理巖、片麻巖等。前寒武紀(jì)花崗片麻巖及燕山期花崗巖在膠北隆起和蘇魯造山帶都有大面積分布[25,46],因此須結(jié)合古水流及砂巖碎屑鋯石年代進(jìn)一步分析和限定盆地物源區(qū)。

4.2古水流

通過對(duì)林寺山組疊瓦構(gòu)造和斜層理產(chǎn)狀的實(shí)測(cè)與統(tǒng)計(jì),繪制古水流玫瑰花圖(圖7)。由圖可知,盆地北緣古流向具有明顯的分帶性,以即墨—牟平斷裂為界,西部萊陽蒲格莊林寺山組中獲得16個(gè)疊瓦數(shù)據(jù),古流向顯示為S,穴坊鎮(zhèn)曲格莊組中獲得17個(gè)斜層理數(shù)據(jù),古流向顯示為W或WS,指示萊陽北部膠北地區(qū)或東北部蘇魯造山帶北部地區(qū)為古隆起,為萊陽地區(qū)提供物源。而斷裂帶東緣朱吳鎮(zhèn)和山角地區(qū)林寺山組中獲得的41斜層理數(shù)據(jù),顯示古水流為E或NE;桃源林寺山組和田橫鎮(zhèn)楊家莊組中獲得的72個(gè)斜層理數(shù)據(jù),古水流顯示為NE—ES,優(yōu)勢(shì)方位為E,表明在海陽西部存在一個(gè)古隆起(即墨—牟平隆起,并推測(cè)其基底性質(zhì)與蘇魯造山北部地區(qū)相似,有相同的巖漿活動(dòng)期次),為海陽地區(qū)提供物源。

盆地南緣五蓮地區(qū)林寺山組中獲得40個(gè)疊瓦數(shù)據(jù),古水流自南向北流;諸城皇華鎮(zhèn)地區(qū)、五蓮許孟地區(qū)林寺山組中測(cè)得56個(gè)疊瓦數(shù)據(jù)及諸城郝戈莊地區(qū)、五蓮羊角石溝村地區(qū)曲戈莊組測(cè)得16個(gè)斜層理數(shù)據(jù),古水流較為一致,以NW為主,表明膠南隆起地勢(shì)較高,可為諸城—五蓮地區(qū)的提供物源。在馬山地區(qū)曲戈莊組獲得的32個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)中,顯示為雙向古水流,分別為NE和W,暗示即墨馬山地區(qū)即為諸城提供物源也為即墨地區(qū)提供物源。

4.3砂巖碎屑鋯石

萊陽群各巖石地層之間多為整合接觸關(guān)系,萊陽群沉積時(shí)期膠萊盆地構(gòu)造運(yùn)動(dòng)穩(wěn)定,盆山格局未發(fā)生較大變化。因此,可以借助林寺山組上覆地層砂巖中碎屑鋯石U-Pb年齡來限定盆地物源區(qū)(圖8,9)。

4.3.1萊陽地區(qū)

萊陽地區(qū)萊陽群砂巖主要包含5個(gè)年齡段碎屑鋯石:早白堊世(120~145 Ma)、晚三疊世(210~250 Ma)、新元古代(600~900 Ma)、古元古代(1 600~2 500 Ma)、太古宙(2 500~2 900 Ma)(圖8a)。早白堊世碎屑鋯石約占34.7%,與膠北隆起發(fā)育的108~173 Ma以及蘇魯造山帶發(fā)育的142~161 Ma、68~135Ma地質(zhì)體年齡一致。晚三疊世及新元古代年齡段碎屑鋯石含量可達(dá)28%,膠北隆起區(qū)缺乏該年齡段地質(zhì)體,而蘇魯造山帶卻含量豐富(205~245.3 Ma,605~888 Ma),推測(cè)蘇魯造山帶為萊陽地區(qū)三疊紀(jì)和新元古代碎屑鋯石的物源區(qū)。古元古代和太古宙年齡段碎屑鋯石含量高達(dá)28%,該年齡段地質(zhì)體在膠北隆起含量豐富(1 817~1 906 Ma,2 468~2 537 Ma,2 610~2 726 Ma,2 846~2 862 Ma),推斷膠北隆起是古元古代—太古宙年齡段碎屑鋯石主要物源區(qū)。此外,可見少量古生代年齡段碎屑鋯石,膠北隆起缺乏古生代巖漿作用記錄,而研究表明蘇魯造山古生代發(fā)育一期巖漿活動(dòng)[28,38,47],可知萊陽地區(qū)古生代碎屑鋯石可能來自于蘇魯造山帶。

圖7 膠萊盆地林寺山組古水流特征Fig.7 Palaeocurrent of Linsishan Formation in Jiaolai Basin

圖8 膠萊盆地萊陽群砂巖碎屑鋯石U-Pb年齡譜圖Fig.8 U-Pb age pedigree for detrital zircon from the sandstone of Laiyang Group in Jiaolai Basin(a,e from Xie, et al.[28])

4.3.2海陽—即墨地區(qū)

海陽地區(qū)萊陽群碎屑鋯石U-Pb年齡分布與即墨地區(qū)具有一定的差異性(圖7b,c)。海陽地區(qū)以晚侏羅世碎屑鋯石為主,含量達(dá)53.5%,其次為晚三疊世—中侏羅世碎屑鋯石,占40.8%,缺失早—中三疊世、早白堊世碎屑鋯石;而即墨地區(qū)主要為早白堊世碎屑鋯石,占65%,其次為中—晚三疊世碎屑鋯石,占21.7%,缺乏中—晚侏羅世、早三疊世碎屑鋯石。這種差異性剛好體現(xiàn)它們物源區(qū)的差異性。第一,靠近海陽地區(qū)的蘇魯造山帶北部隆起區(qū)發(fā)育豐富的晚侏羅世地質(zhì)體(145~161 Ma),而靠近即墨地區(qū)的膠南隆起區(qū)缺乏侏羅紀(jì)地質(zhì)體;第二,膠南隆起發(fā)育大量與即墨地區(qū)碎屑鋯石年齡相符早白堊世侵入體,蘇魯造山帶北部隆起區(qū)缺失;第三,膠南隆起區(qū)發(fā)育中三疊世年齡段地質(zhì)體,蘇魯造山帶北部隆起區(qū)缺乏。綜上可知,海陽地區(qū)以蘇魯造山帶北部隆起區(qū)為主物源區(qū),即墨地區(qū)以膠南隆起為主物源區(qū)。

圖9 膠萊盆地各地質(zhì)體年齡分布圖Fig.9 Age distribution of the geological mass in Jiaodong peninsula

4.3.3諸城—五蓮地區(qū)

諸城—五蓮地區(qū)碎屑鋯石(圖7d,e)具有的共同特點(diǎn):新元古代和古元古代碎屑鋯石發(fā)育,由前文分析可知,新元古代年齡段(640~888 Ma)碎屑鋯石物源區(qū)主要為蘇魯造山隆起區(qū);古元古代年齡段碎屑鋯石主要來自膠北隆起。同時(shí)在五蓮地區(qū)可見少量中—晚三疊世211~244 Ma碎屑鋯石顆粒,主要物源區(qū)為蘇魯造山帶。

通過礫石成分、古水流、碎屑鋯石U-Pb年齡三者的綜合分析和相互驗(yàn)證可知,萊陽地區(qū)物源區(qū)主要為膠北隆起和蘇魯造山北部隆起區(qū);海陽地區(qū)物源區(qū)主要為蘇魯造山帶北部隆起區(qū)和即墨—牟平隆起區(qū);即墨地區(qū)以膠南隆起為主要物源區(qū);諸城—五蓮地區(qū)以膠南隆起和膠北隆起隆起為主要物源區(qū)。

5盆地及周緣造山帶演化意義討論

5.1盆地邊界探討

萊陽地區(qū)黃崖底林寺山組為近源快速堆積,古水流為S或SW向,推測(cè)萊陽地區(qū)北緣即為林寺山期盆地北界,匯水中心位于萊陽地區(qū)南部。同時(shí),即墨—海陽地區(qū)也表現(xiàn)為一套近源沉積,古水流為E向,由前面物源分析可知其北部邊界和東部邊界分別為蘇魯造山帶北部隆起區(qū)和即墨—牟平隆起區(qū)。

多年來,眾多地質(zhì)學(xué)家對(duì)海陽地區(qū)的東部邊界問題進(jìn)行了深入探討,通過大量重磁、地震等資料分析認(rèn)為海陽地區(qū)北部和西部所出露的萊陽群僅為海陽地區(qū)一小部分,推測(cè)黃海海域還發(fā)育大量的萊陽群沉積地層[3,19,17,20,48-49],疊置于蘇魯—千里巖隆起區(qū)之上,主要受控于千里巖—開城斷裂(連云港—石島斷裂)[27,49-51],從海陽地區(qū)北部和西部獲得的一系列E、ES、EN向古水流也說明現(xiàn)今黃海海域當(dāng)時(shí)應(yīng)為匯水區(qū),筆者推斷在該斷裂帶為盆地東部邊界:千里巖—開城隆起區(qū)。

膠南隆起區(qū)北緣和西緣雖多表現(xiàn)為沖積扇沉積,但是礫石磨圓度較好,代表一種較遠(yuǎn)距離搬運(yùn),以往認(rèn)為它們受控于青島—五蓮斷裂,但野外地質(zhì)調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),五蓮—青島斷裂及與基底接觸斷裂為后期形成,且可見萊陽群地層向南超覆于五蓮—青島斷裂帶南部基底之上,推斷在盆地的南部邊界應(yīng)位于現(xiàn)今五蓮—青島斷裂以南。

5.2盆地展布格局

前人在馬山—李黨家區(qū)域鉆探的3口深井(膠參1井、膠參2井、膠參3井)表明王氏群或青山群地層直接覆蓋在前寒武系基底之上,且馬山—李黨家區(qū)域南緣獲得90個(gè)古水流數(shù)據(jù),一致顯示沿著馬山—李黨家區(qū)域南緣向西流,因此,推斷馬山—李黨家區(qū)域在萊陽群沉積時(shí)期為低隆起(可能與膠北隆起性質(zhì)相似,為諸城—五蓮地區(qū)提供物源)[20,26,51]。

通過前文對(duì)物源及盆地邊界分析可知,盆地形成初期存在六個(gè)古隆起:膠北隆起、蘇魯造山帶北部隆起、即墨—牟平隆起、膠南隆起、馬山—李黨家低隆起和千里巖—開城隆起,除馬山—李黨家隆起和千里巖—開城隆起因?yàn)楦采w嚴(yán)重,未見邊緣相外,其他各隆起區(qū)均發(fā)育邊緣相。結(jié)合膠萊盆地林寺山組殘余地層厚度[22]、古水流可知,膠盆地在林寺山組沉積時(shí)期存在三個(gè)匯水區(qū),構(gòu)成3個(gè)獨(dú)立的湖盆:萊陽盆地、海陽—即墨盆地和諸城—五蓮盆地(圖10c)。

5.3對(duì)周緣造山帶演化的意義

膠萊盆地初期林寺山組的發(fā)育特點(diǎn)(沉積序列,物源等)對(duì)蘇魯造山帶演化有哪些指示呢?膠萊盆地林寺山組(約130 Ma)礫巖中發(fā)育大量燕山期花崗巖礫石,萊陽群碎屑鋯石組分多為巖漿成因的晚侏羅世—早白堊世年齡段鋯石,說明林寺山組沉積之前(160~130 Ma),中侏羅世—早白堊世早期花崗侵入巖已剝露于地表。張華峰等[52]通過膠東半島中—晚侏羅世(160~140 Ma)和早白堊世早期(135~125 Ma)花崗巖侵入體的角閃石壓力計(jì)和巖漿綠簾石壓力計(jì)分析可知,它們的侵入深度大致在10~15 km,從而說明膠北隆起和蘇魯高壓—超高壓變質(zhì)帶在林寺山組沉積之前最小以0.3 km/Ma速度快速隆剝蝕(圖10a)。

沉積序列是構(gòu)造事件潛在的重要沉積指標(biāo),擠壓構(gòu)造背景下常形成向上變粗的沉積序列,拉張應(yīng)力下常形成向上變細(xì)的沉積序列。整個(gè)膠萊盆地萊陽群總體表現(xiàn)為向上變細(xì)的沉積序列,盆地形成初期,構(gòu)造極不穩(wěn)定,由于拉張作用在各個(gè)盆地周緣形成狹小裂縫,沉積一套粗碎屑(林寺山組);隨著進(jìn)一步拉張,各盆地可容空間增大,逐漸轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐惶准?xì)碎屑沉積,到達(dá)水南組沉積時(shí)期,湖相地層最為發(fā)育,為盆地壯年期。林寺山組垂向沉積厚度較薄,約100~200 m,向上迅速轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楹雍喑练e,體現(xiàn)為一種快速斷陷成盆的構(gòu)造環(huán)境,盆地基底快速沉降,物源補(bǔ)給速度較慢,導(dǎo)致可容納空間迅速增大。此外,從盆地展布格局(圖10c)可知,海陽—即墨盆地完全坐落在蘇魯造山帶之上,萊陽盆地、諸城—五蓮盆地林寺山組分別向北和向南超覆于造山帶之上,由此可見,膠東半島在經(jīng)歷晚侏羅世—早白堊世早期快速隆升后,于早白堊世中期構(gòu)造應(yīng)力發(fā)生突變,整個(gè)膠東半島,包括蘇魯造山帶及膠北隆起發(fā)生了大規(guī)模的垮塌、成盆作用。這種造山帶垮塌成盆作用不僅發(fā)生在蘇魯造山帶,天山—興蒙造山帶、秦嶺—大別造山帶(圖10b)都有所表現(xiàn)[53-54]。

秦嶺—大別造山帶垮塌時(shí)限與蘇魯造山垮塌時(shí)限一致,早白堊世大別山造山帶核部發(fā)育毛坦廠組、黑石渡組;毛毯廠組為一套火山巖夾沉積巖沉積,安山巖的K-Ar同位素年齡為150~130 Ma,沉積巖中可見榴輝巖礫石[55-58],火山巖地球化學(xué)特征顯示為板塊聚斂火山弧[59],反應(yīng)一種擠壓環(huán)境;而上伏早白堊世中—晚期黑石渡組下部為近源碎屑流沉積,沉積厚度薄,上部為湖相濁積巖,欠補(bǔ)償沉積,受大別造山帶核部正斷層控制,坐落于大別山造山帶之上[60-63],表明130 Ma之后大別山造山帶核部發(fā)生了快速垮塌、成盆作用。此外,早白堊世中期,華北南緣—北秦嶺造山帶及鄰近盆地依次朝S、SW遷移,沉積物超覆于造山帶之上,下部同樣沉積一套較薄的礫巖層,其后迅速轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榘肷詈⑸詈嗄囗搸r層,同樣反映了一種快速、欠補(bǔ)償成盆的特點(diǎn)。天山—興蒙造山帶垮塌時(shí)限早于南部秦嶺—大別—蘇魯造山垮塌時(shí)限,為晚侏羅世—早白堊世,同樣表現(xiàn)出相似的沉積特征[53,64-65],如東戈壁盆地[66]。

華南板塊于晚三疊世沿秦嶺—大別—蘇魯造山帶與華北克拉通發(fā)生拼合之后[67-68],在侏羅紀(jì)經(jīng)歷強(qiáng)烈構(gòu)造擠壓的方式折返[69-71],并于早侏羅世折返到地表,向合肥及周緣盆地供給物源[58,69,71-73]。隨著擠壓作用的持續(xù)進(jìn)行,華北克拉通南部秦嶺—大別—蘇魯造山帶及鄰區(qū)地殼強(qiáng)烈縮短[53,63],巖石圈加厚,達(dá)到一定臨界值后,造山帶發(fā)生去根作用,進(jìn)而軟流圈物質(zhì)上涌[74],導(dǎo)致秦嶺—大別—蘇魯造山帶及鄰區(qū)迅速垮塌成盆。此時(shí),無論是膠東地區(qū)還是魯西地塊都發(fā)育大量的巖漿活動(dòng),表現(xiàn)為雙峰式巖漿作用,構(gòu)造應(yīng)力由擠壓為主轉(zhuǎn)換為伸展為主。華北周緣及其內(nèi)部發(fā)育大量的變質(zhì)核雜巖,如:呼和浩特、云蒙山等,伸展方向與與膠萊盆地一致,為NW—SW[15,17,30,75-76]。此時(shí),伊澤納崎板塊的俯沖方向由NE轉(zhuǎn)為W[77-78],也可能從一定程度上觸發(fā)了造山帶的去根作用。綜上分析可知,早白堊世中期(約130 Ma),為一重要構(gòu)造轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)期,林寺山組的沉積標(biāo)志著整個(gè)秦嶺—大別—蘇魯造山帶大規(guī)模塌陷成盆的開始(圖10b)。

6結(jié)論

圖10 萊陽盆地林寺山組沉積時(shí)期的沉積模式Fig.10 The depositional model of Jiaolai Basin in the sedimentary period of the Linsishan Formation (圖a,b modified from Xu et al.[78])

(1) 膠萊盆地林寺山組粒徑均值主要集中在-2.00~-3.86(4~14.6 cm),個(gè)別粒徑達(dá)到-6.29(78 cm)。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方差、偏度、峰度的范圍分別為0.82~1.21,-0.11~0.12,0.82~1.28,各個(gè)礫石測(cè)點(diǎn)之間存在差異性,反應(yīng)它們形成環(huán)境的異同性。北部黃崖底的林寺山組礫石成分以黑云片巖、透輝石巖、大理巖為主,郭城鎮(zhèn)以花崗巖和花崗片麻巖為主,山角、朱吳鎮(zhèn)以花崗片麻巖為主,其次為花崗巖和片麻巖,海陽桃源幾乎全為花崗巖。南部皇華鎮(zhèn)、許孟鎮(zhèn)、五蓮、柳黃溝以花崗巖和花崗片麻巖為主。

(2) 黃崖底地區(qū)為干旱型沖積扇沉積,下部為扇根亞相,多為泥石流沉積,夾少量河道沉積;上部為扇中或扇端亞相,多為河道沉積和河道間灣沉積。山角、郭城鎮(zhèn)、朱吳鎮(zhèn)等地林寺山組為干旱型沖積扇沉積,下部多為扇根亞相,泥石流沉積;上部為扇中亞相,以篩狀沉積為主,夾漫流沉積和河道沉積。盆地南緣皇華鎮(zhèn)和許孟鎮(zhèn)地區(qū)為濕潤(rùn)型沖積扇沉積,下部為扇根亞相,泥石流沉積;上部為扇中亞相,河道沉積與篩狀沉積交互出現(xiàn);頂部為扇端亞相,河道沉積為主。五蓮、桑園鎮(zhèn)、柳黃溝地區(qū)下部為濕潤(rùn)型沖積扇扇根亞相,泥石流沉積;上部為近源扇三角洲相,以水下辯狀河道沉積為主。

(3) 膠萊盆地被六個(gè)隆起區(qū)分割成三個(gè)獨(dú)立湖盆:萊陽盆地、海陽—即墨盆地、諸城—五蓮盆地組成。萊陽盆地的物源區(qū)主要為膠北隆起和蘇魯造山帶北部隆起;海陽—即墨盆地中海陽地區(qū)以蘇魯造山帶北部隆起和即墨—牟平隆起為主物源區(qū),即墨地區(qū)以膠南隆起為主物源區(qū);諸城—五蓮盆地以膠南隆起和膠北隆起為主要物源區(qū)。

(4) 早白堊世中期(約130 Ma)為一重要構(gòu)造轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)期,標(biāo)志著膠萊盆地的形成及秦嶺—大別—蘇魯造山帶大規(guī)模塌陷成盆作用的啟動(dòng)。

致謝在野外調(diào)查工作中山東省國(guó)土資源廳地質(zhì)調(diào)查研究院許克民高級(jí)工程師給予的熱情幫助和指導(dǎo);另外,還要感謝本文審稿人提出的的評(píng)審意見和有益建議,以及編輯們負(fù)責(zé)、細(xì)致和辛苦的工作,在此一并表示衷心感謝。

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Conglomerates on the Base Linsishan Formation of the Middle Early Cretaceous in Jiaolai Basin of Eastern Shandong,and Implications for Basin Evolution

ZHANG Peng1,2KUANG HongWei1LIU YongQing1PENG Nan1XU Huan1

WANG MingWei3AN Wei1WANG NengSheng1

(1. Institute of Geoolgy, China Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China;2. School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences(Beijing), Beijing 100083, China;3. Zhanjiang Branch of CNOOC Ltd., Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524057, China)

Abstract:The Linsishan Formation, belonging to the bottom of the middl Early Cretaceous Laiyang Group in Jiaolai basin,Eastern Shandong, consists dominantly of a variety of conglomerates.Based on the petrological compositions, grain sizess and orientation of gravels within conglomerates at least 18 observation localities and a combination of detrital zircon dates of sandstones overlying the Linsishan Formation, this research reports a comprehensive results of the sedimentary facies, provenances,paleocurrents and implications of basin evolution.This study indicates that the Linsishan Formation mainly comprises of alluvial fan conglomerates with a variation of sedimentary microfacies in basin scale.The synsedimentary Jiaolai basin in term of paleogeography was constituted by three individual basins,i.e.,the Laiyang, Haiyang-Jimo and Zhucheng-Wulian basins, separated by the six paleo-uplifts.Provenance of the Laiyang basin are derived from Jiaobei uplift and the northern Sulu Orogenic Belt; source of the Haiyang-Jimu basin provided by northern Sulu Orogenic Belt, Jimo-Mouping uplift and Jiaonan uplift; Provenance of the Zhucheng-Wulian basin are derived from Jiaonan uplift and Mashan-Lijiadang low uplift. Finally,initiation of conglomerates of the Linsishan Formation in Eastern Shandong is a sign of formation of the synsedimentary Jiaolai basin and further,implies a large-scale collapse of the Sulu Orogenic Belt resulted from vast extensional crustal detachment and lithosphere thinning in East China because of destruction of North China Craton.

Key words:Jiaolai Basin; Cretaceous; Linsishan Formation; Conglmerate; sedimentary characteristics; basin evolution

中圖分類號(hào)P534.53

文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼A

通訊作者曠紅偉女教授E-mail:kuanghw@126.com

基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家自然基金項(xiàng)目(41272021, 41372109, 90914003); 中國(guó)地質(zhì)調(diào)查局項(xiàng)目(1212011085477, 12120114064301)[Foundation: China Natural Science Foundation, NO.41272021, 41372109, 90914003; China Geological Survey Project, NO.1212011085477, 12120114064301]

收稿日期:2015-01-12; 收修改稿日期: 2015-04-10

doi:10.14027/j.cnki.cjxb.2016.01.002

文章編號(hào):1000-0550(2016)01-0015-18

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