文/五花肉

籃球標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)化史

文/五花肉

籃球競技標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的變化，很大程度上決定了籃球運動的發(fā)展趨勢。它的演變，始終有一個基點，即標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的修改總是與籃球運動水平保持著最密切的關(guān)系。當(dāng)籃球運動水平提高，舊的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不能適應(yīng)比賽，就必須做出改變。

The change of athletic standards in basketball largely affects the basketball's development trend. Its development always has a basis point, namely standards modifications always keep the closest relationship with the basketball level. As the level of basketball rises, the old standards are not suitable to the game, so it must make changes.

空間標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：距離

Space Standard： Distance

曾幾何時，籃球運動是巨人的天下，但是 20世紀(jì) 80 年代后，比賽場地的擴大和遠(yuǎn)投三分的確立，為矮個隊員發(fā)揮快、靈、準(zhǔn)的優(yōu)勢創(chuàng)造了條件。Basketball used to be dominated by the "giant". After 1980s, the expansion of playing court and the setting of three point line have created the conditions for short players to take their advantages, which are fast, flexible and accurate.

2010年國際籃聯(lián)修訂了三分線的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：以籃圈中心為圓點、以6.75m（量到圓弧外沿）為半徑畫一圓弧，與距邊線0.90m的兩條豎線相交形成三分線（比之前的三分線外擴0.5 m）。

In 2010, FIBA revised the standard on three point line. According to the FIBA's rule, the three-point line is 6.75 m away from the basket on the arc, and across with two straight lines both 0.90m away from the sidelines.

越來越多的矮個隊員，利用擴大的外圍場地或遠(yuǎn)投或快速突破切入，徹底打破之前一味籃下得分的比賽模式，使得比賽更具觀賞性。

More and more short players use the expansion of perimeter to make long-distance shot or fast break, which thoroughly changes the competition format of single scoring under basket and makes the game become more worth-watching.

時間標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：速度

Time Standard： Speed

1936年，男子籃球被正式列為奧運會項目，美國隊獲得冠軍，但當(dāng)時美國隊與第二名加拿大隊的比分僅僅為 18：：8，與第三名墨西哥的比分為25：：10，這樣低效率的比賽自然讓人乏味。Men's basketball was first included at the Berlin 1936 Summer Olympics. The United States beat Canada to win the championship, however, the score was only 18：：8. Mexico, who won the third place, verse the United States, was 10：：25. There is no wonder that the audience felt bored about these inefficiency games.

為了扭轉(zhuǎn)這一局面，國際籃聯(lián)對時間標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行了多次修訂，如：球進(jìn)入前場時間標(biāo)準(zhǔn)從10秒變?yōu)?秒、一次進(jìn)攻時間標(biāo)準(zhǔn)從30秒變?yōu)?4秒、罰球可處理時間標(biāo)準(zhǔn)從10秒變?yōu)?秒等，進(jìn)一步加快了比賽節(jié)奏，提升了比賽的對抗性和精彩程度。

To reverse course, FIBA revised the time standards for several times. For example, time restriction on possession of the ball was reduced from 10 seconds to 8 seconds, shot clock was reduced from 30 seconds to 24 seconds, time restriction on attempt a free throw was reduced from 10 seconds to 5 seconds, all the modifications accelerated competitive pace and improve the level of antagonism and excitement.

陣型標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：鋒衛(wèi)

Formation Standard： Forward and Guard

隨著現(xiàn)代籃球運動水平不斷提高，球員的職責(zé)也日益精細(xì)化，不同特點的球員被賦予了不同陣型的位置設(shè)定。傳統(tǒng)意義上的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)陣型由控球后衛(wèi)、得分后衛(wèi)、小前鋒、大前鋒和中鋒組成。每個位置上的球員選擇都有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，比如中鋒，一般由隊中最高的球員擔(dān)任，強調(diào)籃下的防守，以及在禁區(qū)附近投籃得分的主要進(jìn)攻點。我國的籃球運動員姚明就是中鋒的代表人物之一。

With the increasing levels of the modern basketball, the player's responsibilities are refined. Different players are placed in the different positions in the formation. The traditional standard formation consists of point guard, shooting guard, small forward, power forward and center. There is a standard on player selection at every position. For example, generally, center position is played by the tallest player in the team, emphasizes the defense under the basket, and scores by the shot near the painted area. Ming Yao, the Chinese basketball player, is one of the representative center players.

當(dāng)然，陣型的選擇并不是一成不變的。06—07賽季，NBA的菲尼克斯太陽隊就拋棄了中鋒位置，由納什領(lǐng)銜4名速度型進(jìn)攻球員，打出了令人賞心悅目的“跑轟”戰(zhàn)術(shù)。這種陣型的改變，是由球隊的人員配置決定的。

However, the choice of formation does not remain unchanged. In 06-07 season in NBA, Phoenix Suns gave up the center position. Steve Nash led 4 fast offensive players and played the style of run and gun, which was a feast for the eyes. This change of formation is decided by the allocation of players.

結(jié) 語

Conclusion

如今，籃球運動已經(jīng)完成職業(yè)化、商業(yè)化和社會化轉(zhuǎn)變，成為兼具大眾性、科技性、競技性、產(chǎn)業(yè)性和觀賞性的特殊文化形態(tài)?；蛟S，在不遠(yuǎn)的將來，隨著競技標(biāo)準(zhǔn)新的“進(jìn)化”，籃球運動也將邁上新的發(fā)展高度。

Basketball has made the shift of professionalism, commercialization and socialization, and becomes a unique culture pattern with the unity of popularity, science and technology, competitiveness, industrialization and ornamental value. Perhaps in the future, as competitive standard is improved, the development of basketball will enter into a new level.

（支持單位：上海市質(zhì)量和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化研究院）