Text by Madeline Weng Photos by Zeng Jian and Liu Shikun Translation by Shi Yu

LIU SHIKUN AESTHETlC EDUCATlON MATTERS

劉詩(shī)昆:美育成國(guó)家戰(zhàn)略是件好事

Text by Madeline Weng Photos by Zeng Jian and Liu Shikun Translation by Shi Yu

N: NIHAO

L: LIU SHIKUN

N: Though they excel in technique, some Chinese pianists are criticised by some western critics for failing to interpret what's within the music. What do you make of this?

L: Well, this statement was brought up back in the 1950s, when Stalin was in control of the Soviet Union. Technically, techniques and emotions are bonded together. They're inseparable. Piano performance is mostly about the performer's tempo and techniques. If your tempo is nice and fast and your music sounds pleasant, that means you make it both technical and emotional.

N: As a man who witnessed modern China's great changes, and as a man who has met many Chinese and foreign leaders, how do you define a successful life? What kind of a man do you want to become?

L: I never thought about that. I only ask myself to

achieve three points: do things as much as I can, aslong as I can and as well as I can. I was wrongly put into jail for six years. I know how it's like when you hit the lowest bottom of your life. So now I have peace of mind. I won't be so hard on myself. I won't be laden with grief and regret.

I have connections in various fields. In the science field, I have Franklin Yang (well-known physicist), Yuan Longping (outstanding hybrid rice expert), QianWeichang (well-known dynamicists and applied mathematician). In the literature circle, I have Mo Yan, FengYicai, Wang Meng. I also have Han Meilin within the art circle and Yan Bin within the business circle. They are all my friends. Of all the people I know, few of them come from the music fi eld; and my friends from popular music circles are not less than those from classic music circles. I admire them for they are well up in what they do.

However, there is a strange phenomenon going on in China right now: negative images always get more hits than positive ones. Pharmaceutical chemist Tu Youyou, whom I respect so much, discovered artemisinin and made it possible to save about one and a half million lives a year in Africa. But her Nobel Prize winning news still had to make room for the headlines of some celebrity's luxury wedding.

I think young people should learn something down to earth. Do whatever they can with honesty, dedication, earnestness and perseverance. At the same time, I also respect workers from the bottom of society, because they are really making contributions. When it comes to working, hierarchy doesn't really matter. What matters is how signifi cant and excellent the contribution is.

N: China has the most piano students around the world. Also, in North America, Hong Kong, Singapore and other areas, there are more overseas Chinese children taking piano sessions compared to native children. What do you make of this trend of learning to play the piano?

L: The West used to focus on aristocratic education. Now that they've reached a bottleneck in terms of music education, they start to promote science education. However, the current generation of parents in China have gone through poverty and political upheavals (a time when pianos were being burnt). They didn't catch the chance to learn to play the piano and now they are hoping that their kids can fulfi ll that dream for them. When I was young, there were only five cities in China that had piano education. But now we have piano education everywhere, from the east to the west.

As long as a country wants to maintain a sustainable development, it has to focus on improvement of its citizen's cultural qualities. The central government has been investing great efforts into the elimination of illiteracy. From President Hu Jintao to President Xi Jinping, they have been stressing on “nurturing a new generation of Chinese that are comprehensively educated.” The State Council had also issued a document featuring how aesthetic education plays a vital and unique role in education as a whole. Putting aesthetic education on the national strategy list is a good thing.

As a major way of aesthetic education, piano education can definitely improve a child's all-round quality. As an ancient Chinese saying goes: “Ten fingers are connected to the heart”, by heart we actually mean brain. Moving your fingers quickly is a way to enhancethe agility of your brain. That's why some elder Chinese like to grind walnuts with their hands.

N: Can you give some advice to the young learners and their parents?

L: Firstly, the piano is not just for the talented to learn. If those who learn physics have to become Albert Einstein, we're better off learning nothing. If everybody becomes the emperor, then everybody is the servant—because a thing is precious only when it is scarce.

Hong Kong has the highest percentage of young piano learners in the country, but parents are the least strict on their kids. This is right. Parents should always focus on whether their kids are enjoying themselves instead of being anxious for success. Music can be a part-time hobby. The fi rst violin solo of China was composed by Li Siguang a well-known Chinese geologist. Sir Edward Heath, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1970 to 1974, once conducted the London Symphony Orchestra.

Secondly, kids are mostly forced to learn to play the piano. It's very normal for a kid if he/she doesn't like to practice. I myself actually was not really a fan of the piano when I was little. Interest doesn't really determine the performance.

Last but not least, parents need to create an on-stage performing chance for their kids once in a while. Actually, kids have bigger performance desire than adults do. On-stage performances can help them develop their stage style and an outgoing personality.

N: How do you think of pop music?

L: Classical music and popular music are all indispensable arts forms. Each has its own characteristics. Though I'm in classic music, I don't have narrow preference. Although classical music is higher than pop music in the hierarchy of culture and arts, pop music doesn't have to be vulgar. Personally, I do enjoy Michael Jackson's rhythm.

Recently, there is an emerging trend to combine classic music with pop music. For example, Andrea Bocelli can perform a great duet with pop singers. This is a good trend. I believe music is supposed to be diversifi ed.

Arts are hierarchically arranged like a pyramid in this society, because what's on the top is usually the hardest to appreciate. You can't expect most young people to listen to Bach and Beethoven at their leisure. My son and my granddaughter like listening to songs by Jay Chou (Taiwanese pop star) rather than me playing the piano. That's true. However, talking about the culture development of a country, we'd better stay focused on promoting and spreading high-end art forms.

N:一些西方樂評(píng)家批判中國(guó)鋼琴家擁有高超的鋼琴技巧，卻詮釋不出樂曲的感情，對(duì)此你怎么看？

L:這個(gè)說法是50年代蘇聯(lián)斯大林時(shí)代提出的概念。實(shí)際上，演奏技巧和感情是統(tǒng)一不可分割的。鋼琴演奏大部分都需要靠速度和技巧。彈得快，以及聽起來(lái)舒服，都是因?yàn)榧记珊透星橥瑫r(shí)到位了。中國(guó)有不少優(yōu)秀的少壯派鋼琴家，比如王羽佳，他們中很多人只是沒有碰到好的機(jī)遇。

N:作為一個(gè)見證了中國(guó)近代歷史巨變的人，你接觸過許多中外領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。你怎么定義成功人士的人生？你想要成為什么樣的人？

L:我從來(lái)沒想過要成為什么樣的人。我只要求自己做到這三點(diǎn)：能做多少做多少，能做多久做多久，能做多好做多好。我年輕的時(shí)候坐了六年冤獄，品嘗過人生最底層的味道，所以我的心態(tài)比較平和，不會(huì)對(duì)自己的人生抱有過高的苛求，也不會(huì)有什么憂傷和悔恨。

我的人脈涉及的領(lǐng)域很廣。科學(xué)界的楊振寧、袁隆平、錢偉長(zhǎng)，文學(xué)界的莫言、馮驥才、王蒙，美術(shù)界的韓美林，商界的嚴(yán)彬。他們都是我的好朋友。在我認(rèn)識(shí)的人群中，音樂界的反而占少數(shù)；而流行音樂界的人脈并不少于古典音樂界。對(duì)于這些在各自領(lǐng)域有造詣的人，我都贊賞和佩服。

我認(rèn)為年輕人還是應(yīng)該實(shí)實(shí)在在地學(xué)點(diǎn)東西，誠(chéng)信、敬業(yè)、踏實(shí)、努力地做力所能及的工作。我特別尊重做得好的底層工作者，因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)跒樯鐣?huì)作貢獻(xiàn)。工作沒有等級(jí)之分，只有成就大小和優(yōu)劣之分。

N:中國(guó)學(xué)琴人數(shù)已經(jīng)成為世界公認(rèn)的第一。在北美、香港、新加坡等地學(xué)鋼琴的華僑子女的平均人數(shù)大大超過了本土子女的平均學(xué)琴人數(shù)。你怎么看當(dāng)代中國(guó)的學(xué)琴熱？

L:以前的西方教育屬于貴族化教育，而現(xiàn)在美國(guó)、歐洲在音樂教育上達(dá)到了瓶頸，開始提倡自然教育。而中國(guó)的家長(zhǎng)一代經(jīng)歷了貧窮和政治動(dòng)亂（火燒鋼琴的時(shí)代），沒有機(jī)會(huì)學(xué)鋼琴，因此希望孩子能夠替他們圓夢(mèng)，長(zhǎng)大后比他們的文化素質(zhì)高。我小時(shí)候，中國(guó)只有5個(gè)城市有鋼琴教育；而現(xiàn)在，從一線、二線到西部等地的鋼琴教育都發(fā)展得很好。

一個(gè)國(guó)家要想可持續(xù)發(fā)展，就必須重視提高人的素質(zhì)。中央一直在加大投資以消滅文盲，把美育放到了國(guó)家戰(zhàn)略，這是件好事。

N:你可以為琴童和家長(zhǎng)提一些學(xué)琴建議嗎？

L:首先，不是只有天才才能學(xué)鋼琴。如果學(xué)物理的都成了愛因斯坦，學(xué)語(yǔ)文的都成為巴金，學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)的都成為華羅庚……如果是這樣，大家都別學(xué)了！

香港學(xué)琴的孩子的比例在全國(guó)最高，但是他們的家長(zhǎng)對(duì)孩子的要求最低。實(shí)際上這是對(duì)的。家長(zhǎng)應(yīng)該抱著讓孩子陶冶情操的心態(tài)，不應(yīng)急于求成。音樂可以是一門業(yè)余愛好。中國(guó)第一首小提琴曲是地質(zhì)學(xué)家李四光的作品，英國(guó)70年代初的首相希斯曾經(jīng)指揮過倫敦交響樂團(tuán)。

其次，兒童學(xué)習(xí)基本上都是強(qiáng)制性的。孩子不喜歡練琴是正常現(xiàn)象，我小時(shí)候就是對(duì)鋼琴?zèng)]興趣的代表。彈得好不好，和喜不喜歡沒有直接聯(lián)系。最后，家長(zhǎng)可以適當(dāng)為他們創(chuàng)造一些上臺(tái)機(jī)會(huì)。實(shí)際上，小孩的表現(xiàn)欲比大人更強(qiáng)。上臺(tái)表演可以幫助他們培養(yǎng)臺(tái)風(fēng)，并成為一個(gè)開朗的孩子。

N:你怎么看流行音樂？

L:經(jīng)典文藝、嚴(yán)肅音樂和通俗音樂都是世界上缺一不可的文藝形態(tài)。雖然古典音樂的整個(gè)文化層次和文藝級(jí)別比通俗音樂更高，但通俗音樂并不都是低級(jí)的。比如說，我個(gè)人特別喜歡邁克爾·杰克遜的節(jié)奏。

我認(rèn)為音樂要多元化。近期，音樂界還出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)將古典音樂和流行音樂融合的趨勢(shì)。比如，波切利介于兩者之間，和流行歌手合唱時(shí)可以達(dá)到高度的融合。這是一個(gè)好的趨勢(shì)。

任何社會(huì)的文藝都是金字塔形的，你不能要求多數(shù)年輕人茶余飯后都去欣賞巴赫、貝多芬。我的兒子、小孫女并不喜歡聽我彈琴，他們更喜歡聽周杰倫的歌，這是事實(shí)。但從一個(gè)國(guó)家、民族的文藝前進(jìn)方向來(lái)講，還是要注意推廣和弘揚(yáng)高端文藝。