文/歐陽芳
順藤摸瓜巧猜詞義
——詞義猜測題解題技巧
文/歐陽芳
猜詞能力是英語應(yīng)用能力的重要指標(biāo)。要準(zhǔn)確把握詞義猜測題,一方面我們需要較大的泛讀量,掌握較多的課外詞匯,同時若能巧妙聯(lián)系上下文來理解,把握順藤摸瓜的技巧,通過構(gòu)詞、定義、邏輯(如對比、因果等)、常識等線索,我們也能準(zhǔn)確敲定詞義。
詞義猜測題的常見命題形式有:
1.The underlined word“...”most probably means...
2.By saying“...”,the author means...
3.The expression“...”is closest to...
4.According to the passage,the phrase“...”suggests...
5.The underlined part“...”(in Para...)means...
做這種類型的閱讀理解題,我們還是得以“詞不離句、句不離篇”的邏輯表達(dá)習(xí)慣為解題宗旨,巧妙利用上下文中的線索(詞匯、邏輯或常識),準(zhǔn)確猜測詞義。常見的詞義猜測題可從以下幾個方面入手:
如果需要猜測的詞中有自己熟悉的詞根,我們應(yīng)該根據(jù)上下文大膽推測其基本構(gòu)詞的方式,猜出詞義。如:
【中考真題1】(2015年安徽卷,保留原題號)Mr.Hirsh Goldberg wrote a book on telling lies.He said in his book that almost all persons lie about 200 times a day. In our daily life,a typical(典型的)lie for a man is“I did not d rink that much”and for a woman is“Nothing is wrong,I'm fine”.It is found that nurses are the most honest people,while sales people and politicians(政客)are the biggest liars.
79.The underlined w ord“l(fā)iars”probably means“”.
A.獲利者B.說謊者C.影響者D.領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者
解析:lie一詞在文中多次出現(xiàn),根據(jù)我們熟悉的詞綴-er表示“做……的人”可知,liar應(yīng)該為詞根lie+ar構(gòu)成,推測其意思為“說謊者”就不難了。再加上文中the biggest liar與the most honest people之間的對比含義,對推測結(jié)果的正確性就更有把握了。
作者通常會在猜測詞義處的上文或下文中,用其同義詞或反義詞進(jìn)行解釋說明,這也是猜測詞義的一個重要方法。
【中考真題2】(2015年遵義卷,保留原題號)Another thing she taught me was punctuality. She set a good example with her own actions.She was always on time,so we students tried our best on time.
52.The underlined word“punctuality”in the third paragraph probably means .
A.being on time B.being honest C.being patient
解析:通過下文中描述“她用自己總是準(zhǔn)時的行動,給我們樹立了一個好榜樣”,由此可以推測:她教給我的實(shí)際上就是being on time,所以答案選A。
對于個別的詞匯,作者會用解釋語甚至以下定義的方式進(jìn)行闡述,此時抓住解釋語或定義語,詞義的猜測就迎刃而解了。
【中考真題3】(2015年寧夏卷,保留原題號)A lain c limbs as a hobby.He also does it to make money for charity(for poor children and the home less).
58.The underlined word“charity”means“”in Chinese.
A.享受B.休閑C.慈善D.消費(fèi)
解析:括號內(nèi)“為窮苦的孩子們和無家可歸的人們”是對charity的補(bǔ)充解釋,所以我們不難猜到艾倫不僅以攀爬作為業(yè)余愛好,也通過這一活動來賺錢做慈善。所以答案為C。
【中考真題4】(2015年北京卷,保留原題號)The teachers also say that iPads allow students to learn at their ow n pace.Some students might listen to a dialogue only once and understand it,so they can save time for doing other things.Other students,how ever,might need to listen to the same dialogue again and again to understand it.Using iPads is especially helpful to students who are learning a language at different paces.
53.What does the expression“at their own pace”in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A.According to their own timetable.B.Without their teachers'help.
C.Because o f their wonderful goals.D.Against their parents'hope.
解析:此段中首句為段落主旨句,而后面的Some students...Other students,however...則為對段落主旨句的解釋和說明,最后一句話是對全段內(nèi)容的總結(jié)。把握住這一結(jié)構(gòu),短語的意思就不難推測了。既然有些學(xué)生只需學(xué)一遍,而有些學(xué)生需多次反復(fù),說明他們的學(xué)習(xí)步調(diào)不相同,而iPad則能幫助解決這一問題,所以答案為A。
上下文的邏輯關(guān)系是我們猜測詞義的主要方法,只要能識別上下文中的邏輯關(guān)系(因果、并列、轉(zhuǎn)折等)的引導(dǎo)詞,猜詞就不那么困難了。
【中考真題5】(2015年河北卷,保留原題號)...I would also like to be well remunerated for my hard work,so I can lead a comfortable life with this hard-won money.Then I can provide the best for my family.
63.The underlined word“remunerated”in the passage means“”.
A.trained B.praised C.accepted D.paid
解析:so在此表因果關(guān)系,意思為“所以我能用這些辛苦賺下來的錢過上舒適的生活”。后一句又說“然后我就能為家里人提供最好的(生活)”。由此可推知,此句中be well remunerated for...意為“因?yàn)椤玫捷^高的報酬”。所以答案為D。
【中考真題6】(2015年臨沂卷,保留原題號)...When they were alone with the cow s,they often sang beautiful and peaceful songs to calm the animals and to overcome their own fear.
38.The phrase“calm the animals”here means“make the animals become”.
A.sad and lonely B.quiet and relaxed
C.angry and wild D.upset and scared
解析:句中and為表并列關(guān)系的連接詞,to calm the animals與to overcome their fear為牛仔們唱歌的兩個目的,再根據(jù)后面的“為克服他們自身的恐懼”這一目的,我們能體會到牛仔唱歌是為了讓牛安靜和放松,所以答案選B。
閱讀理解題在絕大部分情況下應(yīng)該以文本所說為準(zhǔn),但在詞義猜測方面,我們還得借助于常識,畢竟常識的存在能為作者和讀者搭建一個共同的理解平臺。所以對于部分猜測詞義的內(nèi)容,我們完全可以根據(jù)上下文的提示并結(jié)合常識來準(zhǔn)確猜出詞義。
【中考真題7】(2015年山西卷,有刪節(jié),保留原題號)Because people in the world today are many more than those about fifty years ago,most of the earth's surface has to be filled.The deserts are irrigated with water and crops are no longer eaten by pests(害蟲).The harvest is always good.
52.What's the meaning of the underlined word“irrigated”?
A.沖刷B.灌溉C.淹沒
解析:根據(jù)常識,想要收成不錯,農(nóng)作物就不能有蟲害,沙漠也應(yīng)該解決缺水的問題才行,所以此處irrigated表“(用水)灌溉”。本段句意為:因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在世界上的人比大約50年前要多得多,所以絕大部分地球表面都得利用起來。沙漠被水灌溉而農(nóng)作物也不再被害蟲吃掉了。收成一直都不錯。
總之,在做閱讀理解中的詞義猜測題時,我們首先應(yīng)認(rèn)真閱讀,把握上下文大意,再根據(jù)生詞的情況采用恰當(dāng)?shù)姆椒ㄟM(jìn)行推測,以提高做題的正確率。