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老年冠狀動(dòng)脈慢性完全閉塞患者的臨床特征分析

2016-04-21 02:57荊全民王效增馬穎艷劉海偉韓雅玲
中華老年多器官疾病雜志 2016年2期
關(guān)鍵詞:穩(wěn)定型心絞痛比例

張 劍,李 毅,荊全民,王效增,馬穎艷,王 耿,劉海偉,王 斌,徐 凱,韓雅玲

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老年冠狀動(dòng)脈慢性完全閉塞患者的臨床特征分析

張 劍,李 毅,荊全民,王效增,馬穎艷,王 耿,劉海偉,王 斌,徐 凱,韓雅玲*

(沈陽(yáng)軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科,沈陽(yáng) 110016)

總結(jié)并探討老年冠狀動(dòng)脈慢性完全閉塞(CTO)冠心病患者的臨床、影像學(xué)和經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療(PCI)的特點(diǎn)。入選1995年1月至2014年12月入住沈陽(yáng)軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科行PCI的CTO患者3 957例,其中老年組1452例(36.7%)。老年組穩(wěn)定型心絞痛比例低于非老年組,而不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛患者比例高于非老年組,差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(<0.05)。老年組高血壓和心力衰竭比例高于非老年組,差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均<0.001)。老年組冠心病監(jiān)護(hù)病房CCU住院天數(shù)和總住院天數(shù)均高于非老年組(<0.001)。老年組多支血管病變比例,左主干CTO比例,絕對(duì)性、截然閉塞(刀切狀)、長(zhǎng)度≥15mm、直徑≤2.5mm及橋側(cè)支CTO比例均高于非老年組(<0.001)。老年組CTO靶血管成功率低于非老年組(<0.05),完全血運(yùn)重建比例也低于非老年組(<0.001)。老年CTO病變患者具有不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛、高血壓、心力衰竭和多支病變所占比例偏高的特點(diǎn),且病變程度復(fù)雜,增加了介入治療的難度。

老年人;冠狀動(dòng)脈疾病;慢性完全閉塞;經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療

慢性完全閉塞(chronic total occlusion,CTO)病變是經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)最難攻克的堡壘。老年(≥65歲)CTO患者由于存在較多的冠心病患病危險(xiǎn)因素,病史較長(zhǎng),慢性反復(fù)性心肌缺血致使側(cè)支循環(huán)建立,增加了PCI術(shù)的難度。有關(guān)老年CTO患者的臨床病變特點(diǎn)以及PCI術(shù)的報(bào)道較少,本研究回顧性分析沈陽(yáng)軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科過去15年間連續(xù)收治的CTO-PCI病例,探討老年冠狀動(dòng)脈CTO患者的臨床特點(diǎn)和PCI術(shù)特點(diǎn)。

1 對(duì)象與方法

1.1 研究對(duì)象

入選1995年7月至2014年12月期間在我院住院行PCI術(shù)的CTO病變患者共3 957例,其中老年組(≥65歲)患者1452例(36.7%),非老年組(<65歲)2505例(63.3%)。所有患者PCI術(shù)前均存在心絞痛或心肌缺血的客觀證據(jù),患者臨床特征、冠狀動(dòng)脈造影結(jié)果、PCI相關(guān)資料及住院結(jié)果均來源于我院心內(nèi)科冠心病介入治療數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。CTO病變定義為冠狀動(dòng)脈閉塞≥3個(gè)月、PCI之前“罪犯”血管心肌梗死溶栓治療試驗(yàn)(thrombolysis in myocardial infarction,TIMI)血流分級(jí)0~1級(jí)的病變。排除心肌梗塞≤3個(gè)月、橋血管CTO病變患者。CTO病變包括左主干、前降支、回旋支、右冠狀動(dòng)脈及其主要分支(對(duì)角支、鈍緣支、后降支、后側(cè)支)。

1.2 治療方法

所有患者術(shù)前服用常規(guī)劑量阿司匹林、噻氯吡啶或氯吡格雷等抗血小板藥,術(shù)中按常規(guī)劑量靜脈應(yīng)用肝素,維持活化凝血時(shí)間(activated clotting time,ACT)250~350s。按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方法行球囊擴(kuò)張及支架植入術(shù)。靶病變PCI手術(shù)成功定義為:冠狀動(dòng)脈支架植入術(shù)后殘余狹窄<30%,前向血流達(dá)到TIMI分級(jí)3級(jí),且無嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥。

1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理

2 結(jié) 果

2.1 兩組患者的臨床資料比較分析

兩組患者一般資料比較,老年組年齡、血肌酐水平高于非老年組,而老年組男性患者比例、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)、吸煙飲酒患者比例和甘油三酯低于非老年組,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均<0.001)。老年組穩(wěn)定型心絞痛比例低于非老年組,而不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛患者比例高于非老年組,差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均<0.05)。老年組合并高血壓和心力衰竭例數(shù)高于非老年組,差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均<0.001)。老年組在心臟病監(jiān)護(hù)病房(cardiac care unit,CCU)住院天數(shù)和總住院天數(shù)均高于非老年組(<0.001;表1)。

2.2 兩組患者冠狀動(dòng)脈造影結(jié)果比較分析

老年組患者多支病變1 219例(84.0%),共發(fā)現(xiàn)CTO靶血管1 667支;非老年組多支病變患者1 838例(73.4%),非老年組共發(fā)現(xiàn)CTO靶2 760支。老年組CTO患者多支病變比例高于非老年組(<0.001)。靶血管位置分布比較,老年組左主干CTO比例高于非老年組(<0.001),而左前降支CTO比例低于非老年組(=0.005)。老年組絕對(duì)性、截然閉塞刀切狀、長(zhǎng)度≥15mm、直徑≤2.5mm及橋側(cè)支CTO比例均高于非老年組(<0.001;表2)。

2.3 兩組患者PCI術(shù)結(jié)果比較分析

兩組間比較,老年組CTO靶血管PCI成功率低于非老年組(=0.020),完全血運(yùn)重建的比例也低于非老年組(<0.001)。兩組患者人均支架植入數(shù)、平均支架直徑和平均支架總長(zhǎng)度比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(>0.05;表3)。

3 討 論

老年冠心病患者存在的危險(xiǎn)因素較多,如高血壓、糖尿病、高脂血癥、肥胖、吸煙等[1?3]。老年人各器官生理功能也有不同程度的減退或障礙,往往合并腦血管疾病、外周血管疾病、腎功能不全、慢性阻塞性肺部疾病、凝血因子異常等,其中以腎功能不全最常見[4]。本研究中,老年CTO患者中不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛、高血壓、心力衰竭患者比例和血清肌酐值均較非老年組高。也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[5],老年女性冠心病患者具有較多的危險(xiǎn)因素。老年組的這些特點(diǎn)和危險(xiǎn)因素的存在以及合并器官的功能障礙,都增加了老年CTO患者病變的復(fù)雜程度,進(jìn)而增加了PCI術(shù)的難度,甚至影響到住院周期和預(yù)后,這在老年組CCU住院天數(shù)和總住院天數(shù)均高于非老年組的結(jié)果即可體現(xiàn)。

尸檢資料發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng),動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生率增加[6]。年齡>50歲者中≥50%存在單支冠狀動(dòng)脈明顯狹窄。冠狀動(dòng)脈病變的支數(shù)及嚴(yán)重程度隨年齡增大而增加。老年冠心病患者冠狀動(dòng)脈多支血管病變、復(fù)雜血管病變、左主干病變、彌漫性狹窄、血管完全閉塞、局灶性鈣化、嚴(yán)重血管紆曲、冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)血栓及不發(fā)達(dá)的側(cè)支循環(huán)等明顯增多,斑塊破裂和內(nèi)膜下出血更為常見[7?10]。本研究中老年CTO患者多支病變比例高于非老年組,靶血管分布中,老年組左主干CTO比例高于非老年組,而老年組絕對(duì)性、刀切狀、長(zhǎng)病變、小血管(直徑≤2.5mm)和橋側(cè)支CTO的比例均高于非老年組,這也印證了老年CTO患者病變復(fù)雜、手術(shù)難度大的特點(diǎn)。

表1 兩組患者臨床資料比較

BMI: body mass index; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MI: myocardial infarction; CCU: cardiac care unit

表2 兩組患者冠狀動(dòng)脈造影特點(diǎn)比較

CTO: chronic total occlusion; LM: left main; LAD: left anterior descending; LCX: left circumflex branch; RCA: right coronary artery

表3 兩組患者PCI結(jié)果比較

PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention

本研究中,老年CTO組靶血管PCI成功率及完全血運(yùn)重建的比例均低于非老年組,而在人均支架數(shù)、平均支架直徑和平均支架總長(zhǎng)度的比較中沒有差異。Bell等[11,12]報(bào)道,CTO閉塞時(shí)間、類型、長(zhǎng)度,以及有無心肌梗死等均可影響CTO病變PCI成功率。本文的結(jié)果也提示針對(duì)CTO病變PCI術(shù)的不利因素,在老年CTO患者的冠狀動(dòng)脈影像學(xué)特征中也幾乎均有反映,故對(duì)于老年CTO患者,不論從臨床特點(diǎn)還是從影像學(xué)出發(fā)都增加了介入治療的難度,應(yīng)該引起PCI術(shù)者的高度重視。

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[2] BonowRO, BohannonN, HazzardW. Risk stratification in coronary artery disease and special populations[J]. Am J Med, 1996, 101(4A): 4A17S?4A22S.

[3] Liu W, Wagatsuma K, Nii H,. Impact of diabetes on long term follow-up of elderly patients with chronic total occlusion post percutaneous coronary intervention[J]. J Geriatr Cardiol, 2013, 10(1): 16?20.

[4] Yeh RW, Drachman DE. Coronary chronic total occlusion in the elderly: demographic inevitability, treatment uncertainty[J]. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv, 2013, 82(1): 93?94.

[5] Stone PH, Thompson B, Anderson HV,. Influence of race, sex, and age on management of unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction: the TIMIⅢ registry[J]. JAMA, 1996, 275(14): 1104?1112.

[6] Eckart RE, Shry EA, SimpsonDE,. Percutaneous coronary intervention in the elderly: procedural success and 1-year outcomes[J]. Am J Geriatr Cardiol, 2003, 12(6): 366?368.

[7] Graham MM, Ghali WA, Faris PD,. Survival after coronary revascularization in the elderly[J]. Circulation, 2002, 105(20): 2378?2384.

[8] Cheitlin MD. Risk stratification in the elderly patient with known or suspected coronary artery disease: is it useful; who should have it[J]? Am J Geriatr Cardiol, 1998, 7(1): 49?53.

[9] Meier B. Coronary angioplasty in chronic total occlusion[J]. Rev Port Cardiol, 1999, 18 (Suppl 1): 155?160.

[10] André R, Dumonteil N, Lhermusier T,. In-hospital and long-term outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention for chronic total occlusion in elderly patients: a consecutive, prospective, single-centre study[J]. Arch Cardiovasc Dis, 2015. pii: S1875-2136(15)00161?00168.

[11] Bell MR, Berger PB, Bresnahan JF,. Initial and long-term outcomes of 354 patients after coronary balloon angioplasty of total coronary artery occlusions[J]. Circulation, 1992, 85(3): 1003?1011.

[12] Kaledin AL, Kochanov IN, Arkharov IV,. Influence of recanalization of chronic total occlusion of the left anterior descending artery on heart failure in elderly patients[J]. Adv Gerontol, 2012, 25(2): 301?304.

(編輯: 劉子琪)

Clinical characteristics of coronary chronic total occlusion in the elderly

ZHANG Jian, LI Yi, JING Quan-Min, WANG Xiao-Zeng, MA Ying-Yan, WANG Geng, LIU Hai-Wei, WANG Bin, XU Kai, HAN Ya-Ling*

(Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang 110016, China)

To analyze and summarize the characteristics of clinical, imaging and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) data in the elderly with chronic total occlusion (CTO) of the coronary artery.The clinical data of 3 957 patients (including 1 452 cases ≥65 years old, 36.7%) with CTO verified by coronary angiography admitted in our department from January 1995 to December 2014 were collected and analyzed retrospectively.The incidence of stable angina was significantly lower in the elderly group than in the non-elderly group, but that of unstable angina was higher (both<0.05). The elderly group had more patients suffering from hypertension and heart failure than the non-elderly group (both<0.001). The duration at cardiac care unit (CCU) and total length of hospital stay were longer in the former than in the latter group (both<0.001). The ratios of patients with multi-vessel lesion, left main coronary artery CTO, absolute occlusion, stump missing, CTO ≥15mm in length, CTO ≤2.5mm in diameter and bridging collaterals were significantly higher in the elderly group than in the non-elderly group (<0.001). The successful rate of PCI and complete revascularization was lower in the elderly than in the non-elderly group (<0.05).The elderly CTO patients have higher rates of hypertension, heart failure and multi-vessel lesion, and are characterized by complex lesions and difficulty to PCI.

aged; coronary disease; chronic total occlusion; percutaneous coronary intervention

(2011BAI11B07)(2012ZX09303016-002).

R541.4

A

10.11915/j.issn.1671-5403.2016.02.021

2015?11?04;

2015?12?08

國(guó)家“十二五”科技支撐計(jì)劃課題(2011BAI11B07);國(guó)家新藥創(chuàng)制(創(chuàng)新藥物研究開發(fā)技術(shù)平臺(tái)建設(shè))(2012ZX09303016-002)

韓雅玲, E-mail: hanyl@medmail.com.cn

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