郎莉莉,高 玉,葛茸茸,陳建梅,景 明
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siRNA抑制缺氧誘導(dǎo)因子-1ɑ表達(dá)對(duì)人視網(wǎng)膜母細(xì)胞瘤細(xì)胞增殖與凋亡的影響
郎莉莉,高玉,葛茸茸,陳建梅,景明
[摘要]目的觀察siRNA抑制人視網(wǎng)膜母細(xì)胞瘤表達(dá)低氧誘導(dǎo)因子(HIF)對(duì)細(xì)胞增殖和凋亡的影響。方法以Y-79細(xì)胞系為研究對(duì)象,分別在正常氧和低氧環(huán)境下培養(yǎng),MTT法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞增殖,RT-PCR和Western blot檢測(cè)HIF-1ɑmRNA和蛋白質(zhì)水平的表達(dá)變化,siRNA抑制細(xì)胞表達(dá)HIF-1ɑ,膜聯(lián)蛋白V-FITC和PI雙染法流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞凋亡情況,熒光評(píng)估測(cè)定法檢測(cè)半胱天冬酶活性。SPSS 16.0軟件包作統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn)。結(jié)果與常氧和低氧環(huán)境培養(yǎng)Y79細(xì)胞比較,在0、4、8、12 h后HIF-1ɑmRNA和蛋白質(zhì)數(shù)倍高表達(dá)。siRNA干擾技術(shù)處理24、48、72 h后,常氧環(huán)境培養(yǎng)下的Y-79細(xì)胞表達(dá)HIF-1ɑ呈時(shí)間依賴性輕度下降趨勢(shì),低氧條件下呈顯著下降。siRNA HIF-1ɑ可能是通過(guò)上調(diào)Bax/Bcl-2比率和活化caspase-9、caspase-3途徑促進(jìn)Y-79細(xì)胞凋亡。結(jié)論siRNA HIF-1ɑ下調(diào)人視網(wǎng)膜母細(xì)胞瘤表達(dá)低氧誘導(dǎo)因子,可抑制細(xì)胞增殖和促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡。抑制HIF-1ɑ表達(dá)可能是治療視網(wǎng)膜母細(xì)胞瘤的潛在新策略。
[關(guān)鍵詞]低氧誘導(dǎo)因子-1ɑ;人視網(wǎng)膜母細(xì)胞瘤;細(xì)胞增殖;細(xì)胞凋亡
[作者單位]200120上海,同濟(jì)大學(xué)附屬東方醫(yī)院眼科(郎莉莉、陳建梅),解放軍第四一一醫(yī)院眼科(高玉、葛茸茸、景明)
視網(wǎng)膜母細(xì)胞瘤(retinoblastoma,RB)是嬰幼兒最常見的眼內(nèi)惡性腫瘤,其發(fā)病率約為1/15 000~20 000,嚴(yán)重威脅和危害患兒的視力甚至生命[1-2]。隨著對(duì)RB認(rèn)識(shí)的不斷深入,其診斷和治療正在發(fā)生著快速的變化[3]。除了傳統(tǒng)的眼球摘除術(shù)和外放射治療,過(guò)去的十年里,系統(tǒng)性化療已成為了首選的治療手段[4-5]。但以上方法均存在安全性低、不良反應(yīng)嚴(yán)重等諸多不足?;蛑委熛鄬?duì)于傳統(tǒng)治療方法則具有安全性高、無(wú)不良反應(yīng)的優(yōu)勢(shì)而受到廣泛關(guān)注。腫瘤組織缺氧是惡性腫瘤的重要生物學(xué)特征,由于新生血管生成不足、不規(guī)則血供、癌細(xì)胞快速增殖引起的氧消耗補(bǔ)償不良所導(dǎo)致的瘤內(nèi)缺氧是實(shí)體瘤的常見現(xiàn)象[6-7]。缺氧條件下,腫瘤細(xì)胞調(diào)控血管形成、腫瘤侵襲與轉(zhuǎn)移、細(xì)胞周期與凋亡以及對(duì)放化療抵抗性等許多基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄和表達(dá)發(fā)生變化。缺氧誘導(dǎo)因子-1(hypoxia inducible factor-1,HIF-1)由α亞基和β亞基組成,在缺氧誘導(dǎo)的基因表達(dá)變化中起關(guān)鍵作用[8]。國(guó)外的研究觀察到在RB的發(fā)生發(fā)展過(guò)程中HIF-1α高表達(dá)[9],證實(shí)了缺氧現(xiàn)象同樣存在于RB。國(guó)內(nèi)的研究則表明,RB腫瘤組織中HIF-1ɑ的表達(dá)與血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)的表達(dá)呈正相關(guān),認(rèn)為HIF-1ɑ可作用于VEGF,在RB血管形成中起到一定作用,從而促進(jìn)RB的發(fā)生發(fā)展[10-11]。最近,F(xiàn)ernandes等報(bào)道利用RNA干擾技術(shù)敲除HIF-1ɑ表達(dá)可以顯著降低RB腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖,但這一現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生機(jī)制并不清楚[12]。筆者利用RNA干擾技術(shù)觀察了HIF-1ɑ對(duì)人RB Y-79細(xì)胞增殖、凋亡和凋亡途徑的影響,可能有助于深入理解HIF-1ɑ在視網(wǎng)膜母細(xì)胞瘤中的病理作用,預(yù)示HIF-1ɑ可作為RB基因治療的一個(gè)新靶標(biāo)。
1.1細(xì)胞株及其培養(yǎng)人RB Y-79細(xì)胞株從美國(guó)典型培養(yǎng)物保藏中心(ATCC,VA,USA)獲得。Y-79細(xì)胞利用RPMI1640培養(yǎng)基(invitrogen life technologies,ON,USA)添加10%胎牛血清、1 250 mg/L兩性霉素B、100 U/ml青霉素和100 mg/L鏈霉素。所有的培養(yǎng)物保持在含有5%CO2和21%O2的37℃濕潤(rùn)的空氣中。
1.2細(xì)胞的缺氧處理缺氧(≤1%O2)的實(shí)現(xiàn)按照文獻(xiàn)描述使用氣體發(fā)生器系統(tǒng)[13]。
1.3細(xì)胞的siRNA處理siRNA敲除HIF-1ɑ如文獻(xiàn)所述[14]。分別合成siRNA HIF-1ɑ正義鏈:5-AGAGGUGGAUAUGUGUGGGdTdT-3和反義鏈5-CCCACACAUAUCCACCUCUdTdT-3。一個(gè)靶標(biāo)是無(wú)關(guān)mRNA的siRNA作為非特異性的對(duì)照。細(xì)胞在無(wú)血清培養(yǎng)基中轉(zhuǎn)染siRNA(100 nmol/L)5 h,使用metafectene試劑(Biontex,München,Germany)。靶基因消除的確定通過(guò)RT-PCR和Western blot檢測(cè)。1.4 RT-PCR分析總RNA的抽提使用Trizon廠商說(shuō)明書,第一鏈cDNA使用PrimeScriptTMRT試劑盒合成(Takara,Shiga,Japan)。RT-PCR使用SYRB green PCRMaster Mix(Takara)。每個(gè)擴(kuò)增反應(yīng)進(jìn)行變性95℃30 s,在95℃5 s擴(kuò)增40個(gè)循環(huán),退火和延伸在60℃20 s,使用ABI7500序列檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)(life technologies)。β-actin作為管家基因。
1.5 Western blot分析總的細(xì)胞抽提物按照文獻(xiàn)描述使用裂解液(50 mmol/L HEPES,100 mmol/L NaCl,2 mmol/L乙二胺四乙酸,0.1%3-[(3-膽酰胺丙基)二]-1-丙烷磺酸,10%蔗糖,5 mmol/L DTT)[14]。裂解液孵化在4℃,30 min,離心13 000 r/min,10 min,收集上清液和蛋白濃度的測(cè)定用Bradford方法[15]。蛋白質(zhì)在10%SDS-PAGE分離和電轉(zhuǎn)聚偏氟乙烯氟膜。PVDF膜Tris緩沖生理鹽水用5%牛血清白蛋白封閉37℃2 h后,加入1:1 000一抗孵育4℃過(guò)夜,用PBS-T洗膜3次,加入二抗,37℃孵育2 h。蛋白條帶的檢測(cè)使用增強(qiáng)化學(xué)發(fā)光檢測(cè)試劑盒(碧云天,南通,中國(guó))。
1.6細(xì)胞增殖實(shí)驗(yàn)MTT實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞增殖,細(xì)胞(1×104細(xì)胞/孔)接種于96孔板中,貼壁過(guò)夜,按照設(shè)定的時(shí)間(24、48、72 h)轉(zhuǎn)染siRNA HIF-1ɑ,每孔添加10μl MTT溶液(5 g/L),37℃孵育4 h后移去MTT液,添加100μl DMSO,ELISA酶標(biāo)儀檢測(cè)活細(xì)胞數(shù)。
1.7細(xì)胞凋亡檢測(cè)用Annexin V-FITC和PI雙染色法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞凋亡。轉(zhuǎn)染siRNA HIF-1ɑ48 h后,冷PBS清洗細(xì)胞,用結(jié)合緩沖(10 mmol/L HEPES/NaOH,pH 7.4,140 mmol/L NaCl,2.5 mmol/L CaCl2)重新懸浮。室溫下Annexin V-FITC和PI染色15 min,1 h內(nèi)使用流式細(xì)胞儀(Becton-Dickinson,San Jose,CA)檢測(cè)。V+/PI-cells細(xì)胞被定義為凋亡細(xì)胞。應(yīng)用CellQuest(Becton-Dickinson)軟件計(jì)算出的凋亡細(xì)胞百分比。
1.8半胱天冬酶(caspase)活性分析用熒光評(píng)估測(cè)定法檢測(cè)半胱天冬酶活性。細(xì)胞處理后,細(xì)胞(2 ×105細(xì)胞/孔)用裂解緩沖液收獲。按照先前描述的離心法分離蛋白、確定濃度[14]。來(lái)源于各個(gè)樣本的等量蛋白和caspase-3底物DEVD-AFC或者caspase-9底物L(fēng)EHD-AFC共同孵育在37℃30 min。通過(guò)熒光分光光度計(jì)(Molecular Devices,Sunnyvale,CA)定量活性。
1.9統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理利用SPSS 16.0軟件包進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。所有實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次,數(shù)據(jù)以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(±s)表示。統(tǒng)計(jì)分析采用一個(gè)配對(duì)測(cè)試,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1缺氧上調(diào)人RB Y-79細(xì)胞表達(dá)HIF-1ɑ在常氧條件下,人RB Y-79細(xì)胞表達(dá)低水平的HIF-1ɑ mRNA。然而,在此研究中能夠檢測(cè)到該細(xì)胞穩(wěn)定表達(dá)HIF-1ɑ蛋白。細(xì)胞暴露于低氧環(huán)境中,觀察到HIF-1ɑmRNA和蛋白水平的表達(dá)成倍增加。這些數(shù)據(jù)表明,缺氧上調(diào)人RB Y-79細(xì)胞HIF-1ɑ的表達(dá)(圖1、2)。
圖1 RT-PCR檢測(cè)人RB Y-79細(xì)胞HIF-1ɑm RNA表達(dá)
圖2 Western blot檢測(cè)人RB Y-79細(xì)胞HIF-1ɑ蛋白表達(dá)
2.2 siRNA HIF-1ɑ抑制人RB Y-79細(xì)胞表達(dá)HIF-1ɑ
為確定siRNA HIF-1ɑ是否能抑制人RB Y-79細(xì)胞表達(dá)HIF-1ɑ,遂將siRNA HIF-1ɑ轉(zhuǎn)染細(xì)胞24 h后進(jìn)行RT-PCR和Western blot分析。結(jié)果表明,在常氧和缺氧條件下人RB Y-79細(xì)胞表達(dá)HIF-1ɑ的mRNA和蛋白水平被抵消或者消除(圖3、圖4)。
圖3 RT-PCR檢測(cè)人RB Y-79細(xì)胞HIF-1ɑmRNA表達(dá)
圖4 Western blot檢測(cè)人RB Y-79細(xì)胞HIF-1ɑ蛋白質(zhì)表達(dá)
2.3敲除HIF-1ɑ抑制人RB Y-79細(xì)胞增殖MTT實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測(cè)(酶聯(lián)免疫檢測(cè)儀OD490nm處測(cè)量)HIF-1ɑ基因在細(xì)胞增殖中的作用。常氧和缺氧條件下,當(dāng)人RB Y-79細(xì)胞敲除HIF-1ɑ基因后,細(xì)胞增殖表現(xiàn)為明顯的時(shí)間依賴性降低(圖5、6)。這些結(jié)果表明,HIF-1ɑ參與人RB Y-79的細(xì)胞增殖。
圖5 常氧條件下人RB Y-79細(xì)胞增殖情況
圖6 缺氧條件下人RB Y-79細(xì)胞增殖情況
2.4敲除HIF-1ɑ誘導(dǎo)人RB Y-79細(xì)胞凋亡Annexin V-FITC和Propidium Iodide雙染法流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)HIF-1ɑ在細(xì)胞凋亡中的作用。當(dāng)敲除人RB Y-79細(xì)胞HIF-1ɑ基因后,相對(duì)于對(duì)照組,凋亡細(xì)胞百分比顯著上升,在缺氧條件下更加敏感。結(jié)果表明,在人RB Y-79細(xì)胞中,siRNA HIF-1ɑ誘導(dǎo)的凋亡是功能性缺失HIF-1ɑ的特定結(jié)果(圖7)。
2.5敲除HIF-1ɑ誘導(dǎo)人RB Y-79細(xì)胞凋亡的機(jī)制
為了解人RB Y-79細(xì)胞敲除HIF-1ɑ誘導(dǎo)其凋亡的機(jī)制,筆者對(duì)細(xì)胞凋亡相關(guān)分子(Bax/Bcl-2比率、caspase-9、caspase-3)進(jìn)行了研究。結(jié)果表明,相對(duì)于對(duì)照組,敲除人RB Y-79細(xì)胞HIF-1ɑ能提高Bax/Bcl-2比值、活化caspase-9激活劑和caspase-3效應(yīng)劑;在常氧條件下,觀察到了類似但微弱的結(jié)果(P>0.05,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義)(圖8、9、10)。
圖7 Annexin V-FITC和Propidium Iodide雙染法流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)HIF-1ɑ對(duì)人RB Y-79細(xì)胞凋亡的影響
圖8敲除HIF-1ɑ對(duì)人RB Y-79細(xì)胞Bax、Bcl-2表達(dá)的影響
在細(xì)胞環(huán)境中,HIF-1ɑ被證明參與癌癥生物學(xué)的許多重要方面,包括血管生成、細(xì)胞存活、侵襲和凋亡以及對(duì)化、放療的抵抗性[16]。更有研究表明HIF-1ɑ參與促進(jìn)RB細(xì)胞的存活和增殖[12]。但至目前為止,HIF-1ɑ在RB細(xì)胞增殖與凋亡中的作用仍知之甚少。本研究中,筆者首次觀察了常氧和缺氧條件下,siRNA敲除人RB Y-79細(xì)胞HIF-1ɑ后對(duì)其細(xì)胞增殖、凋亡和凋亡途徑的影響。
圖10 敲除HIF-1ɑ對(duì)人RB Y-79細(xì)胞caspase-3活性的影響
在常氧條件下,HIF-1ɑ是von Hippel-Lindau腫瘤抑制蛋白的靶標(biāo),通過(guò)泛素蛋白酶體途徑降解。然而,在缺氧條件下,這一過(guò)程被抑制,導(dǎo)致轉(zhuǎn)錄因子穩(wěn)定積累。本研究中,人RB Y-79細(xì)胞暴露于缺氧環(huán)境誘導(dǎo)HIF-1ɑmRNA和蛋白水平成倍增加; siRNA HIF-1ɑ敲除HIF-1ɑ后對(duì)人RB Y-79細(xì)胞活力和凋亡的誘導(dǎo)有明顯的影響。上述結(jié)果表明,通過(guò)siRNA HIF-1ɑ誘導(dǎo)人Y-79 RB細(xì)胞凋亡是HIF-1ɑ功能缺失的結(jié)果。Bax/Bcl-2比率是調(diào)控細(xì)胞死亡的“可變電阻器”,在外界因素刺激下,細(xì)胞的生死最終取決于BAX和BCL-2兩種調(diào)控因子的平衡結(jié)果。作為細(xì)胞凋亡調(diào)節(jié)因子家族,caspase家族在凋亡的執(zhí)行過(guò)程中占據(jù)著中心地位,直接參與凋亡啟動(dòng)、信號(hào)傳遞及凋亡效應(yīng),其中,caspase-9能在多種內(nèi)、外源性刺激因子的作用下表達(dá),通過(guò)線粒體通路激活其效應(yīng)子caspase-3,從而誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡。有研究表明,典型的線粒體凋亡級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng),包括增加Bax/Bcl-2比值和半胱天冬酶活化,參與了缺氧/HIF-1ɑ介導(dǎo)的抗凋亡和細(xì)胞生存過(guò)程[17]。上述研究結(jié)果表明,敲除HIF-1ɑ可以提高Bax/Bcl-2比值、活化凋亡激活劑caspase-9和凋亡效應(yīng)劑caspase-3,缺氧條件下該效應(yīng)更為敏感。
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(本文編輯:彭潤(rùn)松)
Inhibition of hypoxia inducible factor 1αby siRNA-induced apoptosis in human retinoblastoma cells
Lang Lili,Gao Yu,Ge Rongrong,Chen Jianmei,Jing Ming
(Department of Ophthalmology,Dongfang Hospital,Affiliated to Tonji University,Shanghai200120,China)
[Abstract]Objective To investigate the effect of hypoxia inducible factor-1ɑknocked down by small interfering RNA(siRNA)on cell proliferation,apoptosis and apoptotic pathways ofhuman Y-79 RB cells.MethodsCell proliferation,HIF-1ɑmRNA and protein levels were measured by MTT,RT-PCR and Western Bloton human Y-79 RB cells under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions,respectively.siRNA knockdown against HIF-1ɑwas carried out to suppress the expression of HIF-1ɑ.Cell apotosiswas determined by double staining cellswith the annexin V-FITC and PI.Caspase activity was assessed by the fluorometric assay.Biostatistical analyses were conducted with SPSS 16.0 software package.Results Amultifold increase in HIF-1ɑmRNA and protein levelswere observed after cellswere exposed to the hypoxic environ mentat0 h,4 h,8 h and 12 h.BothmRNA and protein levels of HIF-1ɑwere attenuated or abolished by transfection with siRNAHIF-ɑunder normoxic and hypoxic conditions.Futhermore,knockdown of HIF-1ɑcould enhance hypoxia-induced slight increase of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and activate caspase-9 and caspase-3.Conclusion This study was able to show that a knockdown of HIF-1ɑby siRNAHIF-1ɑresulted in a decrease in proliferation and induction of apoptosis in human Y-79 RB cells under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions.HIF-1ɑexpression may be a promising strategy for the treatment of human RB in the future.
[Key words]Hypoxia inducible factor 1α;siRNA;Y-79 retinoblastoma cells
(收稿日期:2015-09-24)
[通信作者]高玉,電子信箱:gyhqyygy@sina.com
[基金項(xiàng)目]上海市衛(wèi)生和計(jì)劃生育委員會(huì)科研資助課題(201540304),上海市虹口區(qū)衛(wèi)生和計(jì)劃生育委員會(huì)科研資助課題(虹衛(wèi)1402-11)
[中圖分類號(hào)]R774
[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼]A[DOI]10.3969/j.issn.1009-0754.2016.01.009