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詞義猜測題盤點

2016-05-14 10:42:23張海濤
高中生學(xué)習(xí)·高三版 2016年8期
關(guān)鍵詞:指代生詞代詞

張海濤

猜測詞義是應(yīng)用英語的一種重要能力,也是高考閱讀理解中的必考題型,常在試卷中占兩分或四分的比重。因而,對同學(xué)們來說,了解及命題特點并掌握相關(guān)技巧顯得尤為重要。

[命題特點和趨勢]

對于詞義猜測題,命題中著重考查同學(xué)們利用同義或反義關(guān)系、構(gòu)詞法、語法和語篇文脈等理解生詞的能力。主要通過以下兩點進行考查:

1. 要求根據(jù)閱讀材料,結(jié)合高中生應(yīng)有的常識和經(jīng)驗,判斷生詞、詞組或者是熟詞在特定語境中表達的含義以及一些句子的意思;

2. 代詞復(fù)指理解題也是詞義猜測的??碱愋?。

設(shè)問形式有:

The underlined word ... in the ... paragraph refers to/means ...

By saying ... in ... paragraph, the author means ...

Which of the following has the closest meaning to ...

The word ... can be replaced by ...

The underlined sentence in the ... paragraph probably means that ...

[應(yīng)試策略]

通常說來,解決詞義猜測題主要有兩大技巧,一是通過構(gòu)詞法,另一個便是通過具體語境。

1. 根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法判斷詞義

三種構(gòu)詞法,即合成、轉(zhuǎn)化、派生,是我們猜測詞義需掌握的基本方法。

合成法——通過構(gòu)成合成詞的每個單詞的含義猜測其含義;

轉(zhuǎn)化法——通過一個詞的本意猜測出它轉(zhuǎn)化后的意思,常見的是名詞和動詞,形容詞和動詞以及形容詞和名詞之間的相互轉(zhuǎn)化;

派生法——由一個詞根加前綴或后綴構(gòu)成另外一個單詞,一般說來前綴改變詞義,后綴改變詞性。

例1 (2016·全國卷Ⅱ) 27. What does The underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?

A. Mistake B. Drawback

C. Difficulty D. Burden

解析 B。

請看文章原句:Encouraging this new kind of thinking has a downside. I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking ... 從文章意思可知,這種新的思考方式有一個 ,根據(jù)后面I ran the risk ...(我冒了……的風(fēng)險),那應(yīng)該是說它有著缺點和不足。另外根據(jù)構(gòu)詞知識可知,該詞是由down跟side構(gòu)成的合成詞。我們知道down這個單詞一般是“下,低落”等不好的意思,而side這個單詞意思是“方面,側(cè)面”?!安缓玫姆矫妗保匀痪褪且粋€事物的不足或缺點了。

2. 根據(jù)語境判斷詞義

這是提高閱讀速度和理解率必備的能力。構(gòu)成語境的可能是一個句子,幾個句子,甚至一個段落或通篇文章。

(1)根據(jù)定義或上下文解釋進行猜測

有時短文中出現(xiàn)一個需要猜測其意義的詞或短語,下面接著出現(xiàn)其定義、解釋或舉例,這是判斷該詞或短語意義的最直接的依據(jù)。

例2 (2016·全國卷Ⅰ) 29. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in paragraph 1?

A. provider

B. delivery man

C. collector

D. medical doctor

解析 B。

請看文章:I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012, Ive done 89 trips—of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells(干細胞) in my little box because Ive got two ice packs and thats how long they last, in all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor (捐獻者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, weve got 72 hours at most, So I am always conscious of time.根據(jù)這一段中的since march 2012, Ive done ... in my little box. 這一舉例,便可知作者是干細胞傳遞員。

例3 (2016·北京卷) 68. The underlined word “passage” in paragraph 2 means .

A. change B. choice

C. text D. extension

解析 A。

請看原文:Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility, universities have given in to the idea that they should provide the same environment as that of the home. 分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知passage后面的from ... to ...是修飾passage的定語,對passage起了解釋說明的作用,從家庭的庇護到有自主性和成年人的責(zé)任,很明顯這是一個轉(zhuǎn)變,所以選擇A。

(2)根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系進行推測

根據(jù)內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系推測詞義是指應(yīng)用語言知識分析和判斷相關(guān)信息之間存在的邏輯關(guān)系,然后根據(jù)邏輯聯(lián)系推斷生詞詞義或大致義域。

1)根據(jù)對比、比較關(guān)系猜測詞義

在一個句子或段落中,有對兩個事物或現(xiàn)象的對比性描述,我們可以根據(jù)生詞的反義詞猜測其詞義。表示對比關(guān)系的詞匯和短語主要有:unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast等。表示對比關(guān)系的句子結(jié)構(gòu):while引導(dǎo)的并列句。與對比關(guān)系不同,比較關(guān)系表示意義上的相似關(guān)系。表示比較關(guān)系的詞和短語主要有:similarly, like, just as, also, as well as等。

例4 (2014·全國卷Ⅰ) 25. The underlined word “undoing” probably refers to the pigeons _______.

A. escape B. ruin

C. liberation D. evolution

解析 B。

請看原文第二、三自然段:

It was calculated that when its population reach its highest point, there were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons—a number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States, making it perhaps the most abundant birds in the world. Even as late as 1870 when their numbers had already become smaller, a flock believed to be 1 mile wide and 320 miles (about 515 kilometers) long was seen near Cincinnati.

Sadly, the abundance of passenger pigeons may have been their undoing ...

通過文章我們可以看出前面是說旅鴿數(shù)量極其龐大,而第三自然段一個sadly,話鋒一轉(zhuǎn),那肯定是說的與前文相反的不好的狀況,可以判斷undoing應(yīng)該是毀滅、死亡的意思。故而選擇B。

2)根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測詞義

在句子或段落中,若兩個事物現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系,我們可以根據(jù)這種邏輯關(guān)系推測生詞詞義。

例5 (2016·全國卷Ⅲ) 10. What does the underlined phrase “a pipe dream” in paragraph 3 mean?

A. A practical idea.

B. A vain hope.

C. A brilliant plan.

D. A selfish desire.

解析 B。

請看文章第三段:There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but youll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so its a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it. 根據(jù)這段話可知,Orleans Reinette這個品種雖然口感好,但是對種植環(huán)境和土壤要求高,因此對于大多數(shù)喜歡它的人來說,只能是一種空想。故而選B。

3)根據(jù)說明、并列、同義、近義、反義等關(guān)系猜測詞義

在句子或段落中,我們可以利用熟悉的詞語,根據(jù)語言環(huán)境所表明的關(guān)系猜測詞義。

例6 (2015·全國卷Ⅰ) 31. What does the word “contributions” in the last paragraph refer to?

A. Artworks B. Projects

C. Donations D. Documents

解析 A。

根據(jù)文章最后一段The fine selection of the major works was done in close collaboration (合作) with the Museo Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid, Spain, and with contributions from other institutions like the Salvador Dali Museum in St. Petersburg, Florida.根據(jù) and可知前后應(yīng)該描述的是同一類事件,前面提到精選的展品來自通力合作,列舉了西班牙馬德里的博物館,那么圣彼得斯堡博物館提供的也應(yīng)該是藝術(shù)作品。故選A。

例7 (2015·全國卷Ⅱ) 22. Which of the following can best replace the phrase “signed off” in paragraph 1?

A. ended all their programs

B. provided fewer channels

C. changed to commercials

D. showed all-night movies

解析 A。

請看原文:The set worked so beautiful when I first got it home that I would keep it on until stations signed off for the night. Fortunately, I didnt get any channels showing all-night movies or I would never have gotten to bed. 根據(jù)最后一句幸運的是我沒有可以整晚看電影的頻道,所以可以判斷前面說的應(yīng)該是“我”會一直看,直到電視臺停止播放。故而選A。

3. 根據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系進行猜測

文章中的代詞it, that, he, him或them可以指上文提到的人或物,其中it和that還可以指一件事。代詞指代題的出處一定是在上文。有時代詞指代的對象相隔較遠,要認真查找;也有時需要對前面提到的內(nèi)容進行總結(jié),才能得出代詞所指代的事。

例8 (2016·全國卷Ⅱ) 30. What does the underlined word “it” in paragraph 2 refer to?

A. The book

B. An adventure

C. A public place

D. The identification number

解析 A。

由it所在的第二段Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, travelling far and wide with each new reader who finds it.可知,此處的it指代的是the book。

例9 (2016·全國卷Ⅲ) 6. The underlined word “them” in paragraph 6 refers to Weltys _____.

A. readers B. parties

C. friends D. stories

解析 D。

由them所在段的內(nèi)容My friend said,“Now we believe your stories,”Welty added. And I said,“Now you know. These are the people that make me write them.”可知,them指的就是前文提到的stories。

[結(jié)語]

詞義猜測是應(yīng)用英語的重要能力,也是高考中必考的題型。它不但需要準確無誤地理解上下文,而且要有較大的泛讀量,掌握或認識較多的課外詞匯。同學(xué)們應(yīng)學(xué)會通過構(gòu)詞、定義、同位、對比、因果、常識、同義、反義及上下文線索等確定詞義,切不可脫離語境主觀臆斷。

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