劉莉萍

同位語從句是名詞性從句（主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句）的一種。掌握同位語從句可以從以下幾個方面入手：

[同位語及充當(dāng)同位語的形式]

一個名詞（或其它形式）對另一個名詞或代詞進(jìn)行修飾、限定或說明，這個名詞（或其它形式）就是同位語。單詞、短語、直接引語以及從句都可以充當(dāng)同位語。

1. 單詞作同位語。

①This is my friend Harry.

②We both come from Hunan.

③We Chinese are brave and hardworking.

④You three take these seats.

這幾個句子中Harry，both，Chinese和three都是同位語。

2. 短語作同位語。

①He says that Computertown UK was formed for just the opposite reason， to bring computers to people and make them “people-literate”.

②Wang Li， just back from the training class， was made director of the Maternity Home.

③People， old and young， took to the streets to watch the parade.

這幾個句子分別采用了不定式、介詞短語和形容詞作同位語。

3. 直接引語作同位語。

But now the question comes to their minds，“Did she die young because she was a clone？”

這個句子里則采用了直接引語來充當(dāng)同位語。

[同位語從句及其位置]

按照同位語的概念，同位語從句就是在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)同位語的名詞性從句，用來表示與之同位的名詞或名詞短語的實(shí)際內(nèi)容，或?qū)η懊娴拿~或名詞短語加以補(bǔ)充說明。一般情況下同位語從句跟在某些名詞如news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等（一般的“抽象”名詞都可以）的后面，用以說明該名詞所表達(dá)的具體內(nèi)容。比如在Ive come from Mr Wang with a message that he wont be able to see you this afternoon.這句中，that從句表示的就是message的內(nèi)容。有時同位語從句可以不緊跟在它所說明的名詞后，而被別的詞語隔開，這在語法上叫做分隔式同位語從句，如The thought came to her that maybe she had left the door open when she left home.就是個很典型的例子。還有一些短語及固定句式后的同位語從句，如on condition，on supposition，on the ground（s），on the understanding，with the exception，in spite of the fact，on the assumption及句式There be+no doubt/hope/chance/possibility后的that從句都為同位語從句，如I will come on condition that John is invited.

[同位語從句的引導(dǎo)詞]

同位語從句最常見的引導(dǎo)詞是that和whether。這里值得提到注意的有兩點(diǎn)：一是同位語從句中的that不能省略，二是雖然if和whether都有“是否”的意思，但是if不能引導(dǎo)同位語從句。

以下兩個句子分別含有that和whether引導(dǎo)的同位語從句：

①The idea that you can do this work well without thinking is quite wrong.

②The question whether we should call in a specialist was answered by the family doctor.

除了這兩個引導(dǎo)詞，連接代詞what，who，whom，whose和連接副詞when，where，how，why也可以引導(dǎo)同位語從句。

①I have no idea what size shoes she wears.

②The question who will take his place is still not clear.

③We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.

這三個句子分別含有以what，who和where引導(dǎo)的同位語從句。

[同位語從句和定語從句的區(qū)別]

同位語從句和定語從句很容易被混淆，因?yàn)樗鼈冊诰渥有问缴舷嘟?。它們的差別在于：

1. 先行詞的區(qū)別。

定語從句的先行詞是名詞或代詞，而同位語從句的先行詞只能是名詞，而且僅限于idea，plan，fact，theory，promise，hope，news，doubt，truth，information，suggestion，question，thought，belief，conclusion等少數(shù)名詞。

2. 引導(dǎo)詞的區(qū)別。

首先，that既可引導(dǎo)同位語從句又可引導(dǎo)定語從句，其區(qū)別在于：同位語從句由連接詞that引導(dǎo)，連接詞that本身無意義，在同位語從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分，不可省略，不可以用其他詞替代；而定語從句由關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系代詞that在從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分，作賓語時可省略。

①The news that you told me yesterday was really exciting.

②We heard the news that our team had won.

在①句中，劃線部分是定語從句，that在從句中作賓語，在意義上指代先行詞news；在②句中，劃線部分是同位語從句，that沒有任何意義，只起連接作用。

其次，由when，where，why引導(dǎo)的同位語從句和定語從句的區(qū)別在于：同位語從句由連接副詞引導(dǎo)，只起連接作用，沒有指代作用；定語從句由關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系副詞具有指代先行詞的作用，常用一個介詞加關(guān)系代詞替換。

①I will never forget the day when I joined the army.

②We have no idea when she was born.

在①句中，劃線部分是定語從句，when在從句中作狀語，它可以轉(zhuǎn)換成on which的形式；在②句中，劃線部分是同位語從句，when在從句中充當(dāng)狀語，但不能轉(zhuǎn)換成“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”的形式。

3. 意義的差別。

同位語從句是用于說明所修飾名詞的具體內(nèi)容的，它與被修飾詞語通?？梢詣澋忍?；而定語從句是限制所修飾名詞的，它的作用是將所修飾的名詞與其他類似的東西區(qū)別開來。

①We are glad at the news that he will come.

②We are glad at the news that he told us.

在①句中，news的內(nèi)容就是he will come，故that引導(dǎo)的是同位語從句，而②句中，that從句是限制the news的內(nèi)容的，即我們高興只是因?yàn)樗嬖V的這個news而不是其他的news，故that從句為定語從句。

[同位語從句的語氣]

在suggestion，advice，request，order等意為“建議；命令；要求”的名詞后，同位語從句中的謂語動詞通常用“should+動詞原形”的虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)，句中的should可以省略。

①Our teacher gave us some advice how we（should） use the computer.

②She made a request that the doctor （should） be sent for at once.

如果在高考英語試題中，同位語從句出現(xiàn)在語法填空的題型中，特別提示同學(xué)們一定要按照三個步驟來完成：第一步確定引導(dǎo)詞，第二步注意從句中的語序要用陳述句的句式，最后則要關(guān)注從句中的謂語部分的時態(tài)語態(tài)或者虛擬語氣的用法。

[練習(xí)]

一、填空題。

1. The news made everybody happy. （take）

飛機(jī)將按時起飛的消息讓大家高興。

2. He made a promise when he is free.（hand）

他承諾有空時幫我。

3. You may have no idea when they experienced the first snowfall just before the New yeat. （fun）

你可能不知道，就在新年之前經(jīng)歷第一場雪時他們玩得有多開心。

4. Her mother is worried about the possibility . （dislike）

她的媽媽擔(dān)心她女兒可能不喜歡上學(xué)校。

5. The suggestion was accepted by him， which helps him a lot. （attitude）

他接受了讓它保持積極的態(tài)度這一建議，而這對他也起了很大的作用。

6. Lucy will win the first place in the final examination. （doubt）

毫無疑問，Lucy將在期末考試中獲得第一名。

7. I made a proposal a meeting next Monday. （hold）

我建議下周我們開個會。

二、完成句子。

1. 他還沒有做出決定是否去那里。

He hasnt made the decision .

2. 我們做出決定：我們必須立即行動。

We came to the decision .

3. 他提議會議延期。

He made a proposal .

4. 他幸存的希望很小。

There was little hope .

5. 我們女排贏得冠軍的消息大大地鼓舞了我們所有人。

The news encouraged us all greatly.

6. 我從王先生那邊得知一個消息，他說他今天下午不能來看你了。

Ive come from Mr Wang with a message

.

7. 我們懷疑他們是否能準(zhǔn)時完成任務(wù)。

We have some doubt .

8. 我們是否需要解決這個問題還沒有考慮。

That question has not been considered.

9. 毫無疑問，小麥的價格將會上漲。

There is no doubt .

10. 他們是否能夠完成那個項(xiàng)目，這個問題非常重要。

The problem is very important.

三、選擇題。

1. Where did you get the idea I could not come？

A. whether B. that

C. if D. what

2. They were all very much worried over the fact you were sick.

A. that B. if

C. whether D. why

3. Along with the letter was his promise he would visit me this coming Christmas.

A. which B. that

C. what D. whether

4. He always works hard even if he knows the fact he is not in good health.

A. what B. whether

C. if D. that

5. Some researchers believe that there is no doubt a cure for AIDS will be found.

A. which B. what

C. that D. whether

[參考答案]

一、1. that the plane would take off on time

2. that he would give me a hand

3. what great fun they had

4. that her daughter dislikes going to school.

5. that he （should） keep a positive attitude

6. There is no doubt that

7. that we （should） hold

二、1. whether he will go there

2. that we must act at once

3. that the meeting be postpone

4. that he would survive

5. that our women volleyball team had won the championship

6. that he wont be able to see you this afternoon

7. whether they can complete the task on time

8. whether we need to solve it

9. that the price of wheat will go up

10. whether they could finish the project

三、1～5 BABDC