李順發(fā)
不定式作定語(yǔ)的情況有哪些?
答:不定式作定語(yǔ)的情況比較復(fù)雜,根據(jù)不定式(定語(yǔ))與中心詞的關(guān)系可以分為以下三種情況:
1. 中心詞是定語(yǔ)(不定式)的邏輯賓語(yǔ)(而且句子的主語(yǔ)同時(shí)也是不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)。)
I gave Ann a comic to read. (Ann-read-comic )
Mary needs a friend to play with. (Mary-play with-friend)
Each of us has a role to play. (Each-play-role)
2. 中心詞是定語(yǔ)(不定式)的邏輯主語(yǔ)。
Have you got a key to unlock the door? (Key-unlock-door)
He was not the man to draw back when his dignity was concerned. (man-draw back)
The meeting to be held tomorrow is of great importance. (meeting-to be held)
注意,There be 句型中的不定式作定語(yǔ),中心詞既可作不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ),也可作邏輯賓語(yǔ)。
There is work to do/ to be done. (work-be done或do work)
There are five pair to choose from.
3. 中心詞與不定式(定語(yǔ))是同位關(guān)系。
I have no wish to quarrel with you. (wish=to quarrel with you )
She made an effort to collect herself. (effort=to collect )
however和whatever引導(dǎo)從句時(shí)的用法有哪些?
答:however的用法主要有以下兩點(diǎn):
1. 用作連接副詞,相當(dāng)于no matter how,引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,意思是“不管怎樣……”“無(wú)論如何……”,具體結(jié)構(gòu)有“however+形容詞+主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞”。如:
However busy he was, he might have given you some help.
Ill come however busy I am.
還有“however+副詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)”,如:
However fast he run, I can always catch up with him.
2. 用作連詞,引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,意思是“怎么樣都行”。如:
In ones own home one can acts however he wishes.
whatever的用法主要有以下兩點(diǎn):
1. 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,相當(dāng)于anything that,意思是“所……的任何事情”,在語(yǔ)氣上比what更加強(qiáng)調(diào)。如:
Whatever she did was right.
Take whatever you want.
2. 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,相當(dāng)于no matter what,意思是“無(wú)論什么”,“不管什么”,whatever在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)。如:
Whatever happens,you mustnt lose your heart.
Whatever you do,do it well.
Whatever I am,it is useful to know foreign languages.
You have to go on whatever difficulties you meet.
與交際用語(yǔ)no+n.有關(guān)的常用短語(yǔ)有哪些?
答:no+n.非??谡Z(yǔ)化而且簡(jiǎn)潔明快,常用短語(yǔ)如:no comment不好說(shuō); no doubt無(wú)疑; no fear不會(huì)的; no go不行; no good不利; no harm不礙事; no matter不要緊; no need不必; no problem不成問(wèn)題; no trouble不費(fèi)事; no use不管用; no way不可能(沒(méi)門); no worry不用擔(dān)心; no wonder不足為怪/更不用說(shuō)。如:much less, still less, far less, let alone; much more, still more; to say nothing of, not to speak of, not to mention, without mentioning等。
1. no comment表示對(duì)別人所提出的問(wèn)題給以委婉回絕,意為“無(wú)可奉告,沒(méi)什么好說(shuō)的”。如:
—Have you got any comments on these proposals? 你對(duì)這些建議有什么意見(jiàn)嗎?
—No comment. 沒(méi)什么好說(shuō)的。
2. no doubt表示對(duì)別人所提出的疑問(wèn)給以明確回答,意為“毫無(wú)疑問(wèn),肯定無(wú)疑”。如:
—Will he come here to attend the meeting tomorrow? 他明天會(huì)來(lái)這里參加會(huì)議嗎?
—No doubt. 肯定會(huì)來(lái)的。
3. no fear表示對(duì)別人的看法或疑問(wèn)予以否定,意為“不會(huì);當(dāng)然不會(huì)的”。如:
—Are you going out on a night like this? 你要在這樣的晚上出去嗎?
—No fear. 當(dāng)然不會(huì)的。
4. no go表示對(duì)別人所做的工作和事情予以否定,意為“不行;不成功”。如:
—I think the job is well done, what is your opinion? 我認(rèn)為這工作做得不錯(cuò),你的意見(jiàn)呢?
—No go. 做得不好。
5. no good表示對(duì)別人的做法或?qū)δ骋患陆o以坦率的批評(píng)或否定。如:
—I have decided to make friends with his brother. 我決定和他哥哥做朋友。
—No good. 這對(duì)你沒(méi)有好處。
6. no harm表示對(duì)別人所流露出的擔(dān)心委婉地給以化解。如:
—Could you tell me whether what I am doing will affect you? 能告訴我正在做的事影響你嗎?
—No harm. 不礙事。
7. no matter表示對(duì)所陳述的憾事或錯(cuò)事給以善意的安慰,意為“不要緊;沒(méi)關(guān)系”。如:
—The door is locked and I have not got a key.
—No matter.
8. no problem表示對(duì)別人所提出的請(qǐng)求予以肯定的答復(fù),意為“沒(méi)問(wèn)題;完全可以”。如:
—I wonder if you could lend me some money.
—No problem.
9. no trouble表示對(duì)別人所表現(xiàn)出的內(nèi)疚給以真誠(chéng)的寬慰,意為“不費(fèi)事;沒(méi)什么”。如:
—Dont trouble to meet me at the station.
—No trouble at all.
10. no use表示對(duì)別人的做法或建議予以明確的否定,意為“不管用;沒(méi)有用”。如:
—He is talking with her to warn her not to be late any more.
—No use.
11. no way表示對(duì)別人所提出的請(qǐng)求或建議予以直接否定,意為“沒(méi)門;不可能;結(jié)對(duì)不行”。如:
—I think you would phone Jenny and say sorry to her.
—No way. It was her fault.
12. no worry表示對(duì)別人所表現(xiàn)出的焦急給以真心的安慰,意為“放心;不用擔(dān)心”。如:
—It is already five oclock. Why hasnt he come back yet?
—No worry. He is on the way now.
我們都習(xí)慣于理解含否定詞no、not、never等的否定結(jié)構(gòu),而對(duì)于隱含否定形式的句子則頗感棘手。隱含否定主要有哪些表達(dá)方式?
答:1. 用形容詞表達(dá)。
She should be the last one to blame. 怎么也不能責(zé)備她。
This is the last place when I expected to meet you. 真沒(méi)料到我會(huì)在這里碰見(jiàn)你。
The child is carefree. 這小孩無(wú)憂無(wú)慮。
2. 用連詞表達(dá)。
He earns money than he can spend. 他賺的錢他自己花不完。
The beauty of the place is more than I can describe. 那地方景色之美非我所能形容。
Before I could protest, he got to his feet. 我還沒(méi)來(lái)得及抗議,他已經(jīng)站了起來(lái)。
3. 用介詞表達(dá)。
He lives beyond his income. 他的生活入不敷出。
A great man is above flattery. 一個(gè)偉大的人是阿諛?lè)畛胁恍家活櫟摹?/p>
Her testing performance is well below par. 她的考試成績(jī)大大低于常態(tài)。(暗喻不及格)
4. 用動(dòng)詞表達(dá)。
He failed to pass the examination. 他沒(méi)能及格。
Her score leaves much to be desired. 她的成績(jī)遠(yuǎn)未達(dá)到要求。
5. 用短語(yǔ)表達(dá)。
That story takes a lot of believing. 那個(gè)故事令人難以置信。
Your work is far from being satisfactory. 你的工作一點(diǎn)也不令人滿意。
He is completely in the dark about their quarrel. 他對(duì)他們的爭(zhēng)吵一無(wú)所知。
Such tourists are anything but tight-fisted, they spend a lot of money here. 那些游客一點(diǎn)兒都不手緊,在這兒花了很多錢。
6. 用特殊結(jié)構(gòu)句too ... to ..., too ... for ... 或用特殊短句but for, but that表達(dá)。
Youre driving too fast for safety. 你開車太快了,恐不安全。
I was too young to have learned to say no to a woman. 我當(dāng)時(shí)還太年輕,還沒(méi)學(xué)會(huì)拒絕一位女士。
But for being a little out at elbows, I should have had the house repaired. 要不是我缺錢的話,這房子早就該維修了。
But that he was prevented, he would have accomplished his design. 要不是受到阻撓,他的設(shè)計(jì)本應(yīng)已告完成。
7. 通過(guò)修辭手段表達(dá)隱含的否定。
If you believe that, youll believe anything. 你絕對(duì)不能相信那件事。
Isnt this flower beautiful? (=This flower is beautiful) 難道這花不美?(=這花真美。)
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以表示完成的動(dòng)作嗎?
答:可以。在英語(yǔ)中,“be +表語(yǔ)”或“be+過(guò)去分詞”常可說(shuō)明狀態(tài)或情況,但有時(shí)在口語(yǔ)中也可表達(dá)某種行為或動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成的意義。如:
He is dead. (=He has died.) 他已經(jīng)死了。
Here we are. (=Weve come.) 我們來(lái)了。
Mother isnt home yet. (=Mother hasnt come home yet.) 媽媽還沒(méi)有回家。
Half the work is already finished. (=Half the work has already been finished.) 這項(xiàng)工作已完成了一半。
另外,在口語(yǔ)中或非正式文體中,當(dāng)說(shuō)話人的心理仍處于動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)的狀態(tài)中時(shí),也可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替完成時(shí)。如:
I hear you are ill. 我聽說(shuō)你病了。
I learn youre getting married. 我獲悉你要結(jié)婚了。
What good news do you bring us? 你給我們帶來(lái)了什么好消息?