蘇 鑌,夏文芳,周青山,鄭顏磊
(武漢大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院, 湖北 武漢 430060)
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論著
MK571對(duì)膿毒癥大鼠急性肺損傷的影響
蘇鑌,夏文芳,周青山,鄭顏磊
(武漢大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院, 湖北 武漢 430060)
[摘要]目的觀察MK571對(duì)膿毒癥大鼠急性肺損傷的影響。方法將45只雄性SD大鼠隨機(jī)分為假手術(shù)組、膿毒癥組和MK571干預(yù)組,每組15只。膿毒癥組和MK571干預(yù)組采用盲腸結(jié)扎穿刺法制作膿毒癥模型。MK571干預(yù)組術(shù)前30 min腹腔注射MK571 25 mg/kg。術(shù)后12 h和24 h采靜脈血分別檢測(cè)血清白細(xì)胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)水平。術(shù)后24 h行支氣管肺泡灌洗,留取灌洗液行白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù),并留取肺組織做病理學(xué)觀察評(píng)估肺組織損傷程度。結(jié)果膿毒癥組大鼠術(shù)后血清IL-1β和TNF-α水平及支氣管肺泡灌洗液中白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)均顯著高于假手術(shù)組(P均<0.05),肺組織損傷明顯。MK571干預(yù)組大鼠血清IL-1β和TNF-α水平及支氣管肺泡灌洗液中白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)均明顯低于膿毒癥組(P均<0.05),肺組織損傷明顯減輕。結(jié)論MK571可有效減輕膿毒癥大鼠急性肺損傷。
[關(guān)鍵詞]膿毒癥;肺損傷;炎癥;MK571;大鼠
膿毒癥是感染引起的全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征,是非心血管重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房中病死率最高的疾病。肺臟是眾多器官當(dāng)中最常且最早受累的,隨之而來(lái)的急性肺損傷和急性呼吸窘迫綜合征會(huì)顯著延長(zhǎng)患者住院時(shí)間,增加病死率[1]。目前認(rèn)為,炎癥級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng)是膿毒癥肺損傷的核心機(jī)制之一[2]。MK571是半胱氨酰白三烯受體1(CysLTR1)拮抗劑,具有抑制炎癥反應(yīng)的作用[3]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),MK571可減輕機(jī)械通氣誘導(dǎo)的急性肺損傷[4]。本研究利用盲腸結(jié)扎穿刺法建立大鼠膿毒癥動(dòng)物模型,觀察MK571對(duì)膿毒癥大鼠急性肺損傷的影響。
1實(shí)驗(yàn)資料
1.1實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物選用SPF級(jí)雄性SD大鼠,體質(zhì)量230~280 g,由北京華阜康生物科技股份有限公司提供,動(dòng)物合格證編號(hào):11401300010595。實(shí)驗(yàn)前由武漢大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心適應(yīng)性飼養(yǎng)1周,溫度20~26 ℃,相對(duì)濕度40%~60%,12 h/12 h光暗周期,自由飲水及進(jìn)食。實(shí)驗(yàn)過程嚴(yán)格按照動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)實(shí)施及管理辦法執(zhí)行。
1.2實(shí)驗(yàn)方法將45只SD雄性大鼠隨機(jī)分為假手術(shù)組、膿毒癥組和MK571干預(yù)組,每組15只。假手術(shù)組大鼠僅接受盲腸探查術(shù),不結(jié)扎及穿刺。膿毒癥組和MK571干預(yù)組均采用盲腸結(jié)扎穿刺法制作膿毒癥模型:1%戊巴比妥鈉(90 mg/kg)腹腔麻醉,剔除腹部局部毛發(fā),消毒,沿腹正中線做2 cm切口,暴露盲腸,將糞便輕輕擠向盲腸盲端,絲線結(jié)扎盲腸2/3長(zhǎng)度,用20G針頭由系膜端向?qū)?cè)穿通盲腸2次,于盲腸尖端穿刺1次,共5孔,避開血管,并擠出適量糞便,將盲腸放回腹腔,逐層縫合切口,術(shù)畢于皮下注射林格氏液3 mL/100 g,補(bǔ)充手術(shù)過程中體液的丟失及術(shù)后一段時(shí)間的需要量,以提高實(shí)驗(yàn)大鼠的生存率。MK571干預(yù)組大鼠行盲腸結(jié)扎穿刺術(shù)前30 min腹腔注射MK571 20 mg/kg。假手術(shù)組及膿毒癥組術(shù)前30 min注射等容量生理鹽水。
1.3檢測(cè)項(xiàng)目
1.3.1細(xì)胞因子檢測(cè)于術(shù)后12 h及24 h各抽取大鼠尾靜脈血1 mL靜置15 min,1 200 r/min、4 ℃離心20 min,采集血清,-20 ℃保存。用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附(ELISA)法試劑盒檢測(cè)術(shù)后12 h時(shí)白細(xì)胞介素-1β(IL-1β)水平和術(shù)后24 h時(shí)腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)(深圳欣博盛生物科技有限公司)水平,檢測(cè)方法按照試劑盒說明書進(jìn)行。
1.3.2支氣管肺泡灌洗液中白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)于術(shù)后24 h麻醉大鼠后開胸,氣管切開后行左主支氣管插管,套線結(jié)扎于主氣管上防止灌洗液漏出及氣管導(dǎo)管脫出,鉗閉右主支氣管并留取右下肺行病理檢查。行左支氣管肺泡灌洗,每次4 mL生理鹽水共5次,回收率大于75%為合格,收集灌洗液,1 500 r/min、4 ℃離心10 min,離心后吸去上清液,沉淀所得細(xì)胞團(tuán)用0.3 mL生理鹽水懸浮,行白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù),采用牛鮑氏板雙人雙盲計(jì)數(shù),取平均值。
1.3.3肺組織病理學(xué)檢查各組大鼠于術(shù)后24 h麻醉后取右肺下葉,多聚甲醛固定,常規(guī)石蠟切片(5 μm),行蘇木精-伊紅(HE)染色,普通光鏡下(×200)觀察肺組織的充血、水腫、損傷及炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)情況。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法采用SPSS19軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,采用單因素方差分析,兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.13組肺組織病理檢查表現(xiàn) 假手術(shù)組大鼠肺組織結(jié)構(gòu)較完整,肺間質(zhì)無(wú)水腫,肺泡腔內(nèi)無(wú)明顯液體及細(xì)胞滲出,見圖1。膿毒癥組大鼠肺間質(zhì)見大量炎性細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),肺泡結(jié)構(gòu)破壞明顯,肺泡隔增寬,肺泡腔可見廣泛出血,毛細(xì)血管擴(kuò)張,見圖2。MK571干預(yù)組大鼠較膿毒癥組大鼠肺組織炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)減少,肺泡隔增寬程度不及膿毒癥組明顯,出血明顯減少,結(jié)構(gòu)也較膿毒癥組完整,見圖3。
2.23組血清IL-1β、TNF-α含量比較膿毒癥組大鼠術(shù)后12 h血清IL-1β水平和術(shù)后24 h血清TNF-α水平均顯著高于假手術(shù)組(P均<0.05),MK571干預(yù)組大鼠血清IL-1β和TNF-α水平均明顯低于膿毒癥組(P均<0.05)。見表1。
圖1 假手術(shù)組大鼠肺組織病理切片HE染色表現(xiàn)(×200)
圖2 膿毒癥組大鼠肺組織病理切片HE染色表現(xiàn)(×200)
圖3 MK571干預(yù)組大鼠肺組織病理切片HE染色表現(xiàn)(×200)
組別IL-1βTNF-α假手術(shù)組138.16±30.7721.58±3.82膿毒癥組793.57±184.56①105.49±26.42①M(fèi)K571干預(yù)組546.65±195.31①②77.69±22.59①②
注:①與假手術(shù)組比較,P<0.05;②與膿毒癥組比較,P<0.05。
2.33組支氣管肺泡灌洗液中白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)比較假手術(shù)組、膿毒癥組、MK571干預(yù)組支氣管肺泡灌洗液中白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)分別為(16.5±15.8)104L-1、(107.4±53.4)104L-1、(65.8±24.8)104L-1,膿毒癥組白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)顯著高于假手術(shù)組(P<0.05),而MK571干預(yù)組明顯低于膿毒癥組(P<0.05)。
3討論
隨著對(duì)膿毒癥病理生理機(jī)制研究的不斷深入,目前認(rèn)為炎癥反應(yīng)在膿毒癥所引起的多器官功能障礙綜合征(MODS)的發(fā)生發(fā)展及轉(zhuǎn)歸中起最重要作用,是膿毒癥多個(gè)發(fā)病機(jī)制的基礎(chǔ)。在膿毒癥中,大量炎癥細(xì)胞激活及炎癥因子釋放造成組織器官損傷、血管擴(kuò)張、血漿滲漏、氧供需障礙等,最終導(dǎo)致器官功能不全、MODS甚至多器官功能衰竭,引起患者死亡。本實(shí)驗(yàn)使用盲腸結(jié)扎及穿刺術(shù)模擬腹腔臟器穿孔引起的膿毒癥,此方法能較好地模擬自然病程,是經(jīng)典的膿毒癥模型[5]。筆者在實(shí)驗(yàn)中觀察到膿毒癥模型大鼠較假手術(shù)組大鼠術(shù)后明顯萎靡、活動(dòng)減少、顫抖、呼吸頻率加快,部分大鼠目?jī)?nèi)眥可見滲血;預(yù)實(shí)驗(yàn)病理檢測(cè)提示明顯肺部病變,模型制作可靠。
白三烯(LTs)是一組具有生物活性的由花生四烯酸(AA)經(jīng)5-脂氧合酶(5-LO)代謝生成的一組脂類遞質(zhì),包括白三烯A(LTA)、白三烯B (LTB)、白三烯C(LTC)、白三烯D(LTD)和白三烯E(LTE)。LTC、LTD和LTE統(tǒng)稱為半胱氨酰白三烯(CysLTs),CysLTs通過CysLTR1起作用,其在機(jī)體內(nèi)含量不高但廣泛參與變態(tài)反應(yīng)及炎癥反應(yīng),是一種強(qiáng)有力的炎癥遞質(zhì)及趨化因子[6-7]。Petersen等[8]研究提示,內(nèi)毒素小鼠支氣管肺泡灌洗液中白三烯含量顯著增加,其可通過CysLTR1依賴的機(jī)制引起低氧性肺血管收縮。DeClue等[9]研究證實(shí),CysLTR1抑制劑扎魯司特(Zafirlukast)可顯著改善內(nèi)毒素所致的低血壓反應(yīng)。Zhu等[10-11]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),哮喘和慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者支氣管黏膜中多種炎癥細(xì)胞CysLTR1表達(dá)均顯著增加,且與疾病嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān)。Yeh等[12]研究顯示,肝臟缺血-再灌注損傷顯著增加肺組織TNF-α含量和支氣管肺泡灌洗液中白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù),CysLTR1拮抗劑MK571處理可顯著減少肺組織炎癥浸潤(rùn)和組織損傷程度。這些研究提示,阻斷CysLTR1介導(dǎo)的炎癥反應(yīng)可能是防治膿毒癥組織損傷的新策略。
本研究病理檢查結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),膿毒癥組大鼠肺組織可見大量炎性細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),肺泡結(jié)構(gòu)破壞明顯,肺間質(zhì)明顯水腫增厚,而 MK571干預(yù)組肺組織炎癥反應(yīng)及肺泡結(jié)構(gòu)損害程度顯著減輕,說明膿毒癥時(shí)炎癥細(xì)胞在肺組織趨化并聚集,與細(xì)菌毒素和炎癥因子一起對(duì)肺組織造成損傷,使肺組織結(jié)構(gòu)破壞紊亂,肺泡閉合,并且使肺血管內(nèi)皮屏障功能喪失,大量血漿成分及紅細(xì)胞等滲出。而MK571干預(yù)則可減輕上述病理改變,提示MK571可能通過拮抗CysLTR1的作用從而減輕內(nèi)毒素及炎癥因子在肺組織的促炎癥作用,并有一定的血管內(nèi)皮屏障穩(wěn)定作用。本研究中膿毒癥組大鼠支氣管肺泡灌洗液中白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)明顯升高,提示膿毒癥過程中,遠(yuǎn)離感染部位的肺臟受到血流中細(xì)菌毒素、炎癥細(xì)胞及炎癥因子的影響出現(xiàn)白細(xì)胞遷移浸潤(rùn);MK571干預(yù)組支氣管肺泡灌洗液中白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)顯著減少,證明MK571干預(yù)對(duì)炎癥細(xì)胞的浸潤(rùn)遷移有一定的抑制作用。
血漿中炎癥因子增加是膿毒癥的典型特征之一,IL-1β、TNF-α及IL-6是主要的促炎癥細(xì)胞因子,其在炎癥時(shí)升高的多少可以反映炎癥反應(yīng)的嚴(yán)重程度。本實(shí)驗(yàn)中膿毒癥組術(shù)后12 h時(shí)血清IL-1β含量和術(shù)后24 h時(shí)血清TNF-α含量均顯著高于假手術(shù)組,MK571干預(yù)組二者含量均明顯降低,提示MK571不僅可減輕肺組織局部炎癥反應(yīng),還可能通過減輕感染原發(fā)灶的炎癥反應(yīng)來(lái)減輕全身的炎癥反應(yīng)程度,而事實(shí)上炎癥組織中的炎癥因子濃度要遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于血漿中的水平,這也提示MK571在膿毒癥的炎癥過程中可能對(duì)其他器官及組織也具有一定的抗炎保護(hù)作用,如腎臟、肝臟、腦組織,但這有待進(jìn)一步實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)。
綜上所述,膿毒癥大鼠肺組織呈現(xiàn)明顯炎癥狀態(tài),血清炎癥因子水平升高,肺組織損傷明顯,MK571干預(yù)可顯著降低血清炎癥因子水平,可抑制炎癥細(xì)胞的浸潤(rùn)遷移,對(duì)膿毒癥誘導(dǎo)的急性肺損傷有明顯保護(hù)作用。
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Effect of MK571 on sepsis-induced acute lung injury in rats
SU Bin, XIA Wenfang, ZHOU Qingshan, ZHENG Yanlei
(Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei,China)
Abstract:Objective It is to explore the effect of MK571 on sepsis-induced acute lung injury in rats. Methods Forty-five SD rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham-operated group, sepsis group, and sepsis plus MRP4 inhibitor treatment group(intervention group), with 15 rats in each group. Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture in sepsis group and intervention group. MK571 (25 mg/kg) was administrated by intraperitoneal injection 30 minutes before induction of sepsis in intervention group. Serum interlukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at 12 hours and 24 hours after surgery respectively. At 24 hours after surgery, the lungs were collected for histopathological examination, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was harvested for white blood cell-counting. Results Compared with sham group, serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels were significantly higher in sepsis group. White blood cell count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was elevated and lung injury was increased in sepsis group compared to sham group. Importantly, MK571 treatment significantly decreased serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels, reduced white blood cell count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and improved lung injury. Conclusion MK571 can effectively relieve acute lung injury in septic rats.
Key words:sepsis; lung injury; inflammation; MK571; rat
[收稿日期]2015-05-14
[中圖分類號(hào)]R-332
[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼]A
[文章編號(hào)]1008-8849(2016)01-0001-03
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1008-8849.2016.01.001
[基金項(xiàng)目]國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(81301620)
[作者簡(jiǎn)介]蘇鑌,男,碩士研究生在讀,主要從事膿毒癥時(shí)肺保護(hù)的研究。[通信作者]周青山,E-mail: zhtoo163@hotmail.com;夏文芳,E-mail: xiawenfang2004@sina.com
現(xiàn)代中西醫(yī)結(jié)合雜志2016年1期