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迪士尼樂園:“我”是這樣誕生的

2016-06-12 23:41:27
新東方英語·中學版 2016年6期
關鍵詞:華特開園主題樂園

2016年6月16日,上海迪士尼樂園盛大開園。它和已經問世的所有迪士尼樂園一樣,吸引了成千上萬的游客蜂擁而入,在這個夢幻的童話王國中盡情玩樂。那你知道第一座迪士尼樂園是如何建成的嗎?你又知道迪士尼樂園為何會在全球不計其數的游樂園中脫穎而出、擁有獨一無二的地位嗎?

Until the 1940s, the American amusement park was limited to merry-go-rounds1), Ferris wheels2) and carnival games3). All that changed when Walt Elias Disney envisioned4) a new amusement park called a theme park. Disney's innovations reenergized amusement parks in the United States and created an entirely new approach to the real estate development and commercial construction of theme parks and the areas surrounding those attractions.

直到20世紀40年代,美國的游樂園里都只有旋轉木馬、摩天輪和攤位游戲。當華特·埃利亞斯·迪士尼設想出名為“主題樂園”的一種新型游樂園之后,所有這一切都發(fā)生了改變。迪士尼的革新重新激發(fā)了美國游樂場的活力,也首創(chuàng)了房地產開發(fā)和主題樂園及景點周邊地區(qū)商業(yè)建設的一種全新方法。

An Amusement Park Started with a Problem

Walt Disney once said, "It was all started by a mouse", but in reality, Disneyland started with a problem. Sitting on a bench in Griffith Park watching his daughters on the carousel5), he wondered, why isn't there some sort of amusement experience that the entire family can enjoy together?

His idea for displaying Disney characters in a fantasy setting was a bold departure from amusement parks and carnivals that offered rides, games and inexpensive food. Instead Disneyland was conceived as an extension of the Disney brand, and would be the first "theme park" built in the United States.

When Disney decided that he would be building a place that told a story, he knew that he would need people and technology to help create the magic and tell the stories. In 1952, Disney assembled6) a staff of designers, planners and artists and formed WED Enterprises7), standing for Walter Elias Disney. The WED group began a long process of creative brainstorming. Its members conceptualized8), designed and reworked Walt's broad ideas. They visited other amusement attractions around the country to gather data and impressions and flesh out9) development plans, and with the help of commercial contractors10) created a rough construction timetable.

A New Paradigm11) in the Construction

of Amusement Parks

With financing in place and a location secured, the construction companies began in the summer of 1953.

Disneyland was designed in a wheel-shaped configuration12). The idea was to provide a fun entrance area with a long walkway where visitors would wander through, led by a grand visual attraction, to the park's center. From there, visitors could branch off13) to the rest of the park on paths that radiated outward like spokes14) on a wheel.

This became the design for Disneyland. Visitors entered the park through Mainstreet U.S.A. and made their way to the center part of the wheel, where they found the park's majestic centerpiece, Sleeping Beauty's Castle and Fantasyland. Winding "spokes" led from the castle through the rest of the park, guiding visitors to other different themed "lands", including Adventureland, Frontierland and Tomorrowland. This wheel design layout with an iconic centerpiece has become the standard approach for designing theme parks and has been adopted by the majority of theme parks constructed since that time.

Construction for Disneyland began on July 21, 1954, just 12 months before the park was scheduled to open. Construction companies worked frantically15) to meet the tight schedule and completed the project on time. Disneyland was formally opened a year later, on July 17, 1955, to glowing16) reviews. Unlike other amusement parks of the day, Disneyland was developed and constructed to be instantly recognizable as an extension of the Disney brand and the Disney philosophy. The rides used an array of Disney motifs17), costumed Disney characters roamed18) the park, and Sleeping Beauty Castle, the attraction at the heart of the park, was instantly recognizable to millions of people since it was seen every Sunday night on ABC television. Disneyland became, in a sense, the capstone19) of Walt Disney's career.

The capstone of his career also quickly became the cornerstone of an empire. In its first six months, one million people visited the Disneyland; in its first full year, three million people passed through its gates. The park quickly generated capital to finance a vast expansion, and in subsequent years, each time the park expanded its capacity, revenues increased more than proportionately20) to the added capital. In spite of his lack of real estate development experience, Disney had created park plans that allowed for expansion and resulting construction that would not interfere with ongoing park operations.

Cinderella's Castle is a masterpiece of design and construction. Standing 189 feet tall, the Castle is made of fiberglass21) veneer22) crafted23) around a 600-ton steel framework. It features ten spires24); portions of the castle are finished to look like solid granite25) and other parts look like brick. The fa?ade26) bricks nearer the top of the Castle are actually smaller than the ones closer to the ground. This technique of designing higher features to be disproportionately small makes the Castle look taller than it actually is.

From Walt Disney's unpleasant experience as a father taking his daughters to an amusement park has emerged the multi-billion dollar industry of modern theme parks. Disney's theme parks dominate tourism on both coasts, as well as in Paris and in Tokyo. Disney's diversification from cartoons and movies into vacation environments even includes a Disney cruise line as well. In fact, Disneyland and Disney World signaled a major shift in amusement and theme park development and construction. Almost every major amusement park in the U.S. today is a descendant27) of and aspires to the Disney model: a focus on convenience, a superior guest experience, development planning allowing easy and seamless28) expansion, innovative construction techniques and most importantly a "theme" that gives a park a sense of identity and uniqueness. While Walt Disney is best remembered for creating ageless cartoon characters like Mickey Mouse, Goofy and Donald Duck, his impact on commercial real estate development and the construction of major entertainment venues is just as historically significant for the entertainment and the construction industries.

始于一個問題的游樂園

華特·迪士尼曾說,“一切都始于一只老鼠”,但實際上,迪士尼樂園卻是始于一個問題。當年迪士尼坐在格里菲斯公園的長椅上看著玩旋轉木馬的女兒們,不禁產生了一個疑惑:為什么沒有全家人可以一起盡情享受的某種游樂體驗呢?

他想到的是在一個奇幻的場景中展示迪士尼的那些卡通形象,這一想法大膽地背離了提供游樂設施、游戲和廉價食物的游樂園和露天游樂場。迪士尼樂園反而被構想為迪士尼品牌的一種延伸,并將成為在美國建立的第一家“主題樂園”。

當迪士尼決定自己將建造一個有故事的地方時,他知道自己將會需要人才和技術來幫忙創(chuàng)造魔法、講述故事。1952年,迪士尼召集起了一隊設計師、規(guī)劃師和藝術家,成立了WED公司(WED是他姓名首字母的縮寫)。WED團隊開始了漫長的創(chuàng)意性頭腦風暴過程。其成員將華特粗線條的想法形成概念,對其加以設計和重新改造。為了收集數據和印象、完善發(fā)展規(guī)劃,他們參觀了美國各地的其他游樂項目,并在商業(yè)項目承包公司的幫助下制定出了大致的施工時間表。

游樂園建設的新典范

在資金到位、地址選定之后,建筑公司于1953年的夏天開始動工。

迪士尼樂園被設計成輪狀布局,其理念是向游客提供一個饒有趣味的入口區(qū),游客可沿著一條長長的走道,在一個視覺上十分吸引人的宏大景點的指引下,漫步到樂園的中央。從那里,游客可以順著如同車輪輻條一樣向外輻射的道路轉到樂園的其他地方去。

這成為迪士尼樂園的布局設計。游客經由美國大街進入公園,一路走到“車輪”的中心,在那里會發(fā)現樂園宏偉的核心景點——睡美人城堡和奇幻世界。從睡美人城堡發(fā)出的彎彎曲曲的“輻條”通向樂園的其他所有地方,引導游客前往其他不同主題的“樂園”,包括探險世界、邊疆世界和明日世界。這種中心為標志性景點的輪狀設計布局已經成為主題樂園的標準布局設計,已為此后建成的大多數主題樂園所采用。

1954年7月21日,迪士尼樂園開始施工,離計劃開園的時間僅有12個月。建筑公司為了趕上緊張的工期瘋狂地工作,最終按時完成了項目。一年之后的1955年7月17日,迪士尼樂園正式開園,獲得了熱情洋溢的好評。不同于當時的其他游樂園,迪士尼樂園的開發(fā)和建造旨在讓游客一眼就認出這是迪士尼品牌和理念的延伸。園內游樂設施大量采用迪士尼的主題,身穿卡通服裝的迪士尼卡通形象在公園里四處游走,樂園中心的睡美人城堡則是成千上百萬游客一眼就能認出的景點,因為它在每周日晚上都會出現在美國廣播電視公司的節(jié)目中。從某種意義上說,迪士尼樂園成了華特·迪士尼事業(yè)的頂峰。

迪士尼個人事業(yè)的頂峰也迅速成為迪士尼帝國的基石。在開園的頭六個月中,有100萬游客來到了迪士尼樂園;開園第一年全年,迪士尼樂園總共接待了300萬游客。樂園很快產生了大舉擴建所需的資金,在隨后的幾年里,樂園每次提高容納能力后收入的增長都會遠遠超過新投入的資金。盡管迪士尼缺少地產開發(fā)經驗,但他制定的園區(qū)規(guī)劃讓他得以實現園區(qū)的擴建,并且相應的擴建施工還不會干擾樂園的持續(xù)運營。

灰姑娘城堡是一大設計與建造杰作。城堡高189英尺(譯注:約57.6米),由約600噸重的鋼鐵結構骨架和精心覆于其上的玻璃纖維鑲板打造而成。城堡獨有十座尖塔;完工時有些部分外觀看起來像是堅固的花崗巖,有些部分看起來則像磚塊。城堡正面靠近其頂部的磚塊實際要比靠近地面的磚塊小一些。將高處部分不成比例縮小的這種設計方法可以令這座城堡顯得比實際更為高大。

由身為父親的華特·迪士尼帶女兒去游樂園遇到的不快經歷,催生出了一個價值數十億美元的現代主題樂園產業(yè)。迪士尼主題樂園影響著美國東西海岸以及巴黎和東京的旅游業(yè)。迪士尼從漫畫、電影向度假領域進行多元化發(fā)展,甚至還成立了迪士尼海上巡游線。事實上,迪士尼樂園和迪士尼世界標志著游樂園和主題樂園開發(fā)與建設的一個重大轉變。今天,美國幾乎每個大型游樂園都是迪士尼模式的衍生物或效仿者。迪士尼模式注重便利,卓越的游客體驗,能輕松、流暢實現擴建的發(fā)展規(guī)劃,富于創(chuàng)意的建筑工藝以及——最為重要的是——一個能夠賦予樂園認同感及獨特性的“主題”。雖然華特·迪士尼最為人銘記的是他創(chuàng)造了諸如米老鼠、高飛狗和唐老鴨等永恒的卡通形象,但在娛樂業(yè)和建筑業(yè),他在商業(yè)地產開發(fā)和大型娛樂場所建設方面的影響也同樣具有重大的歷史意義。

全球迪士尼樂園一覽

1. 加利福尼亞迪士尼樂園(Disneyland Park)

位于美國加利福尼亞州阿納海姆市,1955年7月17日開園,是全球第一座迪士尼樂園,也是在迪士尼的親自指導下設計和建造的唯一一座迪士尼樂園。它是全世界最受歡迎的主題樂園之一,被譽為“地球上最快樂的地方(the happiest place on earth)”。

2. 奧蘭多華特迪士尼世界(Walt Disney World)

位于美國佛羅里達州奧蘭多市郊,1971年10月1日開園,是目前全球最大的迪士尼樂園度假區(qū),擁有四座超大型主題樂園,分別是魔法王國(Magic Kingdom)、未來世界(Epcot)、迪士尼好萊塢影城(Disney's Hollywood Studio)和迪士尼動物王國(Disney's Animal Kingdom)。

3. 東京迪士尼樂園(Tokyo Disneyland)

位于日本東京,1983年4月開園,是美國境外的第一座迪士尼樂園,號稱“亞洲第一游樂園”。

4. 巴黎迪士尼樂園(Disneyland Paris)

位于法國巴黎,1992年4月開園,是歐洲游客最多的主題樂園。

5. 香港迪士尼樂園(Hong Kong Disneyland)

位于中國香港特別行政區(qū),2005年9月開園,是中國第一座迪士尼樂園。

6. 上海迪士尼樂園(Shanghai Disneyland Park)

位于中國上海市,2016年6月16日開園,是中國內地的第一座迪士尼樂園。

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