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陜北黃土區(qū)植被特征對(duì)坡面微地形的響應(yīng)

2016-06-18 07:14盧紀(jì)元朱清科陳文思王瑜
中國水土保持科學(xué) 2016年1期
關(guān)鍵詞:陰坡陽坡原狀

盧紀(jì)元, 朱清科, 陳文思, 王瑜

(北京林業(yè)大學(xué) 水土保持與荒漠化防治教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,100083,北京)

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陜北黃土區(qū)植被特征對(duì)坡面微地形的響應(yīng)

盧紀(jì)元, 朱清科?, 陳文思, 王瑜

(北京林業(yè)大學(xué) 水土保持與荒漠化防治教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,100083,北京)

摘要:為掌握陜北黃土區(qū)不同植被特征對(duì)坡面微地形的響應(yīng),以陜西省吳起縣合溝流域半陰、半陽2個(gè)坡向的原狀坡及其5種微地形為研究對(duì)象,分析對(duì)比不同坡向各類微地形的物種組成、草本生物量、植被蓋度及植物多樣性特征。結(jié)果表明:1)各類微地形植物群落的物種組成、植被蓋度、草本生物量及植物多樣性指數(shù)多優(yōu)于原狀坡,其中切溝和塌陷的植被狀況最優(yōu),其次為淺溝和緩臺(tái),陡坎最差;2)各類微地形植物群落的Simpson指數(shù)與Shannon-Wiener指數(shù)變化趨勢(shì)一致,均為切溝>塌陷>緩臺(tái)>淺溝>陡坎>原狀坡,其中切溝和塌陷的植物群落所處的自然演替階段高于其他微地形;3)經(jīng)過15年自然恢復(fù),半陽坡形成以星毛委陵菜、賴草等多年生草本植物為優(yōu)勢(shì)種的植物群落,半陰坡形成以鐵桿蒿、茭蒿等地帶性多年生草本植物為優(yōu)勢(shì)種的植物群落,半陰坡各類微地形植物群落的物種組成狀況、草本生物量、植被蓋度以及植物多樣性特征指數(shù)均優(yōu)于半陽坡。掌握不同微地形植被配置的差異,有助于提高陜北黃土區(qū)植被恢復(fù)措施的有效性和持續(xù)性。

關(guān)鍵詞:微地形; 物種組成; 草本生物量; 植被蓋度; 植物多樣性; Margalef指數(shù); Pielou指數(shù); Shannon-Wiener指數(shù); Simpson指數(shù)

陜北黃土區(qū)長年干旱少雨,地形復(fù)雜、地貌破碎,水土流失嚴(yán)重,生態(tài)環(huán)境脆弱,該區(qū)的植被恢復(fù)重建問題變得至關(guān)重要[1-2]。陜北黃土區(qū)坡面在土壤侵蝕等作用下形成切溝、淺溝、塌陷、陡坎和緩臺(tái)等大小不同、形狀各異的微地形[3-4],這些微地形使坡面變得凹凸不平,影響土壤水分、養(yǎng)分等植物生境條件的空間再分配[5-7],而土壤水分、養(yǎng)分的分布差別可能導(dǎo)致不同微地形及原狀坡的植物群落特征產(chǎn)生顯著差異[8]。在陜北黃土區(qū)的植被恢復(fù)建設(shè)中,忽略微環(huán)境的差異可能導(dǎo)致植被成活率和保存率低等問題[9],微地形已成為影響植物群落結(jié)構(gòu)配置的關(guān)鍵因素[3];因此,研究不同微地形植被特征,掌握不同微地形植被配置的差異,有助于提高陜北黃土區(qū)植被恢復(fù)措施的有效性和持續(xù)性。

國內(nèi)外已有不少關(guān)于微地形植被的研究,國外研究[10-13]主要集中于微地形對(duì)樹木的物種組成、個(gè)體大小、林分結(jié)構(gòu)和分布格局等方面的影響 。國內(nèi)關(guān)于微地形植被的研究,主要集中于微地形對(duì)天然林的生長狀況和群落結(jié)構(gòu)的影響[14-18];但關(guān)于陜北黃土區(qū)不同坡向各類微地形之間的植被特征對(duì)比分析卻鮮有報(bào)道。本文通過對(duì)比分析不同坡向及同一坡向各類微地形上植物群落的物種組成、數(shù)量特征以及植物多樣性特征,揭示陜北黃土區(qū)不同微地形植被特征及其與原狀坡的差異,以期為陜北黃土區(qū)的植被恢復(fù)建設(shè)提供參考。

1研究區(qū)概況

吳起縣位于延安市西北部,地處E 107°38′57″~108°32′49″,N 36°33′33″~37°24′27″,海拔介于1 233~1 809 m之間,屬于典型的黃土高原丘陵溝壑區(qū)。該縣屬于暖溫帶大陸性干旱季風(fēng)氣候,年平均氣溫7.8 ℃,無霜期96~146 d,年平均陸地蒸發(fā)量為400~450 mm,年平均降水量為478.3 mm,7—9月降水量可占到全年降水量的62%以上,其他季節(jié)多為無效降水。土壤類型主要為黃綿土,質(zhì)地為輕壤。合溝流域處于吳起縣中部,自1998年初以來實(shí)施退耕還林(草)工程,完全依靠自然恢復(fù),目前坡面植被以草本群落為主,零星分布著小灌木和喬木幼苗。

2研究方法

2.1樣地調(diào)查

于2014年7—8月,調(diào)查研究區(qū)內(nèi)微地形的分布情況,以半陽坡向和半陰坡向梁峁坡部位的微地形作為研究樣地。每個(gè)坡向至少取5個(gè)微地形樣地,并設(shè)置3個(gè)5 m×5 m的原狀坡樣地為對(duì)照組,在各個(gè)樣地內(nèi)按照機(jī)械設(shè)置方法取3個(gè)1 m×1 m的草本樣方;若出現(xiàn)小灌木或喬木幼苗,則根據(jù)實(shí)際情況將樣方面積適當(dāng)擴(kuò)大。其中淺溝和切溝的樣方設(shè)置在其底部,共調(diào)查57個(gè)草本樣方。調(diào)查樣方內(nèi)植物的種類及其株數(shù)、平均高度,采用目視判讀法估計(jì)植物種蓋度和樣方總蓋度,稱取地上植物鮮重,采用烘干稱量法獲取生物量和干鮮比。如若出現(xiàn)小灌木或喬木幼苗,則記錄其種類及其株數(shù)、樹高和冠幅。同時(shí)記錄每個(gè)樣地的坡向、坡位、坡度、海拔以及經(jīng)緯度。

2.2數(shù)據(jù)處理

采用重要值測(cè)定群落物種組成,用以劃定群落的優(yōu)勢(shì)種;選用Margalef指數(shù)、Pielou指數(shù)、Shannon-Wiener指數(shù)以及Simpson指數(shù)對(duì)比分析不同坡向不同微地形的植物群落多樣性特征。各指數(shù)的計(jì)算公式見參考文獻(xiàn)[19-21]。

對(duì)陜北黃土區(qū)植被的草本生物量、蓋度以及植物多樣性指數(shù)與地形因子進(jìn)行相關(guān)分析。對(duì)微地形類型、坡向、坡位和坡度等4個(gè)地形因子進(jìn)行分級(jí)量化。其中,微地形類型按照土壤水分從小到大[8]順序賦值為:陡坎=1,淺溝=2,緩臺(tái)=3,切溝=4,塌陷=5;坡向賦值為:半陽坡=1,半陰坡=2;坡位賦值為:梁峁坡上部=1,梁峁坡中部=2,梁峁坡下部=3。

在Excel軟件中完成植物群落的相關(guān)計(jì)算,在SPSS 18.0軟件中完成雙變量相關(guān)分析。

3結(jié)果與分析

3.1微地形植被特征與地形因子的相關(guān)性

由表1可知,植物群落的草本生物量、蓋度以及各植物多樣性指數(shù)與微地形類型、坡向均存在較大的相關(guān)關(guān)系,其中微地形與生物量、豐富度指數(shù)呈極顯著相關(guān)(P<0.01),坡向與Simpson指數(shù)、Pielou指數(shù)呈極顯著相關(guān)(P<0.01)。坡位僅和生物量呈顯著相關(guān)(P<0.05),坡度和各項(xiàng)植物群落特征指數(shù)的相關(guān)性不顯著。由此可見,微地形類型和坡向與生物量、蓋度以及各植物多樣性指數(shù)密切相關(guān),對(duì)陜北黃土區(qū)植被特征具有重要影響。

表1 植被特征與地形因子的相關(guān)性

注:n為樣方數(shù);*表示顯著性水平在0.05以內(nèi),即顯著相關(guān);**表示顯著性水平在0.01以內(nèi),即極顯著相關(guān)。Note:The sample of * indicates a significant correlation whileP<0.05; the sample of ** indicates an extremely significant correlation whileP<0.01;n=No. of plots.

3.2微地形植物群落物種組成特征

由表2可知,半陰坡各類微地形的植物群落物種數(shù)均高于半陽坡。在半陽坡內(nèi),塌陷出現(xiàn)喬木1種,為小葉楊(Populussimonii),灌木2種,為扁核木(Prinsepiautilis)和小葉錦雞兒(Caraganamicrophylla);切溝出現(xiàn)喬木2種,為小葉楊和榆樹(Ulmuspumila),灌木2種,為扁核木和互葉醉魚草(Buddlejaalternifolia)。與半陽坡相比,半陰坡的陡坎出現(xiàn)三裂葉繡線菊(Spiraeatrilobata)的幼苗,切溝的灌木多出一種,為三裂葉繡線菊,塌陷的喬灌木物種組成與之相同。

由表3可知,半陽坡和半陰坡的植物群落物種組成均優(yōu)于原狀坡,其中半陽坡形成以星毛委陵菜(Potentillaacaulis)、賴草(Leymussecalinus)等多年生草本植物為優(yōu)勢(shì)種的植物群落,半陰坡形成以鐵桿蒿(Artemisiasacrorum)、茭蒿(Artemisialeucophylla)等地帶性多年生草本植物為優(yōu)勢(shì)種的植物群落,其植物群落所處的自然演替階段較半陽坡高級(jí)。在半陽坡內(nèi),塌陷和切溝都出現(xiàn)灌木和喬木,緩臺(tái)形成以多年生草本植物大針茅(Stipagrandis)、賴草為優(yōu)勢(shì)種的植物群落,陡坎和淺溝形成以一年生草本植物星毛委陵菜為優(yōu)勢(shì)種和以鐵桿蒿、茭蒿等地帶性多年生草本植物為伴生種的植物群落,依據(jù)秦偉等[22]對(duì)黃土區(qū)退耕地植被自然演替的研究,各類微地形植物群落所處的演替階段排序?yàn)椋核荨⑶袦?緩臺(tái)>陡坎、淺溝。

在半陰坡內(nèi),塌陷和切溝同樣出現(xiàn)灌木和喬木,淺溝形成以鐵桿蒿為優(yōu)勢(shì)種的植物群落,緩臺(tái)和原狀坡形成以星毛委陵菜為優(yōu)勢(shì)種的植物群落,二者物種組成無明顯區(qū)別,與半陽坡相比,各類微地形植物群落所處的演替階段排序有所區(qū)別:塌陷、切溝>淺溝>緩臺(tái)、陡坎。

表2 微地形植物群落構(gòu)成統(tǒng)計(jì)

表3 地形植物群落主要物種

3.3微地形草本生物量和植被蓋度分異

對(duì)比分析不同坡向不同微地形的植被蓋度和草本生物量(圖1和圖2),半陽坡各類微地形的植被蓋度均高于原狀坡,其中切溝和塌陷差異最顯著,除陡坎外,各類微地形的草本生物量均高于原狀坡。陡坎的蓋度高于原狀坡,而生物量低于原狀坡,這可能因?yàn)槎缚驳钠露冗h(yuǎn)大于原狀坡,伴生種中存在長勢(shì)較高的賴草,植被蓋度指地上植被的投影面積占地面的比率,故陡坎的蓋度高于原狀坡而生物量低于原狀坡。半陰坡各類微地形的植被蓋度和草本生物量均高于半陽坡。在2個(gè)坡向內(nèi),切溝在植被蓋度和生物量上的優(yōu)勢(shì)最突出,陡坎與原狀坡無明顯差異。

圖1 不同微地形植被蓋度Fig.1 Coverage of plant communities on micro-topography

圖2 不同微地形草本生物量Fig.2 Biomass of plant communities on micro-topography

圖3 不同坡向微地形植物群落多樣性指數(shù)Fig.3 Diversity indices of plant communities on micro-topography in different slope aspects

3.4微地形植物多樣性特征分異

由圖3知,半陽坡與半陰坡各項(xiàng)植物多樣性特征指數(shù)的大小順序基本一致,均大于原狀坡,但半陰坡的各項(xiàng)多樣性特征指數(shù)波動(dòng)幅度更大,說明在半陰坡向,植被特征受不同微地形類型的影響更加敏感;半陰坡各項(xiàng)植物多樣性特征指數(shù)均大于半陽坡,說明半陰坡的土壤水分、養(yǎng)分以及光照等生態(tài)環(huán)境條件有利于植物的生長、發(fā)育和演替。

半陽坡內(nèi),豐富度指數(shù)從大到小排序?yàn)闇\溝>切溝>緩臺(tái)>塌陷>原狀坡>陡坎,其中淺溝最大、陡坎最小,淺溝、切溝和緩臺(tái)三者的豐富度無明顯區(qū)別;均勻度指數(shù)從大到小排列為塌陷>切溝>緩臺(tái)>陡坎>淺溝>原狀坡;Shannon-Wiener指數(shù)從大到小排列為切溝>塌陷>緩臺(tái)>淺溝>陡坎>原狀坡,其中切溝最大,陡坎與原狀坡無明顯區(qū)別;Simpson指數(shù)的變化趨勢(shì)與Shannon-Wiener指數(shù)基本一致,但切溝更為突出。

半陰坡內(nèi),物種豐富度指數(shù)大小排列與半陽坡基本一致,但陡坎要高于原狀坡;均勻度指數(shù)從大到小排列為切溝>塌陷>緩臺(tái)>淺溝>陡坎>原狀坡;Shannon-Wiener指數(shù)與Simpson指數(shù)的大小排列與半陽坡均一致。

4討論

微地形改變了降水在坡面上的再分配路徑,造成土壤水分、養(yǎng)分以及光照等生境條件的空間差異,研究[8,23]顯示,微地形土壤水分、養(yǎng)分及光照條件優(yōu)于原狀坡;因此,各類微地形植物群落的物種組成、植被蓋度、草本生物量及植物多樣性指標(biāo)等多優(yōu)于原狀坡。除此之外,切溝由于其長度、寬度以及下切深度規(guī)模大,利于坡面徑流的匯集和土壤養(yǎng)分、水分的保持[24],從而生物量、植被蓋度相對(duì)較大,各項(xiàng)多樣性指數(shù)高,在相同的自然恢復(fù)時(shí)間內(nèi),其灌木和喬木幼苗出現(xiàn)較早,因此切溝的植被狀況最優(yōu)。淺溝與切溝形狀相似,但其長、寬、深的規(guī)模不大,保水保肥能力沒有切溝好,緩臺(tái)地勢(shì)相對(duì)平緩、水分分布較均勻,因此淺溝和緩臺(tái)植被狀況較好。塌陷的Shannon-Wiener指數(shù)較高、陡坎的Shannon-Wiener指數(shù)較低,這與王晶等[9]研究結(jié)果不一致。塌陷除地形利于匯集上部坡面徑流外,可能是因?yàn)檠芯繀^(qū)的塌陷本身面積相對(duì)大、發(fā)育比較完全,保水保養(yǎng)的能力好。同時(shí)也有研究[8,25]表明:各類微地形中塌陷的水分、養(yǎng)分等生境條件最優(yōu),而濕潤的生態(tài)環(huán)境更有利于植被均勻分布,因此多樣性指數(shù)較高;陡坎坡度大、地形陡,水分條件差,因此多樣性指數(shù)較低、植被狀況最差。

在陜北黃土區(qū),水分是限制植被生長發(fā)育的關(guān)鍵因子,半陽坡較半陰坡相比,光照時(shí)間長、水分養(yǎng)分條件差[26];因此,半陰坡各類微地形的植物群落在物種組成、植被蓋度、草本生物量及各項(xiàng)植物多樣性指標(biāo)等方面都明顯優(yōu)于半陽坡。除此之外,半陽坡形成以星毛委陵菜、賴草等多年生草本植物為優(yōu)勢(shì)種的植物群落,半陰坡形成以鐵桿蒿、茭蒿等地帶性多年生草本植物為優(yōu)勢(shì)種的植物群落,這與秦偉等[22,27-28]研究結(jié)果相符。半陰坡植物群落所處的自然演替階段較半陽坡高級(jí),說明土壤水分、養(yǎng)分條件優(yōu)異的半陰坡植物群落的自然演替速度更快。

5結(jié)論

1)半陽坡和半陰坡各類微地形植物群落的物種組成、植被蓋度、草本生物量及植物多樣性指標(biāo)等多優(yōu)于原狀坡,其中,出現(xiàn)灌木和喬木幼苗的切溝和塌陷的植被狀況最優(yōu),其次為淺溝和緩臺(tái),陡坎最差。

2)半陰坡各類微地形的植物群落在物種組成、植被蓋度、草本生物量及各項(xiàng)植物多樣性指標(biāo)等方面都明顯優(yōu)于半陽坡,其中,半陽坡形成了以星毛委陵菜、賴草等多年生草本植物為優(yōu)勢(shì)種的植物群落,半陰坡形成了以鐵桿蒿、茭蒿等地帶性多年生草本植物為優(yōu)勢(shì)種的植物群落。

3)陜北黃土區(qū)坡面分布的各類微地形使地貌變得破碎,各類微地形生境條件的差異導(dǎo)致植被特征之間存在顯著差異,從而造成陜北黃土區(qū)植被片面化;因此,在陜北黃土區(qū)進(jìn)行人工植被恢復(fù)建設(shè)時(shí),除了遵循立地條件劃分植被恢復(fù)單元的原則外,應(yīng)考慮各類微地形自身的植物群落特征,從而提高人工植樹造林生態(tài)恢復(fù)措施的有效性和持續(xù)性。在半陰坡可進(jìn)行喬、灌、草復(fù)合配置,對(duì)于生態(tài)環(huán)境優(yōu)異的切溝和塌陷可適當(dāng)提高物種配置的栽植密度;而半陽坡主要以恢復(fù)和保護(hù)草本群落為主,僅在生態(tài)環(huán)境較好的切溝和塌陷進(jìn)行草、灌復(fù)合配置。

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(責(zé)任編輯:程云郭雪芳)

Response of vegetation characteristics to slope micro-topography in loess area of north Shaanxi Province

Lu Jiyuan, Zhu Qingke, Chen Wensi, Wang Yu

(Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation & Desertification Combating, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University,100083, Beijing, China)

Abstract:[Background] The objective of this study is to grasp the spatial differences of vegetation characteristics on 5 kinds of micro-topographies including gully, collapse, platform, shallow gully, and scarp in loess area of north Shaanxi Province. [Methods] Based on the investigation of undisturbed slope and the 5 different micro-topographies in semi-sunny and semi-shady slope of Hegou valley in Wuqi County of Shaanxi Province, the correlations between micro-topographies and vegetation characteristics of species composition, herbaceous biomass, vegetation coverage, and vegetation diversity were analyzed. The data processing methods of this paper were bivariate analysis and descriptive statistical analysis. [Results] The results revealed that: 1) The species composition, herbaceous biomass, vegetation coverage and vegetation diversity of plant communities on all kinds of micro-topographies were better than those on the undisturbed slope. At the same time, the vegetation condition on gully and collapse were the best, followed by shallow gully and platform, and the worst on the scarp. 2) The Simpson index and Shannon-Wiener index on different micro-topographies and undisturbed slope were in the order of gully > collapse > platform > shallow gully > scarp > undisturbed slope, and the stages of natural succession of the plant communities on gully and collapse were higher than other micro-topographies. 3) After 15 years of enclosure recovery, the plant community with Potentilla acaulis and Aneurolepidium dasystachys as the dominant species was formed on the semi-sunny slope, meanwhile, the plant community with Artemisia sacrorum and Artemisia giraldii as the dominant species was formed on semi-shady slope, and there was also a small amount of shrub and arbor in some areas. At the same time, the species composition, herbaceous biomass, coverage and vegetation diversity of plant communities on different micro-topographies of the semi-shady slope were all better than those in the semi-sunny slope. The spatial differences of physical and chemical properties in all kinds of micro-topographies resulted in vegetation characteristics different on the slope land in loess area of north Shaanxi Province. [Conclusions] In addition to follow the principle of the vegetation restoration units divided by site condition, the vegetation characteristics on different micro-topographies should be taken into consideration in the construction of artificial vegetation restoration in loess area of north Shaanxi Province. On the semi-shady slope land, the composite configuration of arbor, shrub and herb should be adopted, and the density of plant species may be increased on gully and collapse due to their favorable ecological condition. While on the semi-sunny slope land, the main content of the artificial vegetation restoration is to restore and protect the herbaceous community, moreover, the composite configuration of shrub and herb can be adopted on gully and collapse where ecological environment are better than other micro-topographies.

Keywords:micro-topography; species composition; herbaceous biomass; coverage; vegetation diversity; Margalef index; Pielou index; Shannon-Wiener index; Simpson index

收稿日期:2015-04-15修回日期: 2015-12-30

第一作者簡介:盧紀(jì)元(1991—),女,碩士研究生。主要研究方向:林業(yè)生態(tài)工程。 E-mail:391883654@qq.com ?通信 朱清科(1953—),男,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師。主要研究方向:林業(yè)生態(tài)工程。E-mail:zhuqingke@suho.com

中圖分類號(hào):Q948

文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A

文章編號(hào):1672-3007(2016)01-0053-08

DOI:10.16843/j.sswc.2016.01.007

項(xiàng)目名稱: 林業(yè)公益性行業(yè)科研專項(xiàng)經(jīng)費(fèi)課題“黃土丘陵嚴(yán)重侵蝕區(qū)植被恢復(fù)和重建技術(shù)研究”(201104002-2)

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