李連華 王浩 桑慶華 任繼鑫 劉智 孫天勝
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椎體成形術(shù)患者椎體再骨折的危險(xiǎn)因素分析
李連華 王浩 桑慶華 任繼鑫 劉智 孫天勝
【摘要】目的 通過對椎體成形術(shù)后的骨質(zhì)疏松性椎體壓縮骨折(osteop-orosis vertebral compression fracture,OVCF)患者的縱向回顧性研究,探討發(fā)生再骨折的高危因素。方法 自 2012 年 7 月至 2014 年7 月,我科共應(yīng)用椎體成形術(shù)治療 OVCF 患者 220 例,分別采集患者的性別,年齡,骨密度,認(rèn)知能力評分,骨水泥量,骨水泥滲漏,椎體后凸畸形,椎體再骨折等資料。應(yīng)用單因素分析模型觀察每種因素與椎體再骨折發(fā)生的相關(guān)性,篩查可疑的相關(guān)因素,接著采用 Logistic 回歸分析明確與椎體再骨折發(fā)生相關(guān)的高危因素。結(jié)果 220 例椎體成形術(shù)的患者,共 334 個(gè)椎體,30 例(30 個(gè)椎體)發(fā)生再骨折,約占 9.0%。再骨折組年齡為(81.2±5.5)歲,非再骨折組年齡為(78±7.2)歲。認(rèn)知功能評分 MMSE(mini-mental state examination)再骨折組為(23.2±9.03)分,非再骨折組為(27.48±5.27)分。椎體后凸畸形再骨折組為 40%,非再骨折組為16.32%。骨水泥滲漏再骨折組為 16.67%,非再骨折組為 7.37%。Logistic 回歸分析顯示年齡,認(rèn)知功能評分,椎體術(shù)后后凸畸形,骨水泥滲漏等因素與椎體再骨折相關(guān)。結(jié)論 年齡,認(rèn)知功能評分,椎體術(shù)后后凸畸形,骨水泥滲漏等因素是 OVCF 椎體成形術(shù)后再骨折的危險(xiǎn)因素,應(yīng)對危險(xiǎn)人群加強(qiáng)再骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的宣教及防護(hù)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】椎體成形術(shù);性骨折,壓縮性;脊柱骨折;骨質(zhì)疏松;危險(xiǎn)因素fracturesL
隨著社會的老齡化進(jìn)程加速,骨質(zhì)疏松患者越來越多,骨質(zhì)疏松性骨折目前已成為老年患者的常見病、多發(fā)病。骨質(zhì)疏松性椎體壓縮骨折(osteoporosis vertebral compression fracture,OVCF)約占骨質(zhì)疏松性骨折的 45%,導(dǎo)致患者疼痛、活動受限,嚴(yán)重時(shí)伴有出現(xiàn)脊柱畸形,影響心肺功能,導(dǎo)致死亡率增高[1]。
椎體成形術(shù)治療 OVCF 的療效越來越被人們所認(rèn)可和接受,止痛效果在 90% 以上[2-3]。隨著椎體成形術(shù)的廣泛開展,椎體成形術(shù)后的椎體再骨折發(fā)生也越來越多[4-5]。本研究對 220 例行椎體成形術(shù)的OVCF 患者的進(jìn)行縱向研究,探討發(fā)生再骨折的高危因素。
一、納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1. 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)2012 年 7 月至 2014 年 7 月,我科收治的 OVCF 患者;(2)年齡≥55 歲;(3)新鮮 OVCF,疼痛劇烈(VAS≥7 分);(4)骨折經(jīng)嚴(yán)格保守治療 4 周癥狀緩解不滿意;(5)椎體骨折進(jìn)展風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高者;(6)患者強(qiáng)烈要求手術(shù)。
2. 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)年齡<55 歲;(2)無癥狀的隱匿性骨折;(3)凝血機(jī)制障礙;(4)骨水泥或造影劑過敏;(5)局部感染;(6)患者心肺功能差,不能耐受手術(shù)。
二、隨訪與資料收集
隨訪方式采用對每位患者在術(shù)后常規(guī)進(jìn)行4次門診復(fù)查的方式(術(shù)后1、3、6、12個(gè)月),至少隨訪1年,隨訪滿1年后,每半年對患者進(jìn)行電話隨訪。對納入的患者分別采集患者的性別,年齡,骨密度,認(rèn)知能力評分,骨水泥量,骨水泥滲漏,椎體后凸畸形,椎體再骨折等資料。
認(rèn)知能力采用簡易智力狀況檢查法(mini-mental state examination,MMSE)評分從定向力,記憶力,注意力和計(jì)算能力,回憶能力,語言能力5個(gè)方面對認(rèn)知能力進(jìn)行評估,最高得分為30分,分?jǐn)?shù)在27~30分為正常,分?jǐn)?shù)<27為認(rèn)知功能障礙[6]。
三、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
應(yīng)用SPSS 18.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料采用卡方檢驗(yàn),單因素模型觀察每種因素差異的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;將單因素中P<0.1列為潛在危險(xiǎn)因素,采用Logistic回歸分析明確與椎體再骨折發(fā)生相關(guān)的高危因素,將P<0.05設(shè)為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
符合本研究納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)者共220例(334個(gè)椎體),其中男146例,女74例;年齡 65~95歲,平均78.45歲;骨折椎體包括T9~L5,至少隨訪1年。其中30例發(fā)生椎體再骨折,占 13.6%,共30個(gè)椎體,男女比例為11∶19,年齡69~94歲,平均81.37歲,再骨折椎體包括 T11~L2,鄰近椎體骨折與非臨近椎體比例為13∶17。再骨折發(fā)生在第1次術(shù)后隨訪期間1例,第2次術(shù)后隨訪期間9例,第3次術(shù)后隨訪期間8例,第4次術(shù)后隨訪期間4例,發(fā)生在手術(shù)后1年8例(最長術(shù)后10年)。
將30例椎體再發(fā)骨折者(再骨折組)與190例無椎體再發(fā)骨折者(無再骨折組)進(jìn)行比較。
單因素回歸分析顯示,椎體再發(fā)骨折組無椎體再發(fā)骨折組的年齡(P<0.01)、認(rèn)知狀態(tài)(P<0.01)及后凸畸形(P<0.01)與再骨折相關(guān),而性別、骨密度、骨水泥量、骨水泥椎間隙滲漏等因素?zé)o明顯相關(guān)(表1)。進(jìn)一步多因素回歸分析結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),年齡(OR=0.925,P=0.018)、MMSE評分(OR=1.072,P=0.013)、后凸畸形(OR=0.384,P=0.044)及骨水泥滲漏(OR=0.306,P=0.049)是導(dǎo)致椎體成形術(shù)后再骨折的危險(xiǎn)因素(表2)。
表1 患者一般資料Tab.1 General information of the 2 groups of patients
表2 Logistic 回歸分析結(jié)果Tab.2 Results of the Logistic regression analyses
導(dǎo)致椎體成形術(shù)后椎體再骨折發(fā)生的可能因素有很多,較多的文獻(xiàn)關(guān)注高齡[7],鄰近椎體骨折[8],骨水泥劑量[9],骨水泥分布[10],骨水泥椎間隙滲漏[11],骨密度[12],脊椎力線異常[13]等因素。
2011 年,F(xiàn)ahim 等[14]進(jìn)行的尸體研究發(fā)現(xiàn),椎體成形術(shù)后改變了前柱的應(yīng)力狀態(tài),使得椎體承受應(yīng)力的能力下降 32%,容易發(fā)生再次骨折。但也有學(xué)者的生物力學(xué)研究證實(shí),椎體成形術(shù)后并不對鄰近椎體的椎板造成過多的應(yīng)力,因此不會導(dǎo)致鄰近椎體骨折的發(fā)生[15]。也有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,與保守治療相比較,椎體成形術(shù)并不增加其它椎體骨折的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[16-17]。本研究中發(fā)生的再骨折部位,僅 40% 發(fā)生于鄰近節(jié)段,也間接說明椎體成形術(shù)本身不大可能是導(dǎo)致再骨折的因素。
圖1 患者,女,81 歲,老年癡呆,因椎體壓縮骨折行 T10、11椎體成形術(shù)后,術(shù)后8個(gè)月L3發(fā)生椎體再骨折,行椎體成形術(shù)后Fig.1 New vertebral compression fracture at L3occurred 8 months after osteoporotic compression fracture of T10and T11. The patient was an 81 years old female who was diagnosed as Alzheimer's disease. She had been performed vertebroplasty becaurse of of osteoporotic compression fractureof. later the and the vertebroplasty was performed again
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),認(rèn)知能力下降是導(dǎo)致椎體成形術(shù)后再骨折的危險(xiǎn)因素。認(rèn)知能力下降是指涉及學(xué)習(xí)記憶以及思維判斷有關(guān)的大腦高級智能加工過程出現(xiàn)異常,從而引起學(xué)習(xí)、記憶障礙同時(shí)伴有失語、失用、失認(rèn)或失行等改變的病理過程。認(rèn)知能力下降后,患者對于在發(fā)生危害自己健康的行為時(shí)不能自我感知,因此容易發(fā)生骨折(圖1)。有學(xué)者研究發(fā)現(xiàn),認(rèn)識能力下降是髖部骨折發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素之一[18]。
本研究中得出的高齡,后凸畸形及骨水泥滲漏是導(dǎo)致椎體成形術(shù)后再骨折的危險(xiǎn)因素,高齡患者意味著身體素質(zhì)更加衰弱,而后凸畸形和骨水泥滲漏都改變了椎體的應(yīng)力負(fù)重狀態(tài),導(dǎo)致再骨折的發(fā)生,這與其他學(xué)者的研究結(jié)果相一致[7,11,13]。
總之,隨著椎體成形術(shù)的不斷廣泛應(yīng)用,發(fā)生再骨折的患者會越來越多,對于高齡,認(rèn)知功能障礙,后凸畸形及骨水泥滲漏的患者,要警惕發(fā)生再骨折的危險(xiǎn),及早做好防護(hù)。另外,還有其它一些重要因素未納入本研究中,這些因素之間的相互聯(lián)系還需在以后多中心的研究中進(jìn)一步探索。
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(本文編輯:李貴存)
. 綜述 Review .
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2016.06.006中圖分類號:R683.2, R687.3
作者單位:100700 北京,陸軍總醫(yī)院骨科
收稿日期:(2016-02-14)
Risk factors of subsequent fractures after vertebroplasty in patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression
LI Lian-hua, WANG Hao, SANG Qing-hua, REN Ji-xin, LIU Zhi, SUN Tian-sheng.
Chinese People's ibration Army Institute of Orthopedics, Beijing Military Command General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, PRC
【Abstract 】Objective To explore the risk factors that may affect the development of subsequent fractures after vertebroplasty in patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Methods A retrospective study was conducted to review 220 patients who underwent vertebroplasty for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures from July 2012 to July 2014. Clinical data including age, gender, bone mineral density(BMD)T-score, cognitive ability scores, the amount of injected bone cement, cement leakage, vertebral kyphosis deformity and subsequent fractures were recorded. Univariate analysis was performed to screen the suspicious factors and Logistic regression analysis were used to assess the relations between the suspicious factors and the incidence of subsequent fractures. Results Thirty of the 220 patients(9.0%)experienced subsequent fractures. Average age was(81.2 ± 5.5)in patients with subsequent fractures and(78 ± 7.2)in patients without subsequent fractures. Average mini-mental state examination(MMSE)score was(23.2 ± 9.03)in patients with subsequent fractures and(27.48 ± 5.27)in patients without subsequent fractures. The percentage of vertebral kyphosis deformity was 40% in patients with subsequent fractures and 16.32% in patients without subsequent fractures. The percentage of cement leakage was 16.67% in patients with subsequent fractures and 7.37% in patients without subsequent fractures. Logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors infuencing subsequent fractures were age, MMSE score, vertebral kyphosis deformity and bone density and cement leakage. Conclusions Age, MMSE score, vertebral kyphosis deformity and bone cement leakage were the independent risk factors associated with subsequent fractures after vertebroplasty in patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. For people with these risk factors more efforts should be made to protect subsequent fracture.
【Key words】Vertebroplasty; Fractures, compression; Spinal fractures; Osteoporosis; Risk factors