王占山, 李云婷, 劉保獻(xiàn), 孫 峰,張大偉,*, 周健楠, 劉兆瑩, 潘麗波
1 北京市環(huán)境保護(hù)監(jiān)測(cè)中心,北京 100048 2 中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué)研究院環(huán)境基準(zhǔn)與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100012
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北京市PM2.5化學(xué)組分特征
王占山1, 李云婷1, 劉保獻(xiàn)1, 孫峰1,張大偉1,*, 周健楠1, 劉兆瑩1, 潘麗波2
1 北京市環(huán)境保護(hù)監(jiān)測(cè)中心,北京100048 2 中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué)研究院環(huán)境基準(zhǔn)與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京100012
摘要:對(duì)2012年8月至2013年7月期間北京市定陵、車公莊、房山和榆垡4個(gè)站點(diǎn)的15種PM2.5化學(xué)組分進(jìn)行分析,探討各組分的時(shí)空分布特征以及有機(jī)碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)的污染特征。結(jié)果表明,4個(gè)站點(diǎn)PM2.5組分中和的含量較高,年均濃度分別為(22.62±21.86)、(19.39±21.06)、(18.89±19.82)、(13.20±12.80) μg/m3。各組分濃度在時(shí)間分布上多為冬季最高,夏季最低;在空間分布上多為南部高,北部低;另外濃度水平明顯高于早年間的監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果。受燃煤的影響,冬季OC和EC平均濃度分別為夏季濃度的3倍和2.5倍。春、夏、秋、冬季4個(gè)站點(diǎn)平均OC/EC比值分別為4.9、7.0、8.1和8.4,表明北京市全年均存在較嚴(yán)重的SOC污染。采用OC/EC比值法估算得出全年定陵、車公莊、房山和榆垡站二次有機(jī)碳(SOC)占OC的比例分別為57.7%、60.0%、45.6%和57.6%。定陵、車公莊、房山和榆垡站年均]比值分別為1.01、1.25、1.08和1.12,表明目前北京市排放源表現(xiàn)出固定源和移動(dòng)源并重的特征。
關(guān)鍵詞:北京;PM2.5;化學(xué)組分;有機(jī)碳(OC); 無(wú)機(jī)碳(EC);二次有機(jī)碳;
近年來(lái),關(guān)于北京市PM2.5化學(xué)組分的多點(diǎn)位、長(zhǎng)時(shí)間尺度的研究比較缺乏,本研究對(duì)2012年8月至2013年7月期間北京市定陵、車公莊、房山和榆垡4個(gè)自動(dòng)空氣質(zhì)量監(jiān)測(cè)子站的PM2.5化學(xué)組分進(jìn)行分析,探討PM2.5各組分的濃度水平和時(shí)空分布以及OC、EC的污染特征,以期為北京市大氣污染控制提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
1材料與方法
1.1樣品采集
PM2.5化學(xué)組分采用手工采樣,然后在實(shí)驗(yàn)室分析得出其質(zhì)量濃度。采樣裝置為德潤(rùn)達(dá)公司生產(chǎn)的PNS 16T-3.1/6.1型四通道小流量大氣顆粒物采樣器,采樣流量為16.67 L/min。
OC、EC以及重金屬的分析采用石英膜采樣,其他組分的分析采用Teflon濾膜采樣。一次采樣時(shí)間為24h,2012年8月至2013年7月之間每月隨機(jī)選取連續(xù)的5—7d進(jìn)行連續(xù)采樣,逢重污染期間加密采樣,采樣地點(diǎn)見(jiàn)圖1。定陵站位于北京市昌平區(qū)北部,屬于城市清潔點(diǎn);車公莊站位于北京市城六區(qū),屬于城區(qū)點(diǎn);房山站位于北京市南部的房山區(qū),屬于郊區(qū)點(diǎn);榆垡站靠近北京市南部邊界,屬于區(qū)域點(diǎn)。
圖1 4個(gè)監(jiān)測(cè)站點(diǎn)位置Fig.1 Location of the four monitor stations
1.2分析方法
測(cè)定OC和EC時(shí)使用美國(guó)Sunset Lab公司生產(chǎn)的RT-4型分析儀,不需要前處理過(guò)程,將樣品從低溫冰箱取出后,待恢復(fù)至室溫狀態(tài)后直接使用儀器測(cè)定。測(cè)定水溶性離子時(shí),將樣品膜和空白膜分別溶解在50mL去離子水溶液中,超聲90min,用0.45μm微孔濾膜過(guò)濾,然后使用美國(guó)Dionex公司生產(chǎn)的ICS-2000和ICS-5000離子色譜儀分析,儀器檢測(cè)限均小于5μg/L。重復(fù)實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,測(cè)量的相對(duì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差小于3%。測(cè)定金屬元素時(shí),首先將試樣濾膜和空白濾膜放入到干凈的Teflon-TFM樣品消解罐中進(jìn)行消解,然后加入20mL飽和硼酸溶液以絡(luò)合過(guò)量的氟離子,再進(jìn)行一次密閉微波消解,消解完畢后定容至50mL。無(wú)機(jī)元素采用美國(guó)熱電公司生產(chǎn)的IntrepidⅡ-XDL光譜儀進(jìn)行分析。每種組分測(cè)量前,均要使用環(huán)境保護(hù)部標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣品研究所提供的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣品對(duì)儀器進(jìn)行校準(zhǔn),平行樣品至少占分析樣品總數(shù)的10%。
2結(jié)果與討論
2.1化學(xué)組分的濃度水平
表1 PM2.5中15種化學(xué)組分的年均濃度/(μg/m3)
圖2 PM2.5中15種化學(xué)組分濃度的季節(jié)變化Fig.2 Seasonal variations of concentrations of the 15 chemical compositions in PM2.5
圖3 各站點(diǎn)各季節(jié)和離子濃度Fig.3 Concentrations of , and in the four stations in four seasons
圖4 2001—2010年間各城市OC、EC和水溶性離子濃度Fig.4 Concentrations of OC, EC and water-soluble ions in some cities during 2001 and 2010
2.2OC與EC分析2.2.1 OC與EC濃度水平
圖6顯示了各季節(jié)各站點(diǎn)OC和EC濃度水平,可以看出,OC和EC濃度呈現(xiàn)出相似的季節(jié)變化規(guī)律,即冬季最高夏季最低。4個(gè)站點(diǎn)夏季OC平均濃度為(13.49±6.00) μg/m3,冬季平均濃度為(39.30±29.00) μg/m3,接近夏季濃度的3倍;4個(gè)站點(diǎn)夏季EC平均濃度為(2.12±0.92) μg/m3,冬季平均濃度為(5.22±3.89) μg/m3,是夏季濃度的2.5倍左右,體現(xiàn)了采暖季的煤炭燃燒對(duì)OC、EC的顯著影響。OC濃度在夏季、秋季和冬季3個(gè)季節(jié)均表現(xiàn)出較明顯的從北到南依次升高的空間分布趨勢(shì),同樣受到北京市工業(yè)布局以及區(qū)域傳輸?shù)挠绊憽?/p>
圖5 本研究中PM2.5組分特征與其他研究的對(duì)比Fig.5 Comparison of chemical characteristic of PM2.5 with previous studies
年份Years采樣地點(diǎn)Samplingsites研究人員ResearchersNH+4濃度ConcentrationsofNH+4/(μg/m3)1999—2000車公莊和清華園楊復(fù)沫等[26]7.181999—2004上甸子徐敬等[27]3.292003中國(guó)科學(xué)院生態(tài)環(huán)境研究中心陳永橋等[28]5.202008中國(guó)科學(xué)院大氣物理研究所郭照冰等[29]7.702008—2009中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué)研究院鄧?yán)旱萚30]8.352012—2013定陵、車公莊、房山、榆垡本研究13.20
圖6 各站點(diǎn)OC和EC濃度的季節(jié)變化Fig.6 Seasonal variations of concentrations of OC and EC in the four stations有機(jī)碳o(jì)rganic carbon (OC);無(wú)機(jī)碳elemental carbon (EC)
2.2.2OC/EC比值
OC/EC比值常被用來(lái)識(shí)別碳?xì)馊苣z的排放和轉(zhuǎn)化特征以及評(píng)價(jià)和鑒別顆粒物的二次來(lái)源。EC主要來(lái)自含碳原料不完全燃燒,具有良好的穩(wěn)定性,在大氣中不會(huì)發(fā)生明顯的化學(xué)反應(yīng),因此被作為人為一次源排放的示蹤物。而OC既可以來(lái)自污染源直接排放的一次有機(jī)碳POC,又包含通過(guò)光化學(xué)反應(yīng)生成的二次有機(jī)碳SOC[31]。Chow[32]等人認(rèn)為,當(dāng)OC/EC>2時(shí)指示大氣中有SOC生成,Castro[33]等人則認(rèn)為當(dāng)OC/EC>1.1時(shí)就表示有SOC存在,該比值越大則表示SOC的濃度越高。另外,除了光化學(xué)反應(yīng)之外,生物質(zhì)燃燒會(huì)釋放大量的OC,而對(duì)EC的影響相對(duì)較小,因此也會(huì)產(chǎn)生較高的OC/EC比值。Zhang[34]等人在研究中國(guó)的谷類秸稈燃燒時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)OC/EC的平均值達(dá)到7.7。
圖7 各站點(diǎn)OC/EC比值的季節(jié)變化Fig.7 Seasonal variations of the ratios of OC/EC in four stations
圖7為各季節(jié)4個(gè)站點(diǎn)的OC/EC比值,可以看出,北京市OC/EC比值全年保持較高水平,春、夏、秋、冬季4個(gè)站點(diǎn)平均OC/EC比值分別為4.9、7.0、8.1和8.4,表明北京市全年均存在較嚴(yán)重的SOC污染。春季各站點(diǎn)的OC/EC比值較為接近,且處于相對(duì)較低水平。夏季時(shí)受光照強(qiáng)度增加和溫度上升對(duì)光化學(xué)反應(yīng)的促進(jìn)作用,OC/EC有所升高,其中定陵站夏季OC和EC濃度均為4個(gè)站的中最低,但OC/EC比值卻是4個(gè)站點(diǎn)中最高的,原因是夏季定陵站有較多樣本中EC濃度小于1.0 μg/m3,導(dǎo)致了OC與EC的比值較大,這也與在歐洲等地區(qū)域背景點(diǎn)的觀測(cè)結(jié)果相似[35]。秋季OC/EC比值的差異較大,最低的房山站為4.3,而榆垡站則出現(xiàn)了13.0的高值。冬季4個(gè)站OC/EC比值均處于較高水平,車公莊最高,與車公莊在冬季的EC濃度水平最低相對(duì)應(yīng),其他3個(gè)站點(diǎn)OC/EC比值極為接近。4個(gè)季節(jié)OC/EC比值最低的均為房山站,表明房山站的OC污染中一次源排放占的比例相對(duì)較大。
若OC和EC在時(shí)間序列上濃度分布具有較好的相關(guān)性,則說(shuō)明兩者具有相同的來(lái)源或大氣擴(kuò)散過(guò)程[36]。圖8為4個(gè)站點(diǎn)年均OC、EC濃度散點(diǎn)圖及擬合直線,可以看出,定陵、房山和榆垡3個(gè)站點(diǎn)的EC、OC濃度具有較好的相關(guān)性,而車公莊站點(diǎn)的相關(guān)性略差,表明車公莊站OC和EC可能具有不同的來(lái)源。
圖8 各站點(diǎn)年均OC、EC濃度散點(diǎn)圖及擬合直線Fig.8 Scatter plot and fitting line of annual concentrations of OC and EC
2.2.3二次有機(jī)碳(SOC)估算
OC中包括一次有機(jī)碳(POC)和二次有機(jī)碳(SOC),目前對(duì)于SOC復(fù)雜的大氣形成過(guò)程、凝結(jié)/分配機(jī)制尚缺乏全面認(rèn)識(shí),還不具備統(tǒng)一的對(duì)SOC直接測(cè)量的分析手段。除利用煙霧箱在特定的條件下直接模擬SOC的生成外,大氣環(huán)境中的SOC濃度一般采用間接方法進(jìn)行估算,如OC與EC濃度比值法、有機(jī)分子示蹤法以及數(shù)值模型預(yù)測(cè)法[37]。其中OC與EC濃度比值法最為簡(jiǎn)單直接,在識(shí)別和評(píng)估SOC污染中應(yīng)用廣泛。
OC/EC比值法認(rèn)為,污染源之間排放的顆粒物中OC與EC濃度比值是一個(gè)相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的特征值,它與排放源種類有關(guān),當(dāng)大氣顆粒物中OC/EC比值超過(guò)此值時(shí),表示有SOC形成。根據(jù)這一理論,Turpin[38]等提出SOC的計(jì)算方法:
SOC=TOC-EC×(OC/EC)pri
式中,TOC代表總有機(jī)碳,(OC/EC)pri表示污染源平均OC/EC比值,但確定該比值需要掌握區(qū)域各污染源的排放特征,還要考慮排放日變化和季節(jié)波動(dòng)以及氣象條件,具有較大的難度和不確定性。因此Castro[33]等提出根據(jù)OC/EC最低值來(lái)估算SOC:
SOC=TOC-EC×(OC/EC)min
圖9 各季節(jié)各站點(diǎn)SOC占OC的比例 Fig.9 The proportions of SOC in OC in the four stations in four seasons
本研究根據(jù)此公式計(jì)算了各季節(jié)各站點(diǎn)SOC占OC的比例,如圖9??梢钥闯?,春季SOC占比相對(duì)較低,其他3個(gè)季節(jié)占比基本保持在50%以上。分站點(diǎn)來(lái)看,定陵、車公莊、房山和榆垡全年SOC占OC平均比例分別為57.7%、60.0%、45.6%和57.6%,房山站相對(duì)較低,其他3個(gè)站點(diǎn)比例較為接近,且均超過(guò)50%。
研究人員Researchers年份Years采樣地點(diǎn)Samplingsites[NO-3]/[SO2-4]Huebert等[43]1988北京0.30—0.50Xu等[44]1999長(zhǎng)江三角洲0.50—0.70Wang等[45]2001南京0.40—1.00Hu等[46]1997—2000青島0.35Fang等[47]1998—2001臺(tái)灣0.20Kim等[48-49]1999洛杉磯2—5王琳琳等Wang等[50]2009北京0.60孫韌等Sun等[51]2001—2002天津0.50周敏等Zhou等[52]2013上海1.05肖以華等Xiao等[53]2012廣州0.12
圖10 各季節(jié)各站點(diǎn)比值 Fig.10 The ratios ] in the four stations in four seasons
3結(jié)論
(2)受燃煤的影響,冬季OC和EC濃度明顯高于夏季。4個(gè)站點(diǎn)夏季OC和EC平均濃度分別為(13.49±6.00)、(2.12±0.92) μg/m3,冬季平均濃度分別為(39.30±29.00)、(5.22±3.89) μg/m3。房山、定陵和榆垡OC和EC濃度具有相對(duì)較好的相關(guān)性,表明二者可能具有相同的來(lái)源或大氣擴(kuò)散過(guò)程。
(3)春、夏、秋、冬季4個(gè)站點(diǎn)平均OC/EC比值分別為4.9、7.0、8.1和8.4,表明北京市全年均存在較嚴(yán)重SOC污染。春季各站點(diǎn)OC中SOC占比相對(duì)較低,其他季節(jié)占比基本保持在50%以上;分站點(diǎn)來(lái)看,定陵、車公莊、房山和榆垡年均OC濃度中SOC占比分別為57.7%、60.0%、45.6%和57.6%,房山站OC濃度受一次排放源影響相對(duì)較大。
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Chemical characteristics of PM2.5in Beijing
WANG Zhanshan1, LI Yunting1, LIU Baoxian1, SUN Feng1, ZHANG Dawei1,*, ZHOU Jiannan1, LIU Zhaoying1, PAN Libo2
1BeijingMunicipalEnvironmentalMonitoringCenter,Beijing100048,China2StateKeyLabofEnvironmentalCriteriaandRiskAssessment,ChineseResearchAcademyofEnvironmentalSciences,Beijing100012,China
Abstract:The chemical compositions of samples of particulate matter up to 2.5 μm in size (PM2.5)collected from Dingling, Chegongzhuang, Fangshan, and Yufa sites in Beijing, China from August 2012 to July 2013 were analyzed to determine the spatiotemporal characteristics of 15 chemical components, including nitrogen- and sulfur-containing air pollutants and organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC). The concentrations of OC, , , and were the highest among the 15 chemical components analyzed, and the annual mean concentrations were (22.62±21.86), (19.39±21.06), (18.89±19.82), and (13.20±12.80) μg/m3, respectively. In general, concentrations of the 15 chemical components were highest in winter and lowest in summer, and concentrations were higher in southern areas and lower in northern areas.Concentrationsof observed in this study were significantly higher than those reported in previous monitoring studies. Concentrations of OC and EC in winter were 3-times and 2.5-times higher, respectively, than the corresponding levels in summer, which was attributed to higher rates of coal consumption in winter. The average ratios of OC/EC in spring, summer, autumn, and winter were 4.9, 7.0, 8.1, and 8.4, respectively, which are indicative of serious pollution levels in Beijing throughout the year. The proportions of secondary organic carbon to OC at the Dingling, Chegongzhuang, Fangshan, and Yufa sites were 57.7%, 60.0%, 45.6%, and 57.6%, respectively, which were calculated based on the OC/EC ratio. The annual ratios of ] at the Dingling, Chegongzhuang, Fangshan, and Yufa sites were 1.01, 1.25, 1.08, and 1.12, respectively.These data imply that both stationary and mobile sources are important contributors to the poor air quality in Beijing.
Key Words:Beijing; PM2.5; chemical characteristic; organic carbon (OC);elemental carbon (EC);secondary organic carbon; ]
基金項(xiàng)目:環(huán)保公益性行業(yè)科研專項(xiàng)(201409005); 國(guó)家科技支撐計(jì)劃課題(2014BAC23B03)
收稿日期:2014- 10- 14; 網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版日期:2015- 08- 18
*通訊作者
Corresponding author.E-mail: zhangdawei@bjmemc.com.cn
DOI:10.5846/stxb201410142021
王占山, 李云婷, 劉保獻(xiàn), 孫峰,張大偉, 周健楠, 劉兆瑩, 潘麗波.北京市PM2.5化學(xué)組分特征.生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào),2016,36(8):2382- 2392.
Wang Z S, Li Y T, Liu B X, Sun F, Zhang D W, Zhou J N, Liu Z Y, Pan L B.Chemical characteristics of PM2.5in Beijing.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(8):2382- 2392.