趙 剛, 程蕾蕾, 裴曉黎, 宋飛艷, 舒先紅
1. 復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬中山醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科,上海市心血管病研究所, 上海 200032 2. 復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬中山醫(yī)院心臟超聲診斷科,上海市心血管病研究所,上海市影像醫(yī)學(xué)研究所, 上海 200032 3. 新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)喀什地區(qū)第二人民醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科, 喀什 844000
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·論著·
室壁運動異?;颊咦笫疑溲謹?shù)超聲心動圖檢測方法的選擇
趙剛1, 程蕾蕾2*, 裴曉黎2,3, 宋飛艷2, 舒先紅2
1. 復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬中山醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科,上海市心血管病研究所, 上海200032 2. 復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬中山醫(yī)院心臟超聲診斷科,上海市心血管病研究所,上海市影像醫(yī)學(xué)研究所, 上海200032 3. 新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)喀什地區(qū)第二人民醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科, 喀什844000
[摘要]目的: 探討不同超聲心動圖指標對左室前壁及前側(cè)壁節(jié)段運動異常患者射血分數(shù)(LVEF)檢測的價值。方法: 收集2010年1月至2015年12月在我院住院、超聲心動圖提示左室前壁及前側(cè)壁節(jié)段收縮活動異常的患者21例,采用超聲心動圖M型、二維和心尖雙平面Simpson法測定LVEF,并與經(jīng)心導(dǎo)管左室造影結(jié)果進行對比。結(jié)果: 左室造影測定的LVEF與M型及二維法差異明顯,但與心尖雙平面Simpson法相關(guān)性良好。進一步以M型測值55%作為界限行亞組分析顯示,對于LVEF>55%患者4種方法測定結(jié)果差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義;而對于LVEF≤55%患者,二維法及M型測得的LVEF高于左室造影法(P<0.05),而此時Simpson法與左室造影法較為一致,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P=0.061 1)。結(jié)論: 對于左室前壁及前側(cè)壁節(jié)段運動異常的患者,M型LVEF>55%的患者可直接采納M型及二維法測值;但若LVEF≤55%,建議行心尖雙平面Simpson法測定。
[關(guān)鍵詞]節(jié)段室壁運動異常;超聲心動圖;左室造影;射血分數(shù)
左室射血分數(shù)(left ventricular ejection fraction, LVEF)是評價左室收縮功能最常用的臨床指標,通常用于評估治療效果以及判斷疾病預(yù)后,因此,LVEF測值的準確性顯得尤為重要。目前,超聲心動圖是檢測LVEF的最通行方法。但是,超聲心動圖測定LVEF有不同方法,其測量原理及檢查耗時均存在差異。針對臨床工作中經(jīng)常碰到的節(jié)段性室壁運動異常(regional wall motion abnormality, RWMA)的患者[1-2],如何選取最為省時且準確的超聲LVEF檢測方法是目前研究的熱點。本研究分別采用超聲心動圖M型、二維以及心尖雙平面Simpson法測定其LVEF,并與標準經(jīng)心導(dǎo)管左室造影法進行比較,探討這3種超聲方法的準確性,為臨床評估心功能的實際應(yīng)用提供依據(jù)。
1資料與方法
1.1資料收集選取2010年1月至2015年12月在我院住院的左室節(jié)段性室壁運動異常的患者21例,均為前壁及前側(cè)壁收縮活動異常。所有患者由2名以上經(jīng)驗豐富的心臟超聲醫(yī)師根據(jù)目測及M型超聲心動圖判定存在著明確的前壁及側(cè)壁室壁運動減弱和(或)消失。同時,所有病例完成冠狀動脈造影及經(jīng)心導(dǎo)管左室造影術(shù)。
1.2左室射血分數(shù)的測定
1.2.1超聲儀器和圖像采集采用GE公司的Vivid 7多功能超聲診斷儀,圖像采集選用M3S探頭,探頭頻率3.5 MHz。所有入選者均采用左側(cè)臥位,先行常規(guī)超聲心動圖檢查。然后分別于胸骨旁左室長軸切面行M型Teichholtz法(測量取樣線通過RMWA)、二維法(于胸骨旁左室長軸切面二維測定左室舒張末期及收縮末期內(nèi)徑,然后代入Teichholtz公式計算LVEF)、以及心尖四腔心及兩腔心雙平面Simpson法分別測量LVEF。每個測值均連續(xù)測量3個心動周期,取其平均值。
1.2.2冠狀動脈造影及左室造影術(shù)所有患者均經(jīng)橈動脈或股動脈徑路,將豬尾導(dǎo)管通過主動脈瓣口送入左室,置于適當位置后,取右前斜30°以12~15 mL/s的速度高壓注射造影劑30 mL作左室造影,勾畫收縮末期及舒張末期心內(nèi)膜,由兩名有經(jīng)驗的放射科醫(yī)師測定LVEF。造影劑采用三代顯(碘比醇注射液)或碘必樂。
2結(jié)果
2.1研究對象基本人口學(xué)資料本研究共納入左室前壁及前側(cè)壁RWMA患者21例,其中確診冠狀動脈病變的冠心病患者17例(合并室壁瘤2例),心肌炎心肌病4例;男性14例,女性7例;平均年齡62.8歲。
2.2超聲心動圖不同LVEF測量方法與左室造影法的相關(guān)性分析結(jié)果(圖1、表1)表明:對于左室前壁及前側(cè)壁RWMA的患者,M型和二維法測量的LVEF均略高于左室造影法[(51.71±2.668)%, (55.6±2.327)%vs(47.06±3.473)%,P<0.05];而Simpson法[(48.33±2.713)%]與左室造影法測得LVEF差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P=0.51)。左室造影法與Simpson法、二維法、M型超聲法比較,相關(guān)系數(shù)分別為0.838 1、0.850 5及0.825 6,相關(guān)系數(shù)的P值均小于0.001(表1)。
圖1 左室造影法與Simpson法、二維超聲法及M型超聲法測得結(jié)果的比較
2.3亞組分析結(jié)果21例患者分為LVEF>55%組(n=12)和LVEF≤55%組(n=9),再次比較4種測量LVEF的方法。結(jié)果(表1、圖2)發(fā)現(xiàn):對于LVEF>55%組,Simpson法、二維法和M型測值與左室造影法差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義[(55.5±2.843)%vs(56.01±4.292)%,P=0.870 9;(58.75±2.677)%vs(56.01±4.292)%,P=0.385 8;(62.54±1.392)%vs(56.01±4.292)%,P=0.070 6];相關(guān)系數(shù)分別為是0.703 7、0.712 5及0.812 2,相關(guān)系數(shù)的P值均小于0.001。而對于LVEF≤55%的患者,二維法及M型測得的LVEF高于左室造影法測值,差值分別為7.211%及11.21%,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義[(42.33±3.023)%vs(35.12±2.325)%,P=0.000 5;(46.33±3.046)%vs(35.12±2.325)%,P=0.000 2]。而心尖雙平面Simpson法測值[(38.78±2.852)%]雖然也略高于左室造影法測值,但兩者差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P=0.061 1)。左室造影法與Simpson法、二維法和M型測值相關(guān)系數(shù)分別為0.808 5、0.920 1及0.825 3,相關(guān)系數(shù)的P值均小于0.001。
表1 不同超聲心動圖LVEF測量方法與左室造影法的比較
LVEF:左室射血分數(shù)
圖2 亞組分析結(jié)果
3討論
目前測量LVEF的方法有超聲心動圖、CT、磁共振、核素掃描、左室造影術(shù)等,其中,經(jīng)心導(dǎo)管法左室造影所獲得的圖像清晰,能動態(tài)觀察左室收縮舒張的血流動力學(xué),測定左室射血分數(shù)準確,可作為評估LVEF的標準[4]。而超聲心動圖憑借其無創(chuàng)、簡便、費用低廉、可重復(fù)等優(yōu)點,是臨床診斷中最廣泛采用的手段,但在臨床工作中存在RWMA的患者經(jīng)常受觀察者主觀因素、患者心率及心肌運動速度等因素影響而降低其臨床敏感性和特異性。
超聲心動圖檢測LVEF有M型、二維法、心尖單平面和雙平面Simpson法等數(shù)種方法[5]。囿于患者數(shù)量及檢查成本等原因,目前應(yīng)用最廣泛的仍是M型Teichholtz校正公式;對于透聲條件欠佳、M型取樣線在胸骨旁長軸切面無法與室間隔及左室后壁垂直者,在門診病例檢查中,也會在二維圖像上直接測量左室舒張末期及收縮末期的內(nèi)徑,然后代入Teichholtz公式得出LVEF。而心尖雙平面Simpson法是指美國超聲心動圖協(xié)會推薦應(yīng)用于臨床的測定左室收縮功能的重要方法,其基本原理是將左室假設(shè)為一近似真實心腔形態(tài)的幾何模型,然后在統(tǒng)一的標準切面上進行測量,并通過特定公式計算左室容積[6]。Simpson法雖較準確,但較前兩種耗時費力。這3種測量LVEF的常用方法各有優(yōu)缺點,如何綜合進行選擇?為此,本研究選取了臨床上最為常見的左室前壁及前側(cè)壁收縮活動異常的病例進行了研究。
文獻報道,心臟超聲LVEF正常參考值的下限是55%,若低于此值,往往提示左室收縮功能受損[7]。因此,本研究將取樣線通過RWMA的M型超聲測定的LVEF以55%為界限,將21例患者分為兩組,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),對于LVEF>55%的患者,Simpson法、二維法及M型測值與左室造影法均沒有差異,這可能提示,對于心功能相對較好的前壁及前側(cè)壁RWMA的患者,M型及二維法可以客觀反映患者的心功能。但對于LVEF≤55%的患者,這兩種方法測得的LVEF明顯高于左室造影法,這提示,對于心功能降低的前壁及前側(cè)壁RWMA的患者,不宜采用M型及二維法評估心功能,此時,雖然Simpson法測值略高于左室造影法,但差異沒有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義,因此,對于這些患者,建議采用心尖雙平面Simpson法測量其LVEF。
除了冠心病心肌缺血可表現(xiàn)為RWMA,心肌病、心肌炎以及其他非心肌缺血的也可表現(xiàn)為RWMA[8-9]。本研究中心肌炎心肌病共有4例(19.1%),雖低于Fauchier等[12]報道的發(fā)生率(50.0%),但這一比例提示RWMA在臨床中并不少見,應(yīng)引起足夠的重視。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),RWMA往往提示預(yù)后不良[10],因此準確地測量LVEF較無RWMA患者顯得更為重要。本研究未對下后壁等非前壁及前側(cè)壁的RWMA進行研究,主要是因為前壁RWMA較下后壁對左室射血分數(shù)影響更大[11]。另外,本研究為單中心研究,入選的病例數(shù)較少,隨訪時間較短,可在以后的工作中進一步研究。
綜上所述,對于左室前壁及前側(cè)壁活動異常的患者,雖然Simpson法測量LVEF更為準確,但這種方法較M型和二維法耗時,對于門診病例,M型方法LVEF>55%的患者可直接采用測得的數(shù)值;而對于M型測量LVEF≤55%的患者,建議行心尖雙平面Simpson法準確測定LVEF。
參考文獻
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[本文編輯]廖曉瑜, 賈澤軍
[收稿日期]2016-03-15[接受日期]2016-05-31
[基金項目]復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬中山醫(yī)院人才培養(yǎng)計劃-優(yōu)秀骨干計劃(2015ZSYXGG04). Supported by Talent Development Program of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University (2015ZSYXGG04).
[作者簡介]趙剛,博士,主治醫(yī)師. E-mail: roryzhao@163.com *通信作者(Corresponding author). Tel: 021-64041990, E-mail: cheng.leilei@zs-hospital.sh.cn
[中圖分類號]R 540.4+5
[文獻標志碼]A
Selection of the echocardiographic methods for detecting left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with regional wall motion abnormality
ZHAO Gang1, CHENG Lei-lei2*, PEI Xiao-li2,3, SONG Fei-yan2, SHU Xian-hong2
1. Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai200032, China 2. Department of Echocardiography, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai200032, China 3. Department of Cardiology, Kashgar Prefecture Second People’s Hospital, Kashgar844000, Xinjiang, China
[Abstract]Objective: To explore the value of different echocardiographic indices on the detection of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in patients with left ventricular anterior and anterolateral wall motion abnormalities. Methods: Twenty-one patients with left ventricular anterior and anterolateral wall motion abnormalities were enrolled from Jan. 2010 to Dec. 2015. The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of all subjects were measured by M-mode echocardiography, two-dimensional echocardiography and apical biplane Simpson’s method, and were compared with left ventricular angiography. Results: There were obvious differences in LVEF evaluation between left ventricular angiography method and M-mode echocardiography or two-dimensional echocardiography (P<0.05), while the correlation between the angiographic method and apical biplane Simpson’s measurement was good. Further the subgroup analysis with the M-mode measurement of 55% as the boundary showed that there were no significant differences among the four kinds of methods when LVEF is more than or equal to 55%. And in patients with LVEF less than or equal to 55%, LVEF measured by two-dimensional method and M-mode was higher than that of left ventricular angiography (P< 0.05), and there was no statistical difference between Simpson's method and left ventricular angiography (P=0.061 1). Conclusions: For patients with left ventricular anterior and anterolateral wall motion abnormalities, M-mode or two-dimensional echocardiography can be directly adopted when LVEF is more than or equal to 55% measured by M-mode; but if LVEF is less than or equal to 55%, apical biplane Simpson’s method is recommended for determination.
[Key Words]regional wall motion abnormalities; echocardiography; left ventricular angiography; ejection fraction