肖青

引述某人的話一般采用兩種形式：一種是直接引語，即原封不動地引用原話，把它放在引號內；另一種是間接引語，即用自己的話加以轉述，被轉述的內容不放在引號內。下面我們一起來學習幾種直接引語轉換為間接引語的技巧。

一、人稱的轉換

1. 直接引語中的第一人稱，一般轉換為第三人稱

如：He said，“I am very sorry.”→He said that he was very sorry.

2. 直接引語中的第二人稱，如果原話是針對轉述人說的，應轉換為第一人稱

如：“You should be more careful next time.”my father told me.→ My father told me that I should be more careful the next time.

3. 直接引語中的第二人稱，如果原話是針對第三人稱說的，要轉換成第三人稱

如：She said to her son， “Ill check your homework tonight.”→ She said to her son that she would check his homework that night.

4. 人稱的轉換包括人稱代詞、物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞等

如：He asked me，“Will you go to the station with me to meet a friend of mine this afternoon？”→He asked me whether I would go to the station with him to meet a friend of his that afternoon.

5. 口訣巧記人稱變化

口訣：“一主、二賓、三不變”。

（1）“一主”指當直接引語中的第一人稱變?yōu)殚g接引語時，要和主句中的主語在人稱上保持一致。

如：He said，“I am forty.”→ He said that he was forty.

（2）“二賓”指當直接引語中的第二人稱變?yōu)殚g接引語時，要和主句中的間接賓語保持人稱上的一致。

如：He said，“Are you coming tomorrow？”→He asked me if I was coming the next day.

（3）“三不變”指當直接引語中的第三人稱變?yōu)殚g接引語時，人稱不變。

如：He said，“Is she an English teacher？”→ He asked if she was an English teacher.

另外請同學們注意，直接引語為復數(shù)，引述者主語為單數(shù)時，間接引語的主語要相應變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)。

如：He said，“Are you interested in English？”→ He asked us if we were interested in English.

總之，人稱的轉換不是固定的，具體情況具體對待，要符合邏輯。

二、時態(tài)的轉換

直接引語轉換為間接引語時，主句中的謂語動詞如果是過去時，從句（即間接引語部分）中的謂語動詞在時態(tài)方面要做相應的變化，變成過去時范疇的各種時態(tài)（實際這也是賓語從句對時態(tài)的要求），變化如下：

如：“I am very glad to visit your school”，she said. →She said she was very glad to visit our school.

Tom said，“We are listening to the pop music.”→ Tom said that they were listening to the pop music.

Mother asked，“Have you finished your homework

before you watch TV？” → Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV.

He asked the conductor，“Where shall I get off to change to a No. 3 bus？”→ He asked the conductor where he would get off to change to a No. 3 bus.

“Why did she refuse to go there？” the teacher asked. →The teacher asked why she had refused to go there.

三、 句子結構的變化

1. 直接引語為陳述句時，用連詞that引導，that在口語中常省略。主句的謂語動詞可用said，也可用told來代替。請注意，可以說said that， said to sb. that或者told sb. that，不可直接說told that。

如：He said，“I have been to the Great Wall.”→He said to us that he had been to the Great Wall.

He said，“Ill give you an examination next Monday.”→He told us that he would give us an examination the next Monday.

如果間接引語是由that引導的兩個或兩個以上的并列從句，第一個連詞可以省略，以后的連詞一般不省略，以免混亂。

如：The doctor said，“You are not seriously ill， you will be better soon.”→The doctor said（that）I was not seriously ill and that I would be better soon.

2. 直接引語為一般疑問句時，間接引語用連詞whether或if引導，原主句中的謂語動詞said要改為asked，語序是陳述句的語序，這一點非常重要。

如：He said，“Do you have any difficulty with

pronunciation？”→He asked（me） whether/if I had any difficulty with my pronunciation.

He said，“You are interested in English， arent you？”→He asked whether I was interested in English.

3. 直接引語為選擇疑問句時，間接引語用whether...or...表達，而不用if...or...，也不用either...or...，語序是陳述句語序。

如：He asked，“Do you speak English or French？”→ He asked me whether I spoke English or French.

I asked，“Will you take bus or take train？”→ I asked him whether he would take bus or take train.

4. 直接引語為特殊疑問句時，原來的疑問詞作為間接引語的連詞，主句的謂語動詞用ask（sb.）來表達，語序改為陳述句語序。

如：He asked，“Whats your name？”→He asked（me）what my name was.

He asked us，“How many car factories have been built in your country？”→He asked us how many car factories had been built in our country.

5. 直接引語為祈使句時，間接引語用帶to的不定式表達，謂語動詞常是ask， advise， tell， warn， order，request等。如ask sb. to do（用于肯定祈使句），ask sb. not to do（用于否定祈使句）。不定式短語中的時間狀語、地點狀語、人稱及時態(tài)都做相應的變化。

如：He said，“Be seated， please.”→ He asked us to be seated.

“Do be careful with your handwritting.”he said →He told me to be careful with my handwriting.

“Dont touch anything in the lab without permission”，the teacher said. → The teacher warned the students not to touch anything in the lab without permission.

6. 有些直接引語含有“建議”“勸告”的祈使句，可用suggest，insist，offer等動詞轉述。

如：He said，“Lets have a rest.”→He suggested us having a rest.

He said，“Let me help you.”→ He offered to help me.

7. 當直接引語形式上是疑問句，有表示“請求”“建議”的意義時，可用ask sb. to do sth.，advise sb. to do sth.等形式轉述。

如：“Would you mind opening the door？”he asked. →He asked me to open the door.

“Why not going out for a walk？”he asked us. →He advised us to go out for a walk.

8. 直接引語是感嘆句時，可用what或how引導，也可用that引導。

如：She said，“What a lovely day it is！” → She said what a lovely day it was. /She said that it was a lovely day.

四、從句時態(tài)無須改變的情況

1. 當主句的謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時時

如：He always says，“I am tired out.”→ He always says that he is tired out.

2. 當主句的謂語動詞是一般將來時時

如：He will say，“Ill try my best to help you.”→ He will say that he will try his best to help me.

3. 當直接引語部分帶有具體的過去時間狀語時

如：He said，“I went to college in 1994.”→ He told us that he went to college in 1994.

4. 當直接引語中有以when， while引導的從句，表示過去的時間時

如：He said，“When I was a child， I usually played football after school.” →He said that when he was a child， he usually played football after school.

5. 當直接引語是客觀真理或自然現(xiàn)象時

如：Our teacher said to us，“Light travels faster than sound.” →Our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.

6. 當直接引語是諺語、格言時

如：He said，“Practice makes perfect.” → He said that practice makes perfect.

7.當直接引語中有情態(tài)動詞should，would，could，had better，would rather，might，must，ought to，used to，need時

如：The doctor said，“Youd better drink plenty of water.” → The doctor said Id better drink plenty of water.

He said， “She must be a teacher.” → He said that she must be a teacher.

He said，“She ought to have arrived her office by now.” →He said that she ought to have arrived her office by then.

She asked，“Must I take the medicine？” → She asked if she had to take the medicine.

8. 除以上情況外，直接引語與間接引語的轉換要因實際情況而定，不能機械地照搬。如果當?shù)剞D述，here不必改為there，動詞come不必改為go。如果當天轉述yesterday，tomorrow，this afternoon等均不必改變。