時(shí)保宏,黃 靜,陳 柳,楊 帆,呂劍文
(1.西安石油大學(xué) 地球科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院,西安 710065; 2.陜西省油氣成藏地質(zhì)學(xué)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,西安 710065;3.長(zhǎng)慶油田分公司 勘探開發(fā)研究院,西安 710018; 4.塔里木油田公司 塔中油氣開發(fā)部,新疆 庫(kù)爾勒 841000)
?
鄂爾多斯盆地晚三疊世湖盆中部延長(zhǎng)組長(zhǎng)7儲(chǔ)層致密化因素分析
時(shí)保宏1,2,黃靜3,陳柳4,楊帆3,呂劍文3
(1.西安石油大學(xué) 地球科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院,西安710065; 2.陜西省油氣成藏地質(zhì)學(xué)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,西安710065;3.長(zhǎng)慶油田分公司 勘探開發(fā)研究院,西安710018; 4.塔里木油田公司 塔中油氣開發(fā)部,新疆 庫(kù)爾勒841000)
摘要:鄂爾多斯盆地晚三疊世湖盆中部長(zhǎng)7油層組砂巖孔隙度平均為9%,滲透率為0.1×10-3μm2,屬致密儲(chǔ)層范疇。儲(chǔ)集體主要為半深湖—深湖相重力流環(huán)境下砂質(zhì)碎屑流砂巖及濁積砂巖,具有粒度細(xì)、填隙物含量高、孔喉形態(tài)彎曲復(fù)雜,分布集中以及次生長(zhǎng)石溶孔發(fā)育、原生粒間孔較少等特征。運(yùn)用鑄體薄片、X-衍射、包裹體及電子探針等微觀測(cè)試分析資料,對(duì)儲(chǔ)層物性影響因素進(jìn)行分析。分析認(rèn)為,沉積、成巖及烴類充注是影響儲(chǔ)層物性的三大因素,三者相互作用,相互影響。半深湖—深湖相砂巖特有的沉積特征導(dǎo)致儲(chǔ)層壓實(shí)作用強(qiáng)烈,使孔隙減少22%,是儲(chǔ)層物性變差的關(guān)鍵因素;長(zhǎng)7烴源巖生、排烴過(guò)程中生成的有機(jī)酸溶蝕長(zhǎng)石等易溶物質(zhì),產(chǎn)生次生溶孔,對(duì)致密儲(chǔ)層物性改造有益;烴類大量生成后的偏堿性環(huán)境利于晚期含鐵碳酸鹽等膠結(jié)作用進(jìn)行,是生排烴高峰期后儲(chǔ)層變致密的決定性因素。
關(guān)鍵詞:成巖作用;烴類充注;致密儲(chǔ)層;延長(zhǎng)組;鄂爾多斯盆地
我國(guó)低滲透油氣資源分布廣、儲(chǔ)量大,在油氣資源中占有重要地位。鄂爾多斯盆地晚三疊世湖盆中部長(zhǎng)6—長(zhǎng)7重力流砂巖油藏群[1-3]是最具代表性的低滲透油藏。其中,湖盆中部長(zhǎng)7油層組的物性普遍較差,滲透率平均0.1×10-3μm2,孔隙度平均9%[4]。按照《中華人民共和國(guó)石油天然氣行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)SY/T 6832-2011致密砂巖油氣評(píng)價(jià)方法》,覆壓基質(zhì)滲透率小于或等于0.1×10-3μm2,或空氣滲透率小于或等于1.0×10-3μm2的砂巖儲(chǔ)層為致密儲(chǔ)層的定義來(lái)劃分,湖盆中部地區(qū)長(zhǎng)7砂巖儲(chǔ)層屬于致密儲(chǔ)層范疇。對(duì)于長(zhǎng)7油層組的研究,以往多側(cè)重于地層、沉積體系、成藏機(jī)理等方面[5-9],涉及致密儲(chǔ)層物性影響因素的較少。本文擬對(duì)湖盆中部廣泛分布、沉積特征明顯的長(zhǎng)7致密儲(chǔ)集體物性變化影響因素進(jìn)行研究,以期為今后低滲透油氣勘探提供技術(shù)支撐。
1區(qū)域地質(zhì)概況
晚三疊世延長(zhǎng)期是鄂爾多斯湖盆形成和發(fā)育最完整時(shí)期,沉積了一套以河湖相為主的陸源碎屑巖系。長(zhǎng)7油層組沉積期湖盆范圍最大,沉積水體最深,湖盆中心位于姬塬—華池—正寧—黃陵一帶,沉積了一套厚度大、分布面積廣的暗色泥巖及優(yōu)質(zhì)烴源巖(圖1),為盆地中生界油藏的形成提供了物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)[10]。正是由于這一特殊的沉積環(huán)境,傳統(tǒng)油氣地質(zhì)理論認(rèn)為長(zhǎng)7期湖盆中部不發(fā)育有利砂巖儲(chǔ)集體。受這種理論束縛,以長(zhǎng)7油層組砂巖為勘探、研究目的層而開展的研究性工作非常少。近年來(lái)隨著勘探、研究工作的逐漸深入,對(duì)長(zhǎng)7油層組的認(rèn)識(shí)取得了很大的突破,長(zhǎng)7期湖盆中部不僅發(fā)育暗色泥質(zhì)烴源巖,還發(fā)育深湖—半深湖相復(fù)合重力流砂巖,與烴源巖構(gòu)成了自生自儲(chǔ)油藏。
2致密儲(chǔ)層特征
大量薄片、圖像粒度及物性等資料統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果表明,長(zhǎng)7砂巖中極細(xì)—細(xì)粒占絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì),顆粒間多呈點(diǎn)—線、線狀接觸,分選中等;孔隙類型以次生溶孔為主,見少量殘余粒間孔,面孔率平均為1.7%。喉道細(xì)小,平均中值半徑0.13 μm;物性普遍較差,孔隙度平均9.0%,滲透率平均0.10×10-3μm2,小于0.1×10-3μm2樣品占總樣品數(shù)的57%,為致密儲(chǔ)層。
據(jù)常規(guī)毛管壓力、恒速壓汞及掃描電鏡測(cè)試分析數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),湖盆中部長(zhǎng)7砂巖喉道半徑、孔隙大小分布較集中,以微喉道為主,形態(tài)較彎曲復(fù)雜,主要為片狀、彎曲片狀和管束狀,對(duì)巖石的滲透性起著負(fù)面影響,曲線呈負(fù)偏態(tài),說(shuō)明砂巖分選較好(圖2)。
毛管中值壓力反映孔隙中同時(shí)存在油水兩相時(shí)原油的產(chǎn)能大小以及巖石滲濾性能的好壞,其值越小,巖石滲濾性能越好,原油產(chǎn)能越大[11]。長(zhǎng)7儲(chǔ)層的中值壓力平均7.6 MPa,相比長(zhǎng)8儲(chǔ)層(中值壓力平均2.74 MPa)而言,排驅(qū)壓力和中值壓力均較大,反映其滲濾性能比長(zhǎng)8差很多。激光共聚焦二、三維圖像反映長(zhǎng)7致密儲(chǔ)層微觀孔隙結(jié)構(gòu)雖較復(fù)雜,但孔隙連通性相對(duì)較好(圖3)。
圖1 鄂爾多斯盆地延長(zhǎng)組沉積綜合柱狀圖Fig.1 Sedimentary section of the Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin
圖2 鄂爾多斯盆地湖盆中部長(zhǎng)7儲(chǔ)層毛管壓力曲線特征Fig.2 Capillary pressure curves of Chang7 reservoir, central Ordos Basin
圖3 鄂爾多斯盆地湖盆中部長(zhǎng)7砂巖激光共聚焦圖像特征Fig.3 Confocal laser images of Chang7 sandstones, central Ordos Basin
綜上所述,湖盆中部長(zhǎng)7致密儲(chǔ)層物性差,孔喉結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,但其具有孔喉分布集中、分選好、孔隙連通性較好等特征。
3物性影響因素
勘探實(shí)踐資料證明,湖盆中部地區(qū)長(zhǎng)7致密儲(chǔ)層物性主要受沉積、成巖及烴類充注三大因素控制,三者相互聯(lián)系,相互作用,綜合影響控制儲(chǔ)層物性。
3.1沉積因素與壓實(shí)作用
長(zhǎng)7油層組沉積時(shí),湖盆中部主體處于半深湖—深湖沉積環(huán)境,沉積了一套厚層重力流砂體。砂體主要為厚層塊狀細(xì)砂巖,發(fā)育豐富的槽模、滑塌變形等沉積構(gòu)造,常見不規(guī)則分布的泥巖撕裂屑;其東北部發(fā)育三角洲前緣水下分流河道砂體,儲(chǔ)層具有下粗上細(xì)正旋回特點(diǎn)。砂巖粒度較粗,為中—細(xì)砂巖,常見板狀交錯(cuò)、塊狀、平行等層理。不同沉積環(huán)境下形成的沉積物在粒度、雜基含量、巖石組分及分選等方面都存在較大的差異[12-14],從而表現(xiàn)為儲(chǔ)層物性方面差別也較大。統(tǒng)計(jì)發(fā)現(xiàn),大面積分布的深水重力流砂體填隙物含量高,尤以水云母(泥質(zhì))等塑性巖屑含量偏高最突出,其物性明顯較前緣水下分流河道差(表1)。
沉積環(huán)境對(duì)砂巖類型、結(jié)構(gòu)、組分等產(chǎn)生影響的同時(shí),儲(chǔ)層的這些特征又將影響到成巖作用的進(jìn)行,而成巖作用又可改變沉積物內(nèi)部成分及組構(gòu),進(jìn)而對(duì)儲(chǔ)層物性產(chǎn)生影響[15]。半深湖—深湖沉積環(huán)境下沉積的砂體,由于其粒度細(xì),填隙物含量高等特征,使其抗壓實(shí)能力弱,壓實(shí)作用較為強(qiáng)烈。鏡下見云母、塑性巖屑等顆粒發(fā)生較強(qiáng)烈的揉皺變形,顆粒定向分布,呈線狀—凹凸?fàn)罱佑|。在埋藏過(guò)程中因壓實(shí)作用使填隙物、云母等塑性巖屑蝕變膨脹變形后呈假雜基占據(jù)充填周邊更多粒間孔隙(圖4)。顆粒間的大孔隙被小顆粒所充填,使得孔隙體積、孔隙直徑變小,從而導(dǎo)致巖石的孔隙性和滲透性都降低。根據(jù)Beard和Weyl等所建立的原始孔隙度與分選系數(shù)(S)之間的線性關(guān)系式[16]:碎屑巖原始孔隙度=20.91+22.9/S,計(jì)算得到研究區(qū)長(zhǎng)7儲(chǔ)層原始孔隙度為37%。據(jù)砂巖物性資料求得,砂巖現(xiàn)今平均孔隙度為9.0%,另?yè)?jù)鑄體薄片資料統(tǒng)計(jì)膠結(jié)物的平均含量及溶孔平均含量,計(jì)算經(jīng)壓實(shí)作用使原生孔隙損失了22%。
砂巖壓實(shí)后剩余孔隙部分被膠結(jié)物充填,充填后殘余孔隙為現(xiàn)今孔隙減去因溶蝕作用所增加的孔隙。因此,砂巖壓實(shí)后剩余孔隙可利用孔隙中膠結(jié)物、現(xiàn)今孔隙及溶蝕孔隙這3個(gè)參數(shù)來(lái)確定。本次研究對(duì)資料較全的20口井約130塊巖心樣品的分析資料利用上述三者關(guān)系式進(jìn)行壓實(shí)剩余孔隙統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。結(jié)果表明,湖盆中部長(zhǎng)7砂巖經(jīng)壓實(shí)作用損失的孔隙度在13%~30%間,壓實(shí)后剩余孔隙度在14%~32%間(表2)。從計(jì)算結(jié)果可見,壓實(shí)作用雖是研究區(qū)長(zhǎng)7儲(chǔ)層孔隙度損失的最大因素,但壓實(shí)后剩余孔隙度仍較高,未達(dá)到致密程度。由于長(zhǎng)7烴源巖大量生、排烴階段處于早白堊世晚期[17-19],而此時(shí)也是延長(zhǎng)組最大埋深期,因而在烴源巖生排烴期,長(zhǎng)7儲(chǔ)層壓實(shí)作用已定型,此時(shí)儲(chǔ)層尚未致密。
表1 鄂爾多斯盆地湖盆中部長(zhǎng)7砂巖不同沉積微相物性統(tǒng)計(jì)Table 1 Physical properties of different sedimentary microfacies of Chang7 sandstone, central Ordos Basin
圖4 鄂爾多斯盆地湖盆中部長(zhǎng)7砂巖塑性巖屑強(qiáng)烈變形導(dǎo)致巖石致密Fig.4 Reservoir tightening caused by plastic debris deformation in Chang7 sandstones, central Ordos Basin
3.2烴類充注及溶解作用
通過(guò)大量的砂巖顯微薄片和熒光薄片觀察,湖盆中部長(zhǎng)7儲(chǔ)層瀝青分布普遍。其產(chǎn)狀主要充填儲(chǔ)層粒間孔。單偏光下,瀝青呈褐黃色、深褐色,熒光下顯現(xiàn)為強(qiáng)的黃色、黃褐色,在瀝青充填的剩余孔隙內(nèi)見到發(fā)藍(lán)白色熒光的晚期、成熟度較高的烴類包裹體(圖5a-c)。 前人[20]通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)得出,瀝青對(duì)儲(chǔ)層物性起負(fù)面影響,特別是對(duì)細(xì)粒、填隙物含量高的儲(chǔ)層影響尤為顯著,可使儲(chǔ)層非均質(zhì)性增強(qiáng),孔隙度大幅降低,儲(chǔ)層變的致密。受印支運(yùn)動(dòng)影響,區(qū)內(nèi)延長(zhǎng)組上部長(zhǎng)1—長(zhǎng)3地層遭受剝蝕,中下部地層保存較好。且包裹體資料表明[21],長(zhǎng)7儲(chǔ)層在晚侏羅世—早白堊世晚期發(fā)生過(guò)2期油氣運(yùn)移、充注和成藏過(guò)程,因而不具備氧化、揮發(fā)形成瀝青的條件,分析判斷研究區(qū)長(zhǎng)7儲(chǔ)層瀝青為早期低成熟階段的產(chǎn)物。
表2 鄂爾多斯盆地長(zhǎng)7儲(chǔ)層砂巖壓實(shí)損失孔隙度與剩余孔隙度對(duì)比Table 2 Comparison between lost porosity and residual porosity after compaction in Chang7 reservoir, central Ordos Basin
圖5 鄂爾多斯盆地長(zhǎng)7儲(chǔ)層長(zhǎng)石溶孔及粒間孔隙充填瀝青Fig.5 Feldspar dissolved pores and asphalt in intergranular pores in Chang7 reservoir, Ordos Basin
通過(guò)掃描電鏡、鑄體薄片觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),近70%的薄片樣品中發(fā)育以顆粒內(nèi)溶孔為主的次生孔隙,溶孔含量占可見孔的50%,主要為長(zhǎng)石溶蝕。長(zhǎng)石溶孔形成的次生孔隙對(duì)改善強(qiáng)壓實(shí)作用條件下儲(chǔ)層的物性具有重要意義。針對(duì)鄂爾多斯盆地延長(zhǎng)組長(zhǎng)石溶蝕因素,前人做了大量研究[22-25],認(rèn)為延長(zhǎng)組頂部的不整合面處的溶蝕作用受大氣淡水影響,而延長(zhǎng)組中下部溶蝕則主要由有機(jī)酸液體引起。湖盆中部長(zhǎng)7油層組被溶蝕的長(zhǎng)石具鋸齒狀、港灣狀邊緣(圖5d-f)。從長(zhǎng)石溶孔與粒度關(guān)系圖來(lái)看,長(zhǎng)石溶蝕受砂巖巖性控制明顯,分選好、細(xì)、細(xì)—中粒砂巖長(zhǎng)石溶蝕作用進(jìn)行的強(qiáng)烈(圖6)。這是由于這類砂巖物性相對(duì)較好,顆粒間原生孔隙利于酸性液體在儲(chǔ)層中的流動(dòng),從而增強(qiáng)了溶蝕作用。
包裹體鏡下特征、顯微紅外光譜參數(shù)結(jié)果表明(表3),長(zhǎng)石溶孔中烴類包裹體的成熟度與環(huán)石英加大邊內(nèi)側(cè)、切穿石英顆粒或加大邊裂隙中的早晚2期烴類包裹體成熟度相同(期次劃分見參考文獻(xiàn)[21]),另瀝青基本分布在粒間孔隙內(nèi)而不占據(jù)長(zhǎng)石溶孔。分析認(rèn)為,造成這種現(xiàn)象的原因是在晚侏羅世,鄂爾多斯盆地長(zhǎng)7油層組沉積的厚層優(yōu)質(zhì)烴源巖熱演化達(dá)到生烴階段,干酪根開始釋放有機(jī)酸并生成低熟油氣。低熟油氣進(jìn)入儲(chǔ)層堵塞部分原生粒間孔,伴隨流體進(jìn)入儲(chǔ)層的有機(jī)酸使儲(chǔ)層孔隙流體呈酸性,對(duì)長(zhǎng)石等易溶碎屑顆粒進(jìn)行溶蝕,形成溶蝕孔隙并釋放出K+等[26]。至早白堊世晚期,油氣開始大量生成,產(chǎn)生的有機(jī)酸值達(dá)到最大。之后,由于生成的油氣驅(qū)替儲(chǔ)層中原始地層水,使得酸性儲(chǔ)層流體性質(zhì)慢慢發(fā)生變化,逐漸變?yōu)椴焕陂L(zhǎng)石溶蝕作用進(jìn)行的偏堿性環(huán)境。而這種富K+堿性環(huán)境又為后期含鐵碳酸鹽膠結(jié)物的形成創(chuàng)造了條件[27]。
圖6 鄂爾多斯盆地長(zhǎng)7儲(chǔ)層砂巖 不同粒度與長(zhǎng)石溶孔的關(guān)系Fig.6 Relationship between different granularities and feldspar dissolved pore contents in Chang7 reservoir, Ordos Basin
3.3膠結(jié)作用
研究區(qū)長(zhǎng)7儲(chǔ)層膠結(jié)作用非常強(qiáng)烈,尤以泥質(zhì)膠結(jié)、碳酸鹽膠結(jié)為甚,且上述膠結(jié)物的溶蝕不明顯。上述剩余孔隙計(jì)算結(jié)果(表2)表明,膠結(jié)作用后儲(chǔ)層剩余孔隙為2%~6%,儲(chǔ)層變得致密。
千余塊樣品薄片資料中近96%的砂巖樣品含以水云母雜基為主的泥質(zhì)膠結(jié)物,平均含量10%,約50%的砂巖泥質(zhì)含量大于10%,有近30%的砂巖泥質(zhì)含量約占5%~10%,僅有20%的砂巖泥質(zhì)含量小于5%。另黏土礦物X衍射分析資料表明(表4),黏土礦物成分以伊利石為主,平均含量52.7%。其主要以3種產(chǎn)出狀態(tài)充填孔隙和喉道:為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有機(jī)質(zhì)烷基碳原子數(shù)。
表3 鄂爾多斯湖盆中部地區(qū)長(zhǎng)7儲(chǔ)層烴類包裹體顯微紅外光譜定量計(jì)算結(jié)果Table 3 Quantitative calculation results by microscopic FTIR of hydrocarbon inclusions in Chang7 sandstones, Ordos Basin
注:Xinc=(∑CH2/∑CH3-0.8)/0.09,為包裹體有機(jī)質(zhì)烷基碳原子數(shù);Xstd=(∑CH2/∑CH3+0.1)/0.27。
表4 鄂爾多斯盆地湖盆中部長(zhǎng)7黏土礦物X衍射分析Table 4 X-ray diffraction analysis of clay mineral in Chang7 reservoir, Ordos Basi
(1)呈薄膜狀分布于顆粒之間(圖7a);(2)呈蜂巢狀分布于粒間孔隙間(圖7b);(3)粒間孔隙及長(zhǎng)石溶蝕顆粒內(nèi)見絲縷狀的伊利石(圖7c)。伊利石的這種產(chǎn)出形式,一則可以加劇壓溶作用的進(jìn)行,二來(lái)易于堵塞孔隙喉道,使大孔隙變成滲濾性能差的小孔或微孔,對(duì)砂巖的滲透率有顯著的破壞作用[28]。
據(jù)薄片、掃描電鏡觀察,研究區(qū)長(zhǎng)7儲(chǔ)層碳酸鹽膠結(jié)作用發(fā)育,多呈斑狀、連晶狀充填粒間孔隙及長(zhǎng)石溶孔。鏡下觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),石英加大邊外側(cè)、長(zhǎng)石溶孔中充填碳酸鹽膠結(jié)物(圖7d-f),表明石英次生加大、長(zhǎng)石溶蝕的形成早于碳酸鹽膠結(jié)物的形成。
為了進(jìn)一步分析碳酸鹽膠結(jié)物形成的成巖階段,對(duì)長(zhǎng)7碳酸鹽膠結(jié)物進(jìn)行電子探針分析,其成分主要為氧化鈣并含少量氧化鐵(表5),說(shuō)明碳酸鹽膠結(jié)物主要為晚成巖階段形成的含鐵方解石和含鐵白云石。
鐵方解石膠結(jié)物碳氧同位素分析結(jié)果表明,兩者都相對(duì)較輕,δ13CPDB在-3‰~-1.2‰之間,δ18OPDB在-16‰~-18.4‰間,說(shuō)明研究區(qū)長(zhǎng)7碳酸鹽膠結(jié)物的形成與有機(jī)酸的參與有關(guān)[29]。根據(jù)上述含鐵碳酸鹽、石英次生加大邊及烴類充注三者間的賦存關(guān)系,判斷含鐵碳酸鹽膠結(jié)物生成發(fā)生在大規(guī)模油氣生成運(yùn)移之后。這種認(rèn)識(shí)很好地解釋了為什么碳酸鹽膠結(jié)物中較少見烴類包裹體[21]的地質(zhì)現(xiàn)象。因此,上述孔隙計(jì)算結(jié)果及對(duì)膠結(jié)作用的分析說(shuō)明,膠結(jié)作用是造成儲(chǔ)層致密的決定性因素。對(duì)湖盆中部長(zhǎng)7儲(chǔ)層來(lái)說(shuō),其經(jīng)歷了先充注后致密的過(guò)程。
圖7 鄂爾多斯盆地長(zhǎng)7儲(chǔ)層砂巖強(qiáng)的黏土礦物及方解石膠結(jié)作用Fig.7 Clay mineral and calcite cementation in Chang7 reservoir, Ordos Basin表5 鄂爾多斯盆地湖盆中部長(zhǎng)7儲(chǔ)層碳酸鹽膠結(jié)物電子探針分析測(cè)試結(jié)果Table 5 Electron probe analysis of carbonate cementation in Chang7 reservoir, Ordos Basin
井號(hào)元素含量/%SiO2SO3TiO2Na2OK2OBaOMgOCaOMnOAl2O3FeON330.0220.0010.0300.0210.21664.250.1160.0361.940L800.0410.27764.330.4492.030B2705.8700.2630.0231.4400.0520.31653.940.1850.856N420.0270.0790.0270.0270.0120.14665.550.0050.064L808.2100.0610.4670.1210.0180.21353.020.2272.4801.036
4結(jié)論
(1)湖盆中部長(zhǎng)7油層組發(fā)育半深湖—深湖相沉積,巖性主要為灰黑色泥巖、頁(yè)巖及油頁(yè)巖夾重力流環(huán)境下的砂質(zhì)碎屑流砂巖及濁積巖組成,砂質(zhì)碎屑流砂巖及濁積巖為主要儲(chǔ)集體,具有粒度普遍偏細(xì)、填隙物和塑性組分含量高等特征。
(2)長(zhǎng)7油層組儲(chǔ)集砂巖顆粒間多呈點(diǎn)—線、線狀接觸,分選中等。排驅(qū)壓力及中值壓力均較大,巖石滲濾性能差??紫额愋投嘁源紊紫稙橹鳎娸^少的殘余粒間原生孔隙,孔喉分選集中,連通性較好。儲(chǔ)層物性普遍較差,滲透率平均0.13×10-3μm2,孔隙度平均9%左右,為典型致密儲(chǔ)層。
(3)長(zhǎng)7油層組所處深水沉積環(huán)境,使得沉積物顆粒細(xì),填隙物含量高,造成儲(chǔ)集層抗壓實(shí)能力較差,孔隙減少22%,是研究區(qū)長(zhǎng)7孔隙損失的最大因素;長(zhǎng)7層的優(yōu)質(zhì)烴源巖的生排烴過(guò)程產(chǎn)生的有機(jī)酸對(duì)長(zhǎng)石顆粒進(jìn)行溶蝕,形成溶蝕孔,對(duì)儲(chǔ)層物性起到積極作用;大量的泥質(zhì)膠結(jié)及含鐵碳酸鹽膠結(jié)使油氣充注后儲(chǔ)層變致密,是儲(chǔ)層致密的決定性因素。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]盧進(jìn)才,李玉宏,魏仙樣,等.鄂爾多斯盆地三疊系延長(zhǎng)組長(zhǎng)7油層組油頁(yè)巖沉積環(huán)境與資源潛力研究[J].吉林大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(地球科學(xué)版),2006,36(6):928-932.
Lu Jincai,Li Yuhong,Wei Xianyang,et al.Research on the depositional environment and resources potential of the oil shale in the Chang 7 Member Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin[J].Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2006,36(6):928-932.
[2]李鳳杰,王多云,徐旭輝.鄂爾多斯盆地隴東地區(qū)三疊系延長(zhǎng)組儲(chǔ)層特征及影響因素分析[J].石油實(shí)驗(yàn)地質(zhì),2005,27(4):365-370.
Li Fengjie,Wang Duoyun,Xu Xuhui.The influential factors and characteristics of Triassic Yanchang Formation reservoir in Longdong area,Ordos Basin[J].Petroleum Geology & Experiment,2005,27(4):365-370.
[3]趙俊興,李鳳杰,申曉莉,等.鄂爾多斯盆地南部長(zhǎng)6和長(zhǎng)7油層濁流事件的沉積特征及發(fā)育模式[J].石油學(xué)報(bào),2008,29(3):389-394.
Zhao Junxing,Li Fengjie,Shen Xiaoli,et al.Sedimentary characteristics and development pattern of turbidity event of Chang 6 and Chang 7 oil reservoirs in the southern Ordos Basin[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2008,29(3):389-394.
[4]時(shí)保宏,鄭飛,張艷,等.鄂爾多斯盆地延長(zhǎng)組長(zhǎng)7 油層組石油成藏條件分析[J].石油實(shí)驗(yàn)地質(zhì),2014,36(3):285-292.
Shi Baohong,Zheng Fei,Zhang Yan,et al.Hydrocarbon accumulation conditions of Chang7 section,Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin[J].Petroleum Geology & Experiment,2014,36(3):285-292.
[5]王金鵬,彭仕宓,史基安,等.鄂爾多斯盆地隴東地區(qū)長(zhǎng)6—長(zhǎng)8段儲(chǔ)層特征及其主控因素[J].新疆地質(zhì),2008,26(2):163-167.
Wang Jinpeng,Peng Shimi,Shi Ji’an,et al.Reservoir characte-ristics and its main controlling factors of Chang6-Chang8 formation in Longdong Ordos Basin[J].Xinjiang Geology,2008,26(2):163-167.
[6]吳康軍,劉洛夫,徐正建,等.鄂爾多斯盆地長(zhǎng)7段致密油成藏物性下限研究[J].石油實(shí)驗(yàn)地質(zhì),2016,38(1):36-69.
Wu Kangjun,Liu Luofu,Xu Zhengjian,et al.Lower limits of pore throat radius,porosity and permeability for tight oil accumulations in the Chang7 Member,Ordos Basin[J].Petroleum Geology & Experiment,2016,38(1):36-69.
[7]韓文學(xué),高長(zhǎng)海,韓霞.核磁共振及微、納米CT技術(shù)在致密儲(chǔ)層研究中的應(yīng)用:以鄂爾多斯盆地長(zhǎng)7段為例[J].斷塊油氣田,2015,22(1):62-66.
Han Wenxue,Gao Changhai,Han Xia.Application of NMR and micrometer and nanometer CT technology in research of tight reservoir:Taking Chang 7 Member in Ordos Basin as an example[J].Fault-Block Oil and Gas Field,2015,22(1):62-66.
[8]薛永超,田虓豐.鄂爾多斯盆地長(zhǎng)7致密油藏特征[J].特種油氣藏,2014,21(3):111-115.
Xue Yongchao,Tian Xiaofeng.Characteristics of Chang-7 tight oil reservoir, Ordos basin [J].Special Oil & Gas Reservoirs,2014,21(3):111-115.
[9]尚有戰(zhàn),吳小斌,崔智林,等.鄂爾多斯盆地黃陵探區(qū)細(xì)粒濁積砂體低滲致密機(jī)理[J].斷塊油氣田,2015,22(1):26-30.
Shang Youzhan,Wu Xiaobin,Cui Zhilin,et al.Low permeability and densification mechanism of fine-grained turbidite sandbodyin Huangling exploration area of Ordos Basin[J].Fault-Block Oil and Gas Field,2015,22(1):26-30.
[10]楊華,竇偉坦,劉顯陽(yáng),等.鄂爾多斯盆地三疊系延長(zhǎng)組長(zhǎng)7沉積相分析[J].沉積學(xué)報(bào),2010,28(2):254-263.
Yang Hua,Dou Weitan,Liu Xianyang,et al.Analysis on sedimentary facies of Member7 in Yanchang Formation of Triassic in Ordos Basin[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2010,28(2):254-263.
[11]彭彩珍,李治平,賈閩惠.低滲透油藏毛管壓力曲線特征分析及應(yīng)用[J].西南石油學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2002,24(2):21-25.
Peng Caizhen,Li Zhiping,Jia Minhui.Anylysis of characteristics of capillary pressure curves from low permeability oil reservoirs and application of the method[J].Journal of Southwest Petroleum Institute,2002,24(2):21-25.
[12]宋子齊,王靜,路向偉,等.特低滲透油氣藏成巖儲(chǔ)集相的定量評(píng)價(jià)方法[J].油氣地質(zhì)與采收率,2006,13(2):21-23.
Song Ziqi,Wang Jing,Lu Xiangwei,et al.An quantitative assessment method of the diagenetic reservoir facies in extra-low permeability oil-gas reservoir[J].Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,2006,13(2):21-23.
[13]王威,岳全玲.四川盆地北部須家河組致密砂巖儲(chǔ)層成因機(jī)制[J].天然氣勘探與開發(fā),2012,35(1):13-17.
Wang Wei,Yue Quanling.Genetic mechanisms for tight sandstone reservoir of Xujiahe Formation,northern Sichuan Basin[J].Natural Gas Exploration and Development,2012,35(1):13-17.
[14]楊曉萍,趙文智,鄒才能,等.低滲透儲(chǔ)層成因機(jī)理及優(yōu)質(zhì)儲(chǔ)層形成與分布[J].石油學(xué)報(bào),2007,28(4):57-61.
Yang Xiaoping,Zhao Wenzhi,Zou Caineng,et al.Origin of low-permeability reservoir and distribution of favorable reservoir[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2007,28(4):57-61.
[15]張哨楠,丁曉琪.鄂爾多斯盆地南部延長(zhǎng)組致密砂巖儲(chǔ)層特征及其成因[J].成都理工大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版),2010,37(4):386-394.
Zhang Shaonan,Ding Xiaoqi.Characters and causes of tight sandstones of Yanchang Formation in southern Ordos Basin,China[J].Journal of Chengdu University of Technology(Science & Techno-logy Edition),2010,37(4):386-394.
[16]Beard D C,Weyl P K.Influence of texture on porosity and permeability of unconsolidated sand[J].AAPG Bulletin,1973,57(2):349-369.
[17]喻建,宋江海,向惠.鄂爾多斯盆地中生界隱蔽性油氣藏成藏規(guī)律[J].天然氣工業(yè),2004,24(12):35-37.
Yu Jian,Song Jianghai,Xiang Hui.Subtle reservoir formation law of Mesozoic in E’erduosi Basin[J].Natural Gas Industry,2004,24(12):35-37.
[18]劉新社,席勝利,黃道軍,等.鄂爾多斯盆地中生界石油二次運(yùn)移動(dòng)力條件[J].石油勘探與開發(fā),2008,35(2):143-147.
Liu Xinshe,Xi Shengli,Huang Daojun,et al.Dynamic conditions of Mesozoic petroleum secondary migration,Ordos Basin[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2008,35(2):143-147.
[19]李威,文志剛.鄂爾多斯盆地馬嶺地區(qū)延長(zhǎng)組長(zhǎng)7烴源巖特征與分布[J].斷塊油氣田,2014,21(1):24-27.
Li Wei,Wen Zhigang.Characteristics and distribution of Chang 7 source rocks of Yangchang Formation in Maling Area of Ordos Basin[J].Fault-Block Oil and Gas Field,2014,21(1):24-27.
[20]張紀(jì)智,陳世加,肖艷,等.鄂爾多斯盆地華慶地區(qū)長(zhǎng)8 致密砂巖儲(chǔ)層特征及其成因[J].石油與天然氣地質(zhì),2008,35(2):143-147.
Zhang Jizhi,Chen Shijia,Xiao Yan,et al.Characteristics of the Chang 8 tight sandstone reservoirs and their genesis in Huaqing area,Ordos Basin[J].Oil & Gas Geology,2008,35(2):143-147.
[21]時(shí)保宏,張艷,張雷,等.鄂爾多斯盆地延長(zhǎng)組長(zhǎng)7致密儲(chǔ)層流體包裹體特征與成藏期次[J].石油實(shí)驗(yàn)地質(zhì),2012,34(6):599-603.
Shi Baohong,Zhang Yan,Zhang Lei,et al.Hydrocarbon accumulation dating by fluid inclusion characteristics in Chang7 tight sandstone reservoirs of Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin[J].Petroleum Geology & Experiment,2012,34(6):599-603.
[22]王新民,郭彥如,付金華,等.鄂爾多斯盆地延長(zhǎng)組長(zhǎng)8 段相對(duì)高孔滲砂巖儲(chǔ)集層的控制因素分析[J].石油勘探與開發(fā),2005,32(2):35-38.
Wang Xinmin,Guo Yanru,Fu Jinhua,et al.Control factors for forming higher porosity and permeability sandstone reservoirs in Chang 8 member of Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2005,32(2):35-38.
[23]黃思靜,黃可可,馮文立,等.成巖過(guò)程中長(zhǎng)石、高嶺石、伊利石之間的物質(zhì)交換與次生孔隙的形成:來(lái)自鄂爾多斯盆地上古生界和川西凹陷三疊系須家河組的研究[J].地球化學(xué),2009,38(5):498-506.
Huang Sijing,Huang Keke,Feng Wenli,et al.Mass exchanges among feldspar,kaolinite and illite and their influences on secondary porosity formation in clastic diagenesis:A case study on the Upper Paleozoic,Ordos Basin and Xujiahe Formation,Western Sichuan Depression[J].Geochimica,2009,38(5):498-506.
[24]李成,鄭慶華,張三,等.鄂爾多斯盆地鎮(zhèn)北地區(qū)長(zhǎng)4+5儲(chǔ)層微觀孔隙結(jié)構(gòu)研究[J].石油實(shí)驗(yàn)地質(zhì),2015,37(6):729-736.
Li Cheng,Zheng Qinghua,Zhang San,et al.Microscopic pore structure of the fourth and fifth members of the Yanchang Formation in Zhenbei area of the Ordos Basin[J].Petroleum Geology & Experiment,2015,37(6):729-736.
[25]高永利,王勇,孫衛(wèi).姬塬地區(qū)長(zhǎng)4+5低滲儲(chǔ)層成巖作用與孔隙演化[J].特種油氣藏,2014,21(1):68-72.
Gao Yongli,Wang Yong,Sun Wei.Diagenesis and pore evolution process of Chang4+5 low permeability reservoir in Jiyuan area[J].Special Oil & Gas Reservoirs,2014,21(1):68-72.
[26]郭春清,沈忠民,張林曄,等.砂巖儲(chǔ)層中有機(jī)酸對(duì)主要礦物的溶蝕作用及機(jī)理研究綜述[J].地質(zhì)地球化學(xué),2003,31(3):53-58.
Guo Chunqing,Shen Zhongmin,Zhang Linye,et al.The corrosion and its mechanism of organic acids on main minerals in oil-gas reservoir sand rocks[J].Geology-Geochemistry,2003,31(3):53-58.
[27]袁珍,李文厚,郭艷琴.鄂爾多斯盆地東南緣延長(zhǎng)組石油充注對(duì)砂巖儲(chǔ)層成巖演化的影響[J].高校地質(zhì)學(xué)報(bào),2011,17(4):594-604.
Yuan Zhen,Li Wenhou,Guo Yanqin.Effects of oil emplacement on diagenetic evolution of sandstone reservoir in Yanchang Formation,southeastern Ordos Basin[J].Geological Journal of China Universities,2011,17(4):594-604.
[28]張哨楠,丁曉琪,萬(wàn)友利,等.致密碎屑巖中黏土礦物的形成機(jī)理與分布規(guī)律[J].西南石油大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版),2012,34(3):174-182.
Zhang Shaonan,Ding Xiaoqi,Wan Youli,et al.Formation mechanism and distribution of clay minerals of deeply tight siliciclastic reservoirs[J].Journal of Southwest Petroleum University(Science & Technology Edition),2012,34(3):174-182.
[29]王琪,禚喜準(zhǔn),陳國(guó)俊,等.延長(zhǎng)組砂巖中碳酸鹽膠結(jié)物氧碳同位素組成特征[J].天然氣工業(yè),2007,27(10):28-32.
Wang Qi,Zhuo Xizhun,Chen Guojun,et al.Characteristics of carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of carbonate cements in Triassic Yanchang sandstone in Ordos Basin[J].Natural Gas Industry,2007,27(10):28-32.
(編輯黃娟)
文章編號(hào):1001-6112(2016)04-0528-08
doi:10.11781/sysydz201604528
收稿日期:2015-08-17;
修訂日期:2016-06-01。
作者簡(jiǎn)介:時(shí)保宏(1970—),男,教授,從事油氣成藏地質(zhì)學(xué)及天然氣地球化學(xué)的研究工作。E-mail: bh.sh@163.com。
基金項(xiàng)目:陜西省自然科學(xué)基金(2012JM5010)資助。
中圖分類號(hào):TE 122. 2
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A
Compaction factors of tight reservoirs in the seventh member of Yanchang Formation in the central Ordos Basin during the Late Triassic
Shi Baohong1,2, Huang Jing3, Chen Liu4, Yang Fan3, Lü Jianwen3
(1. School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710065, China; 2. Key LaboratoryofShaanxiProvinceforOilandGasAccumulationGeology,Xi’an,Shaanxi710065,China; 3.PetroleumExplorationandDevelopmentResearchInstituteofPetroChinaChangqingOilfieldCompany,Xi’an,Shaanxi710021,China; 4.OilandGasDevelopmentDepartmentofPetroChinaTarimOilfieldCompany,Korla,Xinjiang841000,China)
Abstract:The Chang7 reservoir (the seventh member of Yanchang Formation) in the Ordos Basin, with an average porosity of 9% and permeability of 0.1× 10-3μm2, is a tight reservoir. Reservoirs are mainly sandy debris flows and turbidite sandstones in a semi-deep and deep lacustrine gravity flow environment, featured by fine granularity, high filler content, complicated pore and throat shape, enriched secondary dissolved feldspar pores, and poor primary intergranular porosity. The influencing factors for reservoir physical properties were analyzed according to micro test data such as cast thin section, X-ray diffraction, fluid inclusion and electron probe microscopy. Sedimentation, diagenesis and hydrocarbon charging are the three major factors affecting reservoir physical properties. The sedimentary characteristics of semi-deep and deep lacustrine sandstones were key factors that caused intense compaction and cementation in reservoirs. As a result, sandstone porosity may decrease by 22%. On the other hand, feldspars were dissolved by organic acid liquids produced by the reaction of hydrocarbon emplacement, which in turn improved physical property. Alkaline reservoir fluid after hydrocarbon charging was beneficial to the cementation of ferrous calcites, which was critical to reservoir tightening.
Key words:lithogenesis; hydrocarbon charging; tight reservoir; Yanchang Formation; Ordos Basin