張義楊嗣星宋超廖文彪劉凌琪
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軟性輸尿管鏡鈥激光碎石術(shù)后雙J管放置時(shí)間的單中心隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究
張義1楊嗣星1宋超1廖文彪1劉凌琪1
1武漢大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院泌尿外科430060武漢
通信作者:楊嗣星,sxyang2004@ 163.com
收稿日期:2016-05-02
目的:探討軟性輸尿管鏡鈥激光碎石術(shù)后雙J管的最佳留置時(shí)間。方法:采用隨機(jī)對(duì)照的方法,選取248例腎結(jié)石患者,結(jié)石大小為(12.0±2.15)mm。所有患者均于術(shù)前留置雙J管被動(dòng)擴(kuò)張輸尿管2周后采用軟性輸尿管鏡鈥激光碎石術(shù),術(shù)后常規(guī)留置F7號(hào)雙J管。其中121例作為實(shí)驗(yàn)組,術(shù)后2周拔除雙J管;127例作為對(duì)照組,術(shù)后4周拔除雙J管。所有患者均于拔管后2周行泌尿系CT平掃檢查,了解清石率。同時(shí)記錄患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生情況。結(jié)果:實(shí)驗(yàn)組的清石率為89.26%(108/ 121),對(duì)照組的清石率為88.19%(112/127),兩組間清石率比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),兩組患者術(shù)后出現(xiàn)肉眼血尿、小腹脹痛、腰部脹痛等并發(fā)癥差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),對(duì)照組術(shù)后出現(xiàn)尿路感染,膀胱刺激癥狀均明顯高于實(shí)驗(yàn)組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:軟性輸尿管鏡術(shù)后2周和4周拔出雙J管,清石率雖無(wú)明顯差異,但雙J管留置4周會(huì)明顯增加術(shù)后泌尿系感染和膀胱刺激癥狀的發(fā)生率。
軟性輸尿管鏡;鈥激光碎石;排石;雙J管留置時(shí)間
軟性輸尿管鏡鈥激光碎石術(shù)目前已經(jīng)成為治療<2 cm腎結(jié)石的一線治療方法之一,其具有創(chuàng)傷小、安全性高、住院時(shí)間短和結(jié)石清除率高等特點(diǎn)[1]。對(duì)于術(shù)后是否常規(guī)留置雙J管存在爭(zhēng)論。一些學(xué)者認(rèn)為,術(shù)后常規(guī)留置雙J管并不能提高清石率,也不能降低感染及發(fā)熱的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),他們建議對(duì)于術(shù)中結(jié)石已完全清除、又無(wú)明顯損傷的病例,可不留置雙J管[2~5]。但軟性輸尿管鏡碎石術(shù)中操作易引起輸尿管黏膜水腫,術(shù)后無(wú)支架管引流,常常引起腎絞痛等,同時(shí)術(shù)后結(jié)石碎屑排出容易形成石街以及引起腎絞痛。因此,一些研究者認(rèn)為軟性輸尿管鏡術(shù)后應(yīng)常規(guī)留置內(nèi)支架[6]。國(guó)內(nèi)軟性輸尿管鏡鈥激光碎石術(shù)常規(guī)留置雙J管,但至今沒(méi)有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道術(shù)后雙J管應(yīng)放置多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。因此,我們采用單中心隨機(jī)對(duì)照的方法,選取248例腎結(jié)石患者,探討軟性輸尿管鏡碎石術(shù)后雙J管最佳留置時(shí)間。
1.1臨床資料
所選患者納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①所有結(jié)石直徑均<2.0 cm;②所選患者結(jié)石部位均較單純,無(wú)多發(fā)、復(fù)雜的結(jié)石存在,無(wú)下組腎盞結(jié)石存在。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有:①術(shù)中明顯有輸尿管損傷,如輸尿管穿孔、撕裂患者;②有糖尿病史;③既往有泌尿系手術(shù)病史或存在泌尿系解剖學(xué)畸形;④息肉包裹結(jié)石至輸尿管明顯狹窄患者。所有患者均于術(shù)前留置雙J管被動(dòng)擴(kuò)張輸尿管2周。本研究共納入患者248例,其中男119例,女129例,年齡22~74歲,平均48歲,結(jié)石平均大小為1.2 cm。
1.2手術(shù)方法
1.2.1儀器設(shè)備
電子軟性輸尿管鏡(Olympus URF-V),先端部外徑F8.5,插入部外徑F9.9,工作通道內(nèi)徑F3.6,主動(dòng)彎曲性能(向上180°/向下275°)。美國(guó)科醫(yī)人鈥激光治療機(jī),鈥激光光纖直徑為200μm,Olympus電視監(jiān)視系統(tǒng)。
1.2.2手術(shù)方法
患者在氣管插管全身麻醉后取截石位,先用輸尿管硬鏡取出術(shù)前留置的雙J管,探查患側(cè)輸尿管,確定輸尿管內(nèi)無(wú)明顯迂曲狹窄等輸尿管病變,并上行至腎盂,置入斑馬導(dǎo)絲,退出輸尿管硬鏡。然后沿斑馬導(dǎo)絲將軟性輸尿管鏡送達(dá)鞘插入輸尿管,退出導(dǎo)絲和鞘的內(nèi)芯,將軟性輸尿管鏡沿鞘置入輸尿管上段。調(diào)整鏡鞘的位置,順利進(jìn)入腎盂及腎盞,并尋找到結(jié)石,使用直徑200μm鈥激光光纖碎石(美國(guó)科醫(yī)人),鈥激光參數(shù)通常選擇頻率為0.8~1.2 J,能量為20~30 Hz,術(shù)中根據(jù)情況調(diào)整。術(shù)中若發(fā)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)腎盞頸口有狹窄,均利用鈥激光適當(dāng)切開(kāi)盞頸口再行碎石。結(jié)石粉碎至最大直徑<3 mm碎片,以便結(jié)石排出,較大的結(jié)石采用套石籃取出。術(shù)后輸尿管內(nèi)常規(guī)留置F7號(hào)雙J管(美國(guó)巴德公司)。
1.2.3分組及方法
按照隨機(jī)對(duì)照表分組。其中121例作為實(shí)驗(yàn)組,術(shù)后2周拔除雙J管,127例作為對(duì)照組,術(shù)后4周拔除雙J管。兩組患者資料見(jiàn)表1。兩組患者術(shù)后均采用局部麻醉下經(jīng)尿道膀胱鏡內(nèi)拔除雙J管,均于拔管后2周行泌尿系CT平掃,了解清石率。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 17.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。計(jì)量資料用t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料用卡方檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
表1 兩組患者一般資料比較
兩組患者在年齡(t=15.173)、性別(χ2= 0.012 5)、體質(zhì)指數(shù)(t=1.545)、結(jié)石大?。╰= 0.458)及手術(shù)時(shí)間(t=1.305)方面均差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。實(shí)驗(yàn)組的清石率為89.26%(108/121),對(duì)照組的清石率為88.19%(112/ 127),實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組的清石率比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=0.004 19,P=0.791)。統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)研究表明,實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組在術(shù)后并發(fā)肉眼血尿(χ2= 0.118)、小腹脹痛(χ2=0.0378)以及腰部脹痛(χ2=0.000 151)等方面差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),而對(duì)照組在術(shù)后并發(fā)尿路感染(χ2= 7.714)和膀胱刺激癥狀(χ2=8.419)均明顯高于實(shí)驗(yàn)組(P<0.05)(表2)。
表2 兩組患者留置雙J管相關(guān)并發(fā)癥比較
軟性輸尿管鏡鈥激光碎石術(shù)是目前治療腎結(jié)石的常用方法之一,術(shù)后是否需要放置雙J管及雙J管的留置時(shí)間仍有爭(zhēng)論。早期Tawfiek等[7]建議輸尿管鏡術(shù)后均放置雙J管,以減少術(shù)后輸尿管梗阻及狹窄。但Hosking等[8]對(duì)此提出質(zhì)疑,他們觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),輸尿管鏡術(shù)中若無(wú)輸尿管損傷,可不留置雙J管;但Hollenbeck等[9]總結(jié)了266例未放置雙J管的病例發(fā)現(xiàn),未放置雙J管會(huì)明顯增加術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生;Wong等[10]在輸尿管手術(shù)后常規(guī)不放置上雙J管。而國(guó)內(nèi)大部分臨床工作者在輸尿管鏡術(shù)后建議留置雙J管。我們?cè)谂R床工作中也發(fā)現(xiàn),未放置雙J管的患者更容易發(fā)生腎絞痛、發(fā)熱、輸尿管梗阻、狹窄等。此外,留置雙J管可以被動(dòng)擴(kuò)張輸尿管,促進(jìn)碎石排出[11]。但術(shù)后雙J管的留置時(shí)間仍有爭(zhēng)論。
Torricelli等[12]建議軟性輸尿管鏡術(shù)中若無(wú)明顯輸尿管損傷,術(shù)后3~7 d可拔除雙J管,但輸尿管是否有損傷難以完全確認(rèn),且其術(shù)后發(fā)熱及腰痛的概率明顯增加;Atis等[13]建議軟性輸尿管鏡術(shù)后2周拔除雙J管,在處理小于2 cm結(jié)石時(shí)清石率高達(dá)92.3%,術(shù)后主要并發(fā)癥為泌尿系感染,無(wú)輸尿管梗阻及狹窄等并發(fā)癥;Cheng等[14]建議術(shù)后3~5周拔出雙J管;Damiano等[15]建議術(shù)后雙J管留置4周,但報(bào)道術(shù)后并發(fā)癥較多。我們的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),軟性輸尿管鏡碎石術(shù)后雙J管放置2周和4周,其清石率無(wú)明顯差別,但放置4周會(huì)明顯增加術(shù)后并發(fā)癥。
臨床上,留置雙J管后常見(jiàn)的并發(fā)癥包括肉眼血尿、膀胱刺激癥狀、腰部脹痛、小腹脹痛、泌尿系感染等。Joshi等[16]報(bào)道放置雙J管后大多數(shù)患者有尿路刺激癥狀,嚴(yán)重影響患者的生活質(zhì)量;Damiano等[11]報(bào)道雙J管留置4周內(nèi)的并發(fā)癥除上述以外還包括:發(fā)熱,腎積水,支架移位,結(jié)殼,支架斷裂和破損。我們的研究證實(shí),術(shù)后2周和4周拔除雙J管,肉眼血尿、腰部脹痛及小腹脹痛等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率無(wú)明顯差異,但術(shù)后4周拔除雙J管,泌尿系感染和膀胱刺激癥狀的發(fā)生率明顯增高,主要原因是雙J管作為一種異物存在于體內(nèi)刺激膀胱黏膜且很容易被病原體黏附;研究表明:支架管表面形成可形成細(xì)菌生物膜導(dǎo)致泌尿道感染及嚴(yán)重的敗血癥,同時(shí)尿液的反流可導(dǎo)致反流性腎盂腎炎等[17]。
輸尿管鏡術(shù)后放置雙J管對(duì)預(yù)防術(shù)后輸尿管狹窄有重要的意義。Clavica等[18]通過(guò)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),留置雙管后尿液主要是通過(guò)導(dǎo)管周圍引流入膀胱,在置管后1周輸尿管就被動(dòng)擴(kuò)張。查澤玉[19]的動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,輸尿管內(nèi)留置雙J管3 d即可達(dá)到擴(kuò)張輸尿管目的,輸尿管內(nèi)留置雙J管10 d后輸尿管水腫完全消失,炎癥反應(yīng)輕微,因此,術(shù)后雙J管留置2周后,此時(shí)輸尿管的炎性水腫基本消退,黏膜也完全修復(fù),同時(shí)輸尿管擴(kuò)張明顯,此時(shí)輸尿管條件良好,沒(méi)有必要推遲至術(shù)后4周拔管。我們建議術(shù)后拔管時(shí)間不宜過(guò)早,以14 d左右為宜,可在維持雙J管支架引流效果情況下,使置管相關(guān)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率最低。當(dāng)然,本研究的不足之處是樣本量太小,后續(xù)大樣本的研究仍需進(jìn)行。
綜上所述,軟性輸尿管鏡鈥激光碎石術(shù)后2周拔除雙J管,既能保證碎石的清石率,也能明顯降低泌尿系感染的發(fā)生率。
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The optimal drainage duration of double J stent after holmium laser lithotripsy under flexible ureteroscopy:A randomized controlled single center study
Zhang Yi1Yang Sixing1Song Chao1Liao Wenbiao1Liu Lingqi1
(1Department of Urology,Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University,Wuhan 430060,China)
Corresponding author:Yang Sixing,sxyang2004@163.com
Objective:To explore the optimal indwelling time of double-J stent after flexible ureteroscopy. Methods:Using randomized controlled methods,248 patients with kidney stones were selected with the diameter of(12.0±2.15)mm.All patients were preseted double J tube to expand the ureter passively for two weeks.Then the renal stones were treated with flexible ureteroscopy and the F7double J stent was placed in the ureter postoperatively.In which,121 patients whose double J stent were removed at 2nd week postoperatively were assigned to experimental group,and 127 patients whose double J stent were removed at 4th week postoperatively were assigned to control group.Computed tomography was done at 2nd week after the double-J stent being removed cystoscopically to assess stone-free rate(SFR).Postoperative complications were recorded.Results:The SFR in the experimental group and control group was 89.26%(108/121)and 88.19%(112/127)respectively(P>0.05). Gross hematuria,abdomen pain,waist pain,urinary tract infection,irritation sign of bladder were recorded in two groups.There was no significant difference in gross hematuria,abdomen pain as well as waist pain between two groups(P>0.05).The incidence of postoperative complications as urinary tract infection and irritation sign of bladder was statistically higher in the control groups than that in the experimental group(P<0.05).Conclusions:The 4-week indwelling of double J stent may increase the incidence of urinary tract infection and irritation sign of bladder as compared with the 2-week indwelling although the SFR showed no statisticall significant difference.
flexible ureteroscopy;holmium laser lithotripsy;stone-free rate;double J tube indwelling time
R691
A
2095-5146(2016)04-199-04
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(31400835)