金俊蕊 鄧靖宇 梁寒
胃癌淋巴結(jié)分期的臨床變革及分期方法的研究進(jìn)展*
金俊蕊鄧靖宇梁寒
淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移被認(rèn)為是影響胃癌患者預(yù)后十分重要的因素之一,準(zhǔn)確合理的淋巴結(jié)分期對(duì)判斷患者病程、評(píng)估預(yù)后及制定合理的治療方案均有重要意義。最近國(guó)內(nèi)外各研究中心發(fā)現(xiàn),胃癌預(yù)后相關(guān)的淋巴結(jié)新分期方法如淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率(metastastic lymph nodes ratio,rN)、陽(yáng)性淋巴結(jié)對(duì)數(shù)比(log odds of positive lymph nodes,LODDS)、陰性淋巴結(jié)數(shù)(negative lymph node count,NLNC)及淋巴結(jié)微轉(zhuǎn)移(lymph node micrometastasis,LNMM)等,也能較好的預(yù)測(cè)患者的預(yù)后。本文就胃癌淋巴結(jié)分期的發(fā)展歷史、現(xiàn)狀及胃癌預(yù)后相關(guān)的淋巴結(jié)新分期方法的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
胃癌淋巴結(jié)分期淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率陽(yáng)性淋巴結(jié)對(duì)數(shù)比陰性淋巴結(jié)數(shù)微轉(zhuǎn)移隱匿腫瘤細(xì)胞
Correspondence to:Han LIANG;E-mail:tjlianghan@126.com
Department of Stomach Cancer,Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy,Tianjin 300060,China
This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81572372),the Application Foundation and Advanced Technology Program of Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology Commission(No.15JCYBJC24800),and the Key Program of Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology Commission(No.13ZCZCSY20300)
淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移是胃癌最主要的轉(zhuǎn)移方式,同時(shí)也是胃癌難以徹底治愈的原因。科學(xué)合理的淋巴結(jié)分期不僅可以幫助臨床醫(yī)生準(zhǔn)確判斷患者病程,并為其制定個(gè)體化的綜合治療方案,而且還可以幫助醫(yī)生準(zhǔn)確評(píng)估治療效果及預(yù)后。國(guó)際抗癌聯(lián)盟(Union for International Cancer Control,UICC)/美國(guó)癌癥聯(lián)合會(huì)(American Joint Committee on Cancer,AJCC)制定的胃癌TNM分期和日本胃癌學(xué)會(huì)(Japanese Gastric Cancer Association,JGCA)在《胃癌規(guī)約(General Rules for Gastric Cancer Study,GRGCS)》中制定的胃癌分期系統(tǒng)是國(guó)際上權(quán)威的兩大經(jīng)典胃癌分期系統(tǒng)。二者在胃癌淋巴結(jié)分期系統(tǒng)的確立和發(fā)展中經(jīng)歷了由異到同、由分到合的曲折過(guò)程。兩大系統(tǒng)在淋巴結(jié)分期系統(tǒng)的主要區(qū)別在于:UICC/AJCC TNM分期中的N分期自第5版以來(lái)主要是以淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)為依據(jù),而GRGCS的淋巴結(jié)分類(lèi)則是以依賴于原發(fā)灶位置的轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)的解剖部位為依據(jù)的。2010 年JGCA發(fā)布的第14版GRGCS廢棄原來(lái)的解剖學(xué)N分類(lèi),改為以轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)數(shù)為主的N分類(lèi),首次實(shí)現(xiàn)UICC/AJCC N分期和日本GRGCS N分類(lèi)的統(tǒng)一。此外,國(guó)內(nèi)外各大研究中心在傳承和發(fā)展經(jīng)典胃癌淋巴結(jié)分期系統(tǒng)的同時(shí),也致力于胃癌預(yù)后相關(guān)的淋巴結(jié)新分期方法,如淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率(metastastic lymph nodes ratio,rN)、陽(yáng)性淋巴結(jié)對(duì)數(shù)比(log odds of positive lymph nodes,LODDS)、陰性淋巴結(jié)數(shù)(negative lymph node count,NLNC)及淋巴結(jié)微轉(zhuǎn)移(lymph node micrometastasis,LNMM)等的探索和研究,并取得一定的成果。
1.1淋巴結(jié)分期發(fā)展歷史
UICC和AJCC制定的惡性腫瘤TNM分期系統(tǒng)始于20世紀(jì)40年代,最初由法國(guó)學(xué)者Pierre Denoix提出,后來(lái)AJCC和UICC逐步開(kāi)始建立國(guó)際性的分期標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并在1974年出版的第2版TNM分期中第一次公布胃癌TNM分期,到2010年胃癌N分期已隨著胃癌TNM分期更新至第7版[1]。起初N分期采用以轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)的解剖部位與原發(fā)病灶邊緣的距離3 cm為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),在第3版胃癌TNM分期中,N1指轉(zhuǎn)移局限于距離腫瘤邊緣3 cm以內(nèi)的淋巴結(jié);N2指淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移超過(guò)原發(fā)灶3 cm以外,包括胃左、腹腔動(dòng)脈、脾及肝總動(dòng)脈干淋巴結(jié);N3包括肝十二指腸韌帶淋巴結(jié)、腹主動(dòng)脈淋巴結(jié)[2]。由于N3淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移主要根據(jù)術(shù)中手術(shù)醫(yī)生的臨床觀查來(lái)確定,導(dǎo)致N3分期判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)主觀性太強(qiáng),在1987年發(fā)布的第4版胃癌TNM分期中將第3版中的N3定義為M1,取消N3分期[3]。由于第4版并重臨床及病理分期,且簡(jiǎn)便易行,使得其在世界范圍內(nèi)被廣泛認(rèn)可。在應(yīng)用過(guò)程中,有學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)淋巴結(jié)的位置只能由外科醫(yī)生在手術(shù)時(shí)判斷,淋巴結(jié)清掃方法的不同,清掃淋巴結(jié)數(shù)量的多少以及淋巴結(jié)被固定前后在標(biāo)本中位置的變異,使得其在判定淋巴結(jié)狀態(tài)的過(guò)程中誤差較大。
在上世紀(jì)80年代末,許多學(xué)者開(kāi)始關(guān)注和研究以轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)個(gè)數(shù)為主的評(píng)價(jià)方法。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)個(gè)數(shù)能很好的反映淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的程度。但關(guān)于轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)個(gè)數(shù)的臨界值的選擇,各中心意見(jiàn)紛紜。研究認(rèn)為轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)數(shù)臨界值應(yīng)為:<4個(gè)和≥4個(gè)[4-5];而Jaehne等[6]則認(rèn)為淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)臨界值應(yīng)為:<6個(gè)和≥6個(gè);Adachi等[7]則認(rèn)為應(yīng)為:1~6個(gè)和≥7個(gè)。在1997年頒布的第5版胃癌TNM分期中N分期采用轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)數(shù)作為判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并規(guī)定切除淋巴結(jié)個(gè)數(shù)應(yīng)≥15個(gè);同時(shí)將1~6個(gè)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移定義為N1期,7~15個(gè)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移定義為N2期,15個(gè)以上定義為N3期[8]。在第6版胃癌TNM分期中,N分期未做變更[9]。隨著第6版胃癌TNM分期在臨床上的推廣和應(yīng)用,其不足之處逐漸被發(fā)現(xiàn)。本課題組曾分析采取D2手術(shù)的395例胃癌患者按照第6版 UICC N分期及JGCA淋巴結(jié)分期與預(yù)后的關(guān)系,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)UICC N分期中,N2與N3患者生存曲線間出現(xiàn)重疊現(xiàn)象(P>0.05)[10]。隨后,本課題組對(duì)308例胃癌根治術(shù)后患者淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)進(jìn)行配對(duì)病例對(duì)照研究,得出淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)臨界值應(yīng)為:0、1~4、5~8、≥9個(gè)[11];來(lái)自中國(guó)臺(tái)灣的Wu等[12]的報(bào)道也得出相似的結(jié)論。Huang等[13]報(bào)道新的淋巴結(jié)分期策略,即N0(無(wú)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移),N1(1~3個(gè)淋巴結(jié)),N2(4~6個(gè)),N3(>6個(gè))可能更合理,而且4個(gè)及以上淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的胃癌患者有很高的復(fù)發(fā)危險(xiǎn)和相對(duì)較差的術(shù)后預(yù)后。為進(jìn)一步完善分期系統(tǒng),UICC/AJCC 2010年制定的第7版胃癌TNM分期將第6版的N1(1~6個(gè)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移)分期細(xì)分為新版的N1(1~2個(gè)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移)分期和N2(3~6個(gè)淋巴結(jié))分期,并將第6版的N2(7~15個(gè)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移)分期定義為新版的N3a分期,而第6版的N3(>15個(gè)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移)分期則被定義為新版的N3b分期[14]。以上變化使得胃癌淋巴結(jié)分期更加細(xì)化,從而對(duì)患者的治療更加及時(shí)且預(yù)后評(píng)估更加準(zhǔn)確。
JGCA在GRGCS中制定的胃癌臨床分期,從1962年的第1版到1979年的第10版,淋巴結(jié)分類(lèi)的確立是基于井上的淋巴回流研究為基礎(chǔ)的解剖學(xué)N分類(lèi),即依賴于原發(fā)灶位置的受累淋巴結(jié)的部位,并側(cè)重于胃周淋巴結(jié)分為3站、16組[15]。1993年頒布的第12版GRGCS對(duì)N分類(lèi)做出重要變更:1)胃周淋巴結(jié)分為4站,相應(yīng)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移程度分為N0~N4等5個(gè)等級(jí),相應(yīng)的淋巴結(jié)清掃程度分為D0~D4;2)詳細(xì)劃分腹主動(dòng)脈周?chē)馨徒Y(jié),將其細(xì)分為長(zhǎng)軸4區(qū)、橫斷面7區(qū)[16]。該版分期對(duì)于指導(dǎo)臨床外科治療產(chǎn)生重要作用。1999年JGCA公布的第13版GRGCS最重要的變化在于:1)基于淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移度和清掃效果角度評(píng)價(jià)和修改N分類(lèi);2)取消N4,N由4站改為3站分類(lèi);3)取消D4手術(shù)概念,明確D2作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)術(shù)式[17]。2010年第14版GRGCS廢棄由來(lái)已久的解剖學(xué)N分類(lèi),改為轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)個(gè)數(shù)的N分類(lèi),首次實(shí)現(xiàn)GRGCS N分類(lèi)與UICC的胃癌TNM分期N分期的統(tǒng)一[18]。兩大胃癌分期系統(tǒng)的統(tǒng)一為在世界范圍內(nèi)橫向評(píng)價(jià)胃癌療效提供權(quán)威的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
在胃癌淋巴結(jié)分期的發(fā)展進(jìn)程中,一個(gè)重要的推動(dòng)因素是胃癌手術(shù)方式、淋巴結(jié)清掃范圍的統(tǒng)一過(guò)程。早在上世紀(jì)60年代,日本學(xué)者已經(jīng)證實(shí),對(duì)于早期胃癌患者而言,淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移是影響患者預(yù)后的重要危險(xiǎn)因素之一,并且根據(jù)淋巴回流的解剖基礎(chǔ)制定以淋巴結(jié)潛在性轉(zhuǎn)移區(qū)域?yàn)榛A(chǔ)的胃癌淋巴結(jié)清掃范圍[19]。但是,淋巴結(jié)清掃范圍確定的爭(zhēng)論(D1 與D2)一直持續(xù)近半個(gè)多世紀(jì)。從理論上講,D1無(wú)法在胃癌根治術(shù)后提供腹膜后淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移信息且不能防止腫瘤細(xì)胞殘存于殘留的淋巴結(jié)內(nèi)。D2的實(shí)施卻能夠清除更多已經(jīng)發(fā)生腫瘤細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移的淋巴結(jié),同時(shí)抑制或減少根治術(shù)后淋巴結(jié)分期漂移現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生,有利于提高評(píng)估術(shù)后腫瘤病理分期的準(zhǔn)確性和提高胃癌患者的疾病相關(guān)生存時(shí)間[20]。20世紀(jì)末在荷蘭和英格蘭開(kāi)展的兩項(xiàng)關(guān)于胃癌淋巴結(jié)清掃范圍比較的隨機(jī)前瞻性試驗(yàn)中,D2被證實(shí)伴有較高的術(shù)后死亡率和并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率(發(fā)病率低、手術(shù)規(guī)范性差和圍手術(shù)管理經(jīng)驗(yàn)欠缺被認(rèn)為與該結(jié)果密切相關(guān)),導(dǎo)致歐美等多數(shù)西方國(guó)家仍以D1作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)胃癌根治術(shù)中淋巴結(jié)清掃方式[21]。2004年荷蘭隨機(jī)試驗(yàn)的隨訪結(jié)果再次分析發(fā)現(xiàn),D2淋巴結(jié)清掃能夠明顯改善N2期胃癌患者的預(yù)后[22]。而在2010年,荷蘭上述臨床試驗(yàn)完成15年隨訪工作后發(fā)現(xiàn),D2淋巴結(jié)清掃不僅能夠降低胃癌患者的局部復(fù)發(fā)率,還能降低患者的死亡率,是值得推薦的胃癌根治性手術(shù)方式[23]。
1.2淋巴結(jié)分期的現(xiàn)狀
隨著第7版胃癌TNM分期的頒布,國(guó)內(nèi)外各研究中心對(duì)N分期的合理性和有效性進(jìn)行研究。本課題組回顧性分析天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院456例行根治性切除術(shù)的胃癌患者,通過(guò)將第7版N分期與第5、6版N分期比較來(lái)評(píng)估第7版N分期在評(píng)估胃癌患者總生存率(overall survival,OS)方面的有效性,結(jié)果顯示根據(jù)第7版N分期,N0、N1、N2、N3的5年OS分別為87.3%、71.1%、44.4%和4.7%(P<0.001);多變量分析顯示,第7版N分期是胃癌患者獨(dú)立的預(yù)后因素,而第5、6版N分期不是(P<0.001)[24]。其他研究[25-26]也得出相似的結(jié)論,認(rèn)為與第6版N分期相比,第7版N分期的細(xì)分增加其預(yù)測(cè)患者預(yù)后的價(jià)值。本課題組對(duì)1 563例行根治術(shù)的胃癌患者進(jìn)行研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在預(yù)測(cè)患者OS方面,不論淋巴結(jié)清掃的范圍(D1或D2)和切除的淋巴結(jié)個(gè)數(shù)(<16個(gè)或≥16個(gè))[27],第7版N分期明顯優(yōu)于第6版。此外,一項(xiàng)針對(duì)行局限性淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)的胃癌患者的研究表明,第7版N分期也能夠合理的預(yù)測(cè)淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)<15個(gè)或清掃范圍不足D2的胃癌患者的預(yù)后[28]。有學(xué)者將UICC第7版N分期與第13版GRGCS N分類(lèi)相比發(fā)現(xiàn),雖然二者都能精確的預(yù)測(cè)胃癌患者的預(yù)后,但是第7版N分期更加的簡(jiǎn)單和實(shí)用[29]。國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者對(duì)于N3亞分期N3a、N3b分期的合理性也做出多項(xiàng)研究。來(lái)自韓國(guó)的Jun等[30]的研究表明,N3a期患者的OS明顯優(yōu)于N3b期(5年OS 為46%vs.28%;10年OS為33%vs.19%,均P<0.001)。因此,認(rèn)為第7版N3亞分期是合理的。來(lái)自中國(guó)臺(tái)灣的Fang等[31]也得出相似的結(jié)論。
對(duì)于第7版N分期的合理性也有人提出質(zhì)疑。Marano等[32]的研究聚焦于第6版和第7版N分期相關(guān)的生存率。該研究發(fā)現(xiàn),第6版N0與N1(P<0.001)、N1與N2(P=0.400)、N2與N3(P<0.001)之間差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。相反,在第7版N分期中,只有N1與N3b(P= 0.020)、N2與N3b(P=0.400)之間差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,而N2與N3a間有相似的生存曲線。因此認(rèn)為就均勻性、差異性和梯度單調(diào)性而言,第6版N分期似乎更優(yōu)于第7版N分期。來(lái)自韓國(guó)的Yoon等[33]也得出相似的結(jié)論。雖然有爭(zhēng)議,但是國(guó)內(nèi)外大數(shù)據(jù)表明第7 版N分期仍是目前比較合理、準(zhǔn)確、實(shí)用的預(yù)測(cè)胃癌患者預(yù)后的分期標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
此外,從2009年開(kāi)始國(guó)際胃癌學(xué)會(huì)(International Gastric Cancer Association,IGCA)即啟動(dòng)旨在實(shí)現(xiàn)TNM分期系統(tǒng)真正國(guó)際化的“新版TNM分期項(xiàng)目”。該項(xiàng)目回顧性收集2000年至2004年間接受R0手術(shù),未接受術(shù)前新輔助療法,并且5年隨訪資料完整的胃或食管胃交界(SiewertⅡ/Ⅲ)腺癌患者的臨床及病理數(shù)據(jù)。共入組來(lái)自15個(gè)國(guó)家的59個(gè)研究機(jī)構(gòu)的25 411例病例。基于收集的數(shù)據(jù)建立新的分期系統(tǒng),經(jīng)過(guò)與第7版AJCC TNM分期比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)第7版分期T和N分類(lèi)中患者生存的較好,新數(shù)據(jù)分期Ⅲ中部分發(fā)生移動(dòng),因此,建議第8版TNM分期T和N的定義不變,分期中Ⅲ期應(yīng)做相應(yīng)調(diào)整[34]。故于明年出版的第8版胃癌TNM分期將真正具備國(guó)際分期的內(nèi)涵。
2.1rN分析
研究顯示,轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)數(shù)與送檢淋巴結(jié)數(shù)之間存在明顯相關(guān)性。Bunt等[35]發(fā)現(xiàn)僅行胃周淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)(D1)時(shí),由于淋巴結(jié)清掃范圍不足可導(dǎo)致分期漂移現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生,且漂移率可達(dá)10%~15%,使得N分期對(duì)預(yù)后的評(píng)估效果降低。Okusa等[36]最早提出rN這一新穎的評(píng)價(jià)胃癌患者預(yù)后的指標(biāo)。Zhou等[37]對(duì)1 075例患者的一項(xiàng)預(yù)后分析指出,無(wú)論淋巴結(jié)受檢數(shù)多少,rN分期比N分期都能更好的預(yù)測(cè)患者預(yù)后,并建議rN分期取代N分期對(duì)淋巴結(jié)狀況進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)。一項(xiàng)來(lái)自SEER數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的9 357例胃癌患者的研究顯示,在絕大多數(shù)進(jìn)行局限性淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)的西方胃癌患者中,rN能夠有效預(yù)測(cè)患者的預(yù)后,并將其分為rN00、rN1(1%~20%)、rN2(21%~50%)、rN3(51%~100%)4期[38]。Nelen等[39]的研究結(jié)果表明,rN是一種很好的預(yù)測(cè)胃癌患者OS的方法,且rN與切除的淋巴結(jié)個(gè)數(shù)的相關(guān)性較小,因而不容易發(fā)生分期漂移。來(lái)自韓國(guó)的Lee等[40]的一項(xiàng)對(duì)進(jìn)展期胃癌患者的回顧性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),rN是一種簡(jiǎn)單、重復(fù)性佳的預(yù)后因素,可以彌補(bǔ)N分期系統(tǒng)的局限性,能為進(jìn)展期胃癌患者提供更精確的預(yù)后分期,并認(rèn)為rN分期的最佳臨界值為0、(0~30)%、(30~60)%、>60%。盡管rN分期被許多學(xué)者認(rèn)為是優(yōu)于UICC/AJCC TNM分期中N分期新的淋巴結(jié)分期方式,但是對(duì)于其分期臨界值的選擇,一直以來(lái)各研究中心意見(jiàn)各異,這也是導(dǎo)致其難以被廣泛推廣應(yīng)用的重要原因之一。
rN定義為陽(yáng)性淋巴結(jié)數(shù)/清掃的總淋巴結(jié)數(shù)=陽(yáng)性淋巴結(jié)數(shù)/(陽(yáng)性淋巴結(jié)數(shù)+陰性淋巴結(jié)數(shù))=1/(1+陰性淋巴結(jié)數(shù)/陽(yáng)性淋巴結(jié)數(shù))[41]。由此可知,陰性淋巴結(jié)數(shù)與陽(yáng)性淋巴結(jié)數(shù)的比值(the ratio between negative and positive lymph nodes,RNP)可能也與胃癌患者的預(yù)后相關(guān)。于是,本課題組提出RNP可作為評(píng)價(jià)胃癌患者預(yù)后的一個(gè)新型指標(biāo)[42]。隨后評(píng)估1 563例胃癌患者的RNP分期、原發(fā)腫瘤-RNP-遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移(T-RNP-M)分期在預(yù)測(cè)胃癌患者預(yù)后方面的潛在優(yōu)越性。結(jié)果表明,RNP和T-RNP-M都與胃癌患者的OS相關(guān),多變量分析表明,T-RNP-M是胃癌患者獨(dú)立的預(yù)后因素,并提出RNP應(yīng)被認(rèn)為是最佳的預(yù)測(cè)胃癌患者預(yù)后的因素[43]。由于關(guān)于這方面的研究仍很少,且RNP與切除淋巴結(jié)數(shù)的關(guān)系尚不明確,RNP預(yù)測(cè)胃癌患者預(yù)后的合理性和優(yōu)越性仍需更多大數(shù)據(jù)高質(zhì)量的研究來(lái)驗(yàn)證。
2.2LODDS分析
近幾年,有學(xué)者在研究結(jié)腸癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率分期時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),雖然患者的rN相同,但是切除的淋巴結(jié)個(gè)數(shù)不同,患者的預(yù)后也不同。于是,提出一種新穎的預(yù)后指標(biāo),即LODDS,并將其定義為當(dāng)檢取1個(gè)淋巴結(jié)時(shí),這個(gè)淋巴結(jié)是陽(yáng)性的概率或陰性的概率比值的對(duì)數(shù)[44]。目前各研究中心對(duì)LODDS分期的預(yù)后評(píng)估價(jià)值觀點(diǎn)不一。在預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)直腸癌患者預(yù)后方面,Wang等[44]認(rèn)為L(zhǎng)ODDS分期比rN分期有更好的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。然而,Song等[45]則認(rèn)為rN分期比N分期和LODDS分期更適合預(yù)后評(píng)估,且LODDS計(jì)算過(guò)程復(fù)雜,可能不適合臨床應(yīng)用。在胃癌患者預(yù)后評(píng)估方面,Sun等[46]分析2 547例行D2根治術(shù)的胃癌患者,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)LODDS是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的預(yù)后因素,而N分期和rN分期不是,并認(rèn)為L(zhǎng)ODDS在預(yù)測(cè)胃癌患者預(yù)后方面優(yōu)于N分期和rN分期,尤其能夠降低由于切除淋巴結(jié)數(shù)不足導(dǎo)致的分期漂移的發(fā)生率;Qiu等[47]將LODDS分期與T分期和遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移相結(jié)合,提出一種新的假說(shuō),即TLM(tumor-LODDS-metastasis)分期系統(tǒng),也得出相似的結(jié)論;Aurello等[48]提出LODDS與淋巴結(jié)清掃范圍無(wú)關(guān),并能夠預(yù)測(cè)患者的預(yù)后,即使檢取的淋巴結(jié)不足15個(gè);然而,Liu等[49]則認(rèn)為rN分期是最好的預(yù)測(cè)胃癌患者OS的分期系統(tǒng),而LODDS分期、NLNC分期和N分期則不是。雖然目前LODDS分期被許多學(xué)者認(rèn)為是優(yōu)于pN分期和rN分期的一種新穎的評(píng)估胃癌患者預(yù)后的分期標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但是LODDS在評(píng)估患者預(yù)后方面仍有很大爭(zhēng)議,且LODDS分期最佳臨界值的選擇各中心意見(jiàn)不一,使得LODDS的發(fā)展受到局限。
2.3NLNC分析
近年來(lái),學(xué)者對(duì)于NLNC在惡性腫瘤中的作用有了新的認(rèn)識(shí),認(rèn)為其并非僅僅是組成清掃淋巴結(jié)數(shù)多少的一個(gè)組成部分。Schwarz等[50]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),胃癌根治術(shù)后患者的預(yù)后與NLNC明顯相關(guān),對(duì)于T2bN2(UICC第6版)亞群的患者至少保證15~19個(gè)陰性淋巴結(jié)清掃可以取得最佳的生存期,而對(duì)于T3N3亞群的患者則至少保證10~14個(gè)NLNC。黃昌明等[51]在分析NLNC對(duì)進(jìn)展期胃底賁門(mén)癌患者的預(yù)后影響時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),NLNC與以分期為基礎(chǔ)的生存預(yù)后密切相關(guān),并認(rèn)為在進(jìn)行D2根治術(shù)時(shí)應(yīng)推薦切除足夠的NLNC以提高遠(yuǎn)期療效和降低復(fù)發(fā)率;在其隨后的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),適當(dāng)增加切除的NLNC并不會(huì)增加患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率[52]。本課題組在評(píng)估NLNC對(duì)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率rN預(yù)測(cè)胃癌患者術(shù)后生存率的影響時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)清掃的NLNC<9個(gè)時(shí),患者的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率在40%及以上,5年OS僅為4.1%;而當(dāng)NLNC≥15個(gè)時(shí),約2/3的患者淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率在10%以下,且5年OS為74.8%[53]。Huang等[54]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在一定程度下,清掃的NLNC越多,患者的術(shù)后生存期越長(zhǎng),而要想獲得最佳的長(zhǎng)期生存結(jié)果,Ⅰ期患者至少要清掃NLNC為10個(gè),Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期則至少15個(gè)。劉宏根等[55]的一項(xiàng)回顧性研究表明,清掃充足的陰性淋巴結(jié)能夠延長(zhǎng)患者的生存期并降低早期復(fù)發(fā)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。本課題組在預(yù)測(cè)胃癌患者術(shù)后生存率時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),結(jié)合NLNC能夠明顯提高第7版TNM分期的有效性[56]。
2.4淋巴結(jié)隱匿腫瘤細(xì)胞
隱匿腫瘤細(xì)胞(occult tumor cells,OTCs)分為:微轉(zhuǎn)移(micrometastasis,MMs)和孤立腫瘤細(xì)胞(isolated tumor cells,ITCs)。根據(jù)UICC/AJCC第6版惡性腫瘤分期,MMs定義為在淋巴結(jié)中轉(zhuǎn)移沉積物直徑≥0.2 mm且<2 mm,記為pN1(Mi);ITCs定義為轉(zhuǎn)移沉積物直徑<0.2 mm,記為pN0(i+)[57]。
2.4.1MMsMMs這一概念的提出最初是用來(lái)描述乳腺癌淋巴結(jié)直徑<2 mm的轉(zhuǎn)移灶。后來(lái),許多學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn),部分實(shí)施胃癌根治術(shù)后常規(guī)組織學(xué)蘇木精-伊紅染色法(hematoxylin-eosin staining,H&E)染色顯示淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移陰性的患者仍存在胃癌復(fù)發(fā)的情況。于是,有學(xué)者提出淋巴結(jié)微轉(zhuǎn)移(lymph node micrometastasis,LNMM)的存在可能是導(dǎo)致這一現(xiàn)象的原因。然而,LNMM對(duì)于胃癌預(yù)后的影響仍存在爭(zhēng)議。有研究表明,LNMM狀態(tài)確實(shí)影響胃癌患者的預(yù)后:Lee等[58]對(duì)來(lái)自韓國(guó)的482個(gè)行胃癌根治術(shù)的患者進(jìn)行分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)存在LNMM的患者有更高的胃癌復(fù)發(fā)率和較低的生存期,并認(rèn)為在評(píng)估胃癌患者TNM分期以決定患者預(yù)后和最佳治療策略時(shí)應(yīng)將LNMM考慮在內(nèi);來(lái)自Li等[59]的一項(xiàng)Meta分析也得出相似的結(jié)論,并發(fā)現(xiàn)不良的組織學(xué)分型、淋巴結(jié)浸潤(rùn)、脈管浸潤(rùn)是LNMM發(fā)生的高危因素。然而,F(xiàn)ukagawa等[60]研究107例pT2N0M0期胃癌患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)無(wú)LNMM與有LNMM患者的5年OS分別為94%和89%,10年OS分別為79%和74%,認(rèn)為免疫組織化學(xué)檢測(cè)LNMM對(duì)判斷pT2N0M0期胃癌患者的生存率無(wú)意義;Jeuck等[61]的研究結(jié)果表明,LNMM是胃癌復(fù)發(fā)的危險(xiǎn)因素,而不是影響患者生存期的危險(xiǎn)因素。術(shù)前、術(shù)后輔助放化療可有效殺滅微轉(zhuǎn)移灶。理論上看來(lái),盡可能消滅淋巴管、淋巴結(jié)微小轉(zhuǎn)移灶以及血液中游離的癌細(xì)胞,可以降低患者的復(fù)發(fā)率,但是不能盲目的對(duì)胃癌術(shù)后LNMM者進(jìn)行放化療、生物治療等輔助治療。目前關(guān)于LNMM的發(fā)生機(jī)制和生存條件的研究還很少,或許這方面研究的進(jìn)展將會(huì)對(duì)胃癌患者的治療和預(yù)后產(chǎn)生較大的影響。
2.4.2ITCs與LNMM相比,在原發(fā)腫瘤組織充分切除后,ITCs的存在并不影響胃癌患者的生存。Tavares等[62]的一項(xiàng)系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)發(fā)現(xiàn),許多相關(guān)研究證明,絕大多數(shù)的ITCs在原發(fā)腫瘤組織切除后可能處于細(xì)胞增殖的潛伏期,或者由于營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良及氧氣被剝奪而死亡,從而導(dǎo)致轉(zhuǎn)移無(wú)效。另外,在原發(fā)腫瘤組織切除后淋巴結(jié)中自然殺傷細(xì)胞的抗轉(zhuǎn)移腫瘤細(xì)胞免疫活動(dòng)是ITCs衰敗的另一個(gè)重要因素[63]。早年Lee等[64]將ITCs分為只有一個(gè)細(xì)胞、多個(gè)個(gè)體細(xì)胞、單個(gè)小細(xì)胞群、多個(gè)小細(xì)胞群4類(lèi),來(lái)探討不同分類(lèi)的ITCs與胃癌患者生存預(yù)后的關(guān)系。該研究發(fā)現(xiàn),除了多個(gè)個(gè)體細(xì)胞這個(gè)亞群有轉(zhuǎn)移外,其他分類(lèi)都對(duì)胃癌患者的生存沒(méi)有影響。
UICC/AJCC頒布的胃癌TNM分期的N分期和日本GRGCS淋巴結(jié)分類(lèi)經(jīng)歷近半個(gè)世紀(jì)的爭(zhēng)論后,在2010年首次實(shí)現(xiàn)統(tǒng)一,這對(duì)促進(jìn)胃癌的臨床研究具有不可估量的作用。淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)分期這一目前公認(rèn)的比較簡(jiǎn)單、合理、實(shí)用的評(píng)價(jià)胃癌患者預(yù)后的分期標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在不斷得到發(fā)展的同時(shí),新出現(xiàn)的rN、LODDS、NLNC、LNMM及RNP等胃癌預(yù)后相關(guān)的淋巴結(jié)分期方法也得到許多學(xué)者的關(guān)注,這些新方法之間并不是孤立而是相互聯(lián)系、相互影響的。相信隨著對(duì)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移不斷深入的研究,在不久的將來(lái)會(huì)有更好、更合理的淋巴結(jié)分期方法出現(xiàn),同時(shí)胃癌的診治和預(yù)后也將得到明顯的改善。
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(2016-04-30收稿)
(2016-06-20修回)
(編輯:孫喜佳校對(duì):武斌)
Research progress on clinical transformation and staging of lymph node in gastric cancer
Junrui JIN,Jingyu DENG,Han LIANG
Lymph node metastasis is one of the important factors influencing the prognosis of gastric cancer patients.Accurate and reasonable lymph node staging is greatly significant in evaluating the course of the disease,in estimating the prognosis,and in making a reasonable treatment plan.Local and international research institutions recently found that new staging methods for lymph nodes associated with the prognosis of gastric cancer(e.g.,metastastic lymph nodes ratio,log odds of positive lymph nodes,negative lymph node count,and lymph node micrometastasis)can also predict the prognosis of gastric cancer patients.In this paper,the development history,current status of lymph node staging of gastric cancer,and research progress on the new staging methods for lymph nodes associated with the prognosis of gastric cancer are reviewed.
gastric cancer,lymph node classification,metastastic lymph nodes ratio,log odds of positive lymph nodes,negative lymph node count,micrometastasis,occult tumor cells
10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2016.15.508
天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院胃部腫瘤科,國(guó)家腫瘤臨床醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心,天津市腫瘤防治重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室(天津市300060)
*本文課題受?chē)?guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):81572372),天津市科委應(yīng)用基礎(chǔ)與前沿技術(shù)研究計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):15JCYBJC24800)和天津市科委重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):13ZCZCSY20300)資助
梁寒tjlianghan@126.com
金俊蕊專業(yè)方向?yàn)槲赴┑呐R床及基礎(chǔ)研究。E-mail:junruijin@163.com