張海偉 張雨露 費(fèi) 晨 周裔彬
(安徽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)茶與食品科技學(xué)院 合肥 230036)
含脂食品輻照標(biāo)志物2-烷基環(huán)丁酮檢測技術(shù)研究進(jìn)展
張海偉 張雨露 費(fèi) 晨 周裔彬
(安徽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)茶與食品科技學(xué)院 合肥 230036)
對比分析歐盟標(biāo)準(zhǔn)EN1785: 2003方法,綜述了近年來2-烷基環(huán)丁酮(2-Alkylcyclobutanones, 2-ACBs)在提取、凈化與檢測等方面的研究進(jìn)展。采用乙腈溶劑直接萃取含脂輻照樣品中的 2-ACBs→商品化固相萃取小柱凈化→GC-MS檢測是目前替代EN1785的潛力方法。固相微萃取、柱前衍生化及間接酶聯(lián)免疫等方法具有快速、節(jié)約溶劑、低檢出限等優(yōu)點(diǎn),但需要對操作條件進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化。
2-烷基環(huán)丁酮,輻照,含脂食品,檢測技術(shù)
因此,2-ACBs作為探針化合物,可以用來鑒別含脂食品(肉及肉制品、奶制品、蛋制品、水產(chǎn)品、水果及堅果等)是否經(jīng)過輻照處理[8-12]。歐盟標(biāo)準(zhǔn)委員會、國際食品法典委員會及我國先后制定了利用 2-ACBs鑒定含脂輻照食品的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(CEN 1785, GB/T 21926-2008, NY/T 2215-2012)[13-15]。但是輻照食品中2-ACBs的含量非常少,其定量分析檢測方法一直是研究的難點(diǎn)與熱點(diǎn)。為了提高檢測方法的實(shí)用性和適用性,如鑒別加工食品中添加的輻照食品成分、減少假陰性檢測結(jié)果、確認(rèn)未輻照食品中是否含有 2-ACBs、減少有機(jī)溶劑的使用及縮短分析時間等,需要對2-ACBs的檢測方法進(jìn)行改善和優(yōu)化。本文在前人研究的基礎(chǔ)上,分析了2-ACBs的產(chǎn)生機(jī)理,對多種2-ACBs定量檢測方法的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了綜述,為2-ACBs的檢測技術(shù)研究提供參考。
目前的研究理論認(rèn)為,2-ACBs的產(chǎn)生是因?yàn)楹称方邮茌椪眨é蒙渚€、X射線和電子束)時,由于瞬間接受非常大的能量,脂肪酸和?;视蜕系孽Q蹑I發(fā)生斷裂,形成烷烴、烯烴、醛、酯、內(nèi)酯和含有四碳環(huán)的環(huán)狀化合物——2-ACBs[1]。食品中主要脂肪酸及相應(yīng)輻解2-ACBs類產(chǎn)物見表1[16]。
2-ACBs類化合物的碳原子數(shù)與前體脂肪酸相同,由于重排烴基鏈比前體脂肪酸少四個碳原子,酮基和烴基分別在碳環(huán)的1號和2號位上。如果已知脂肪中脂肪酸的結(jié)構(gòu),即可以推測形成 2-ACBs的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如,16C脂肪酸—棕櫚酸和18C脂肪酸—硬脂酸經(jīng)過輻照后分別形成 2-DCB和 2-TCB。2-DCB和2-TCB的烴基鏈較短且是飽和的,相對于含有不飽和烷基鏈的2-ACBs更加穩(wěn)定,且大多數(shù)含脂食品中,棕櫚酸和硬脂酸是含量較高的飽和脂肪酸,所以一般常用其輻解物2-DCB和2-TCB鑒別含脂輻照食品[17-24]。
表1 環(huán)丁酮類輻照標(biāo)志物與相應(yīng)的前體脂肪酸Table 1 Irradiation markers-cyclobutanones and their precursor fatty acids
目前廣泛使用的2-ACBs檢測方法是歐盟標(biāo)準(zhǔn)EN1785: 2003(輻照含脂食品的鑒定-氣相色譜-質(zhì)譜(GC/MS)分析2-ACBs方法),此方法適用于受照劑量大于0.5 kGy和脂肪含量不低于1%的樣品[12]。EN1785: 2003分析檢測2-ACBs的步驟主要包括:(1)采用正己烷進(jìn)行索式提取,將脂肪連同 2-ACBs一起提取出來;(2)采用弗羅里硅土層析柱,不同極性有機(jī)溶劑作淋洗液將2-ACBs與脂質(zhì)分離;(3)真空旋轉(zhuǎn)蒸發(fā)將 2-ACBs溶液濃縮并定容;(4)采用GC-MS進(jìn)行檢測。該方法具有分析時間(8~9 h)冗長,有機(jī)溶劑消耗量大(約500 mL),弗羅里硅土層析柱承載脂肪能力差(0.2 g脂肪/40 g弗羅里硅土)等缺點(diǎn)。當(dāng)檢測低劑量輻照食品或者少量的含脂輻照食品成分時容易造成假陰性的誤判。針對這些問題,近些年對此檢測方法優(yōu)化的研究主要集中在加快檢測速度、降低有機(jī)溶劑使用量和提高檢測靈敏度等方面。2-ACBs主要分析方法流程示意圖見圖1。
2.1檢測步驟
由圖1可知,2-ACBs的定量分析方法主要有3種途徑:(1)從含脂輻照食品中萃取包含2-ACBs的脂肪;利用層析柱分離純化2-ACBs;GC-MS檢測2-ACBs。(2)采用CO2超臨界萃?。⊿upercritical fluid extraction, SFE)或固相微萃?。⊿olid-phase microextraction, SPME)方法直接從含脂輻照食品中萃取2-ACBs;GC-MS檢測2-ACBs。(3)從含脂輻照食品中萃取包含2-ACBs的脂肪;利用層析柱分離純化2-ACBs;將2-ACBs進(jìn)行衍生化;GC-MS/HPLC-MS檢測2-ACBs衍生物。3種途徑各有優(yōu)缺點(diǎn):途徑(1),不需要特殊昂貴的設(shè)備,一般分析實(shí)驗(yàn)室均能有條件完成檢測,但分析時間冗長并消耗大量的有機(jī)試劑;途徑(2),分析簡便,不需要消耗大量有機(jī)試劑,但是提取條件需要優(yōu)化,且方法的靈敏度和精密度不佳;途徑(3),2-ACBs的檢測靈敏度和可靠性大大提高,但是增加了分析步驟。在分析過程中,對于提取、凈化與檢測3個步驟又有不同的處理方法。
2.2提取
對2-ACBs的提取,一般采用正己烷將輻照食品中的 2-ACBs連同脂肪一起提取出來。歐盟EN1785:2003中使用的是傳統(tǒng)索氏提?。⊿oxhlet extraction, SE)方法:樣品經(jīng)過粉碎或磨碎后與等量的無水硫酸鈉混合,置于索氏提取裝置中進(jìn)行脂肪提取,正己烷經(jīng)過沸騰-冷凝循環(huán)過程,脂肪連同2-ACBs樣品得以收集。但是索氏提取的時間太長,一般需要 6~8 h,溶劑使用量較大。因此,縮短樣品提取時間,減少有機(jī)試劑用量和廢料的產(chǎn)生量等是優(yōu)化提取方法的目標(biāo)。
微波及超聲波輔助可以顯著加速索氏提取過程中的脂肪分離,將時間從6 h縮短到約1 h[25]。此方法已有文獻(xiàn)報道,應(yīng)用于烘焙制品[26]、橄欖[27]、魚肉[28]和奶酪[29]中。自動索氏萃取是一種提取裝置的商業(yè)替代設(shè)備,可實(shí)現(xiàn)自動化操作,分析時間比傳統(tǒng)索氏裝置快5倍以上,使用試劑較少。加速溶劑萃取方法(Accelerated solvent extraction, ASE)采用熱的乙酸乙酯加壓加速萃取輻照肉類和魚肉中含有2-ACBs的油脂,萃取時間由6 h減少到約20 min,此方法已應(yīng)用于輻照牛肉、豬肉、雞肉和大馬哈魚肉上[30]。
直接溶劑萃?。―irect solvent extraction, DSE)是替代索氏提取的一種快速而有效的方法[31],已成功應(yīng)用于輻照雞肉、生雞蛋及奶酪的脂肪提取。取磨碎后的含脂輻照食品與適量無水硫酸鈉混合,混合物用35 mL溶劑(正己烷:正庚烷=9:1)震蕩提取15 min,過濾即得到含有2-ACBs的萃取液。此方法萃取效率比索氏提取法低約45%,但可作為簡單快速的方法定性鑒別輻照含脂食品。Hijaz等[32]進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化了此方法,選用乙腈替代正己烷+正庚烷作為直接萃取溶劑,結(jié)果表明,乙腈適合溶解2-ACBs而較少溶解脂肪,還進(jìn)一步簡化了凈化步驟,且提取效率與索氏提取相當(dāng)。
SFE可以省去先提取脂肪的步驟,直接從含脂輻照樣品中萃取出2-ACBs,具有速度快、成本低、環(huán)保等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[33-35]。含脂輻照樣品一般需要預(yù)先凍干,磨碎,或者將提取出的脂肪樣品再應(yīng)用SFE方法萃取2-ACBs[5]。雖然SFE方法省去了大量有機(jī)溶劑的使用,但對 2-ACBs的回收率不高,約為60%~87%,而且SFE方法需要特殊的超臨界流體萃取設(shè)備,大多數(shù)實(shí)驗(yàn)室并不具備這樣的條件。
SPME是一種利用特殊纖維頭萃取2-ACBs的新方法,具有快速、價格低廉、不使用有機(jī)溶劑等優(yōu)點(diǎn),而且不需要去脂、凈化及濃縮步驟[36]。Blanch等[24]采用聚甲基硅氧烷纖維頭,在40 ℃條件下萃取60 min,可以萃取得到干腌火腿切片中的2-DCB。Silvia等[37]建立了輻照碎牛肉 SPME定量萃取2-DCB的方法,LOD達(dá)到1.5 ppb,最低可以萃取得到吸收劑量為0.5 kGy碎牛肉中的2-DCB。
2.3凈化
由于2-ACBs溶于脂肪內(nèi),脂類提取后,還需要進(jìn)一步凈化,才能采用 GC-MS檢測。歐盟EN1785:2003中以弗羅里硅土(Florisil)作為層析柱內(nèi)填充的分離純化介質(zhì),但是弗羅里硅土承載脂肪的能力較差,如40 g Florisil只能承載0.2 g脂肪。如果能加大分析脂肪樣品的質(zhì)量將有利于分離出更多的2-ACBs,減少GC-MS檢測產(chǎn)生的誤差。近些年很多研究學(xué)者報道使用SiO2代替Florisil能大大提高脂肪的承載率,只需6 g SiO2就可以承載0.2 g脂肪,是EN1785方法中Florisil的5倍多[38-39]。
當(dāng)使用SiO2析柱分離2 g脂肪時,先用300 mL正己烷進(jìn)行洗脫,再用950 mL含有1%甲基叔丁基醚-正己烷混合溶液洗脫,最后的450 mL洗脫液含有2-ACBs,且不含甘油三酯。每個樣品都需要1 250mL溶劑,相比較于EN1785方法使用的450 mL/樣品,此方法使用了更多有機(jī)試劑且操作起來也不方便。
在凈化之前將提取的樣品去脂化,然后采用商品化的1 g硅膠小柱或自制硅膠小柱凈化,能減少有機(jī)溶劑的使用量。含有2-ACBs的脂類先溶于乙酸乙酯或丙酮,然后加入適量的乙腈,充分混勻后置于-20 ℃環(huán)境下30 min,脂肪物質(zhì)遇冷發(fā)生沉淀,冷凍離心除去固態(tài)脂類。上清液經(jīng)氮?dú)獯蹈珊?,?fù)溶于1~2 mL正己烷,備硅膠小柱凈化。此方法操作簡便,不需要特殊設(shè)備,對2-DCB和2-TCB的回收率達(dá)到70%~88%,將有機(jī)溶劑使用量從1 250 mL減少至20 mL。此方法已成功應(yīng)用于吸收劑量為1.0 kGy和2.6 kGy的牛肉、豬肉、奶酪、炸雞肉等的鑒別[40]。
采用乙腈溶劑直接萃取含脂輻照食品樣品中的2-ACBs,由于不會將脂肪同時提取出來,能顯著簡化凈化步驟,減少有機(jī)溶劑的使用。SFE和SPME方法相對前幾種提取方法,省去了凈化與濃縮步驟,從樣品中萃取2-ACBs后可直接進(jìn)行GC-MS檢測。
2.4檢測
對2-ACBs的檢測通常采用GC-MS聯(lián)用儀,EN1785建議 MS條件為離子模式(Electron impact ionization, EI)離子源,選擇監(jiān)測離子(m/z 98, 112)。色譜柱選擇使用短的(如12 m)非極性(100%二甲基聚硅氧烷)色譜柱,在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中,更常使用的是25~30 m具有較小極性(如含有5%苯基,95%二甲聚硅氧烷)的色譜柱。Horvatovich等[41]報道使用更長(60 m)極性更強(qiáng)的色譜柱(OV-20,20%苯基,80%二甲聚硅氧烷)檢測單不飽和2-ACBs,分離效果優(yōu)于弱極性色譜柱(ZB-5)。質(zhì)譜的化學(xué)電離(Chemical ionization, CI)模式與EI模式相比是更柔和的電離技術(shù),因?yàn)樵跊_擊分子時使用的能量較小,會產(chǎn)生更少的分子碎片。Horvatovich等[38]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在檢測分析多種2-ACBs時,與EI模式相比,采用CI模式能提高方法的靈敏度和選擇性,能檢測較低吸收劑量(如0.1 kGy)的輻照食品及非輻照食品中較低(<5%)的輻照成分。
為了提高2-ACBs檢測的靈敏度和可靠性,可將凈化后得到的2-ACBs先與五氟苯肼(Pentafluorophenyl hydrazine, PFPH)進(jìn)行衍生化,然后再利用 GC-MS方法檢測衍生化合物 PFPH— 2-DCB和 PFPH—2-TCB。Della等[42]報道將2-ACBs衍生化后檢測,能得到更好的信噪比,最低檢測限達(dá)到0.01 μg/g。
Ye等[43-44]研究將凈化后的 2-ACBs與羥胺(Hydroxylamine, HA)進(jìn)行衍生化,再采用液相色譜質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用(LC-MS/MS)方法進(jìn)行檢測。柱前與HA衍生化,給原本非極性的2-ACBs引入一個極性功能團(tuán),由此顯著增強(qiáng)了MS的反應(yīng)信號。與EN1785方法相比,衍生化與LC-MS/MS結(jié)合顯著提高了檢測方法的靈敏度,能夠鑒別吸收劑量低至0.01 kGy的輻照樣品。
趙月亮等[45-46]通過制備 2-DCB 多克隆抗體,建立 2-DCB 快速檢測的間接酶聯(lián)免疫法(Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA);又通過生物素-鏈親和素-生物素化ε亞基多克隆抗體的方式,構(gòu)建基于 F0F1-ATPase 轉(zhuǎn)子ε亞基調(diào)節(jié)的免疫旋轉(zhuǎn)生物傳感器,可以快速、超靈敏檢測含脂輻照食品中的2-DCB。這兩種方法擺脫了GC-MS的使用,最低檢測限分別達(dá)到4×10-3和10-8μg/mL,回收率達(dá)75.1%~109.8%,而且經(jīng)GC-MS法對該方法確證兩種方法具有穩(wěn)定的可靠性。但是要使這種方法得到廣泛的應(yīng)用,還需要對影響檢測的因素如:孵育溫度、F0F1-ATPase用量、熒光素/熒光素酶用量、啟動與終止緩沖液用量等進(jìn)行深入研究。
傳統(tǒng)索式提取方法消耗大量時間和有機(jī)溶劑,采用乙腈溶劑直接萃取含脂輻照樣品中的2-ACBs,能顯著節(jié)約萃取時間、減少大量有機(jī)溶劑的使用、簡化凈化步驟,值得進(jìn)一步深入研究。自制硅膠柱或 Florisil層析柱過程較為復(fù)雜,性能易受人為影響,含有2-ACBs的脂質(zhì)提取物經(jīng)過脫脂處理后,采用商品化固相萃取小柱能夠獲得穩(wěn)定可靠的結(jié)果。SPME提取方法操作簡便,是集萃取、凈化與濃縮為一體的無需溶劑的新方法,但鑒于 2-ACBs的揮發(fā)性質(zhì),此方法還需要對操作條件進(jìn)行優(yōu)化。柱前衍生化反應(yīng),雖然增加了操作步驟,但顯著降低了檢出限,適用于檢測含脂量低和低劑量輻照的含脂食品。間接酶聯(lián)免疫法與生物傳感器方法,可以降低檢測限且不需GC-MS,但是為了增大此類方法的適應(yīng)性,需要對孵育溫度、F0F1-ATPase用量等檢測參數(shù)進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化。
2-ACBs由食品中的脂肪酸經(jīng)過輻照后產(chǎn)生,但是2-ACBs產(chǎn)生的臨界輻照條件如:吸收劑量、劑量率、輻照氣氛及輻照溫度等需要進(jìn)行深入研究;而且食品中脂肪酸的含量與生成相應(yīng)環(huán)丁酮含量并不呈現(xiàn)期待的比例關(guān)系[30],脂肪酸狀態(tài)及脂肪酸在甘油酯結(jié)構(gòu)中的不同位置對輻照產(chǎn)生2-ACBs的影響規(guī)律也缺乏深入的研究;為了充分利用 2-ACBs特異性的特征,需要對2-ACBs在貯藏和加工中的穩(wěn)定性及某些特定非輻照食品中是否存在低含量的2-ACBs進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)研究,而這些問題研究分析均需要快速、可靠、低檢出限的2-ACBs定量分析方法作為技術(shù)支撐。
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Progress in studies on the detection technique of 2-alkylcyclobutanones in irradiated lipid-containing foods
ZHANG Haiwei ZHANG Yulu FEI Chen ZHOU Yibin
(School of Tea and Food Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China)
Recent advances in extraction, purification and detection methods of 2-alkylcyclobutanones (2-ACBs)were reviewed through comparing analysis of the EU standard (EN1785: 2003). Using of direct extraction with acetonitrile, purification with commercial solid phase extraction columns and detection with GC-MS for 2-ACBs is probably the potential method which can be alternative of EN1785. The methods of SPME (Solid-phase microextraction), pre-column derivation and indirect ELISA (Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) have many advantages including saving analyzing time and organic solvent, and lowering detection limit. However, the relevant operating conditions need to be further optimized.
2-Alkylcyclobutanones, Irradiation, Lipid-containing foods, Detection technique
CLC TS205, TL99
2-烷基環(huán)丁酮(2-Alkylcyclobutanones, 2-ACBs)類化合物質(zhì)是含油脂食品在電離輻照過程中產(chǎn)生的一類特殊化合物。20世紀(jì)70年代初,LeTellier等[1]采用60Co γ 射線對三?;视瓦M(jìn)行輻照,當(dāng)吸收劑量達(dá)60 kGy時,檢測發(fā)現(xiàn)了2-ACBs。目前研究表明,含有脂肪的食品經(jīng)過常規(guī)的食品加工,包括加熱、微波處理、添加氧化還原金屬離子、紫外線輻射、高壓處理及在貯藏等過程,并不能產(chǎn)生2-ACBs,只有輻照處理(γ射線、X射線和電子束)才能產(chǎn)生這類環(huán)狀化合物[2-4]。雖然 Variyar等[5]報道稱在天然未輻照腰果和肉豆蔻中檢測到了2-十二烷基環(huán)丁酮(2-Dodecylcyclobutanone, 2-DCB)和 2-十四烷基環(huán)丁酮(2-Tetradecylcyclobutanone, 2-TCB),但Chen等[6]和Leung等[7]相繼發(fā)表論文證明在未輻照過的腰果、肉豆蔻、杏仁和松子中未檢測到2-ACBs。
ZHANG Haiwei (female) was born in March 1979, and graduated with a doctor degree from Chinese Academy of
8 March 2016, accepted 31 May 2016
TS205,TL99
10.11889/j.1000-3436.2016.rrj.34.040102
安徽省教育廳科研項(xiàng)目[高校省級優(yōu)秀青年人才基金重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目](2013SQRL017ZD)資助
張海偉,女,1979年3月出生,2008年于中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院獲博士學(xué)位,講師,E-mail: zhanghaiwei@ahau.edu.cn
初稿2016-03-08;修回:2016-05-31
Supported by Scientific Research Project of Anhui Province Department of Education (the provincial level of key projects fund with the outstanding young talents in universities and colleges)(2013SQRL017ZD)
Agricultural Sciences in 2008, lecturer, E-mail: zhanghaiwei@ahau.edu.cn