李 鵬
(陜西省發(fā)展一村一品指導(dǎo)中心,陜西西安 710003)
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園齡·施肥方式·種植模式對(duì)蘋果園土壤緊實(shí)度的影響
——以渭北蘋果園為例
李 鵬
(陜西省發(fā)展一村一品指導(dǎo)中心,陜西西安 710003)
[目的]探討不同園齡、施肥方式、種植模式對(duì)渭北蘋果園土壤緊實(shí)度的影響,揭示渭北蘋果園土壤緊實(shí)化問(wèn)題。[方法]在渭北地區(qū)的洛川、白水兩地分別選取園齡≤10、11~15、16~20、21~25、>25 a的蘋果園各3個(gè),長(zhǎng)期單施化肥和化肥與農(nóng)家肥配施的蘋果園各3個(gè),從未種過(guò)蘋果樹(shù)的農(nóng)田各3塊,分別測(cè)定0~45 cm土層土壤緊實(shí)度,對(duì)比分析土壤緊實(shí)度差異。[結(jié)果]渭北蘋果園的土壤緊實(shí)度總體上隨園齡增加呈現(xiàn)先下降后增加的趨勢(shì)。在0~30 cm土層,隨土層深度的增加,各園齡土壤緊實(shí)度急劇增大;30~45 cm土層,各園齡土壤緊實(shí)度變化不大。蘋果園和農(nóng)田的土壤緊實(shí)度差異不明顯;長(zhǎng)期單施化學(xué)肥料的蘋果園土壤緊實(shí)度明顯高于化學(xué)肥料與農(nóng)家肥配施的蘋果園。[結(jié)論]渭北蘋果園土壤的緊實(shí)化趨勢(shì)嚴(yán)重,化學(xué)肥料與農(nóng)家肥配施能明顯減少渭北蘋果園0~45 cm土層土壤緊實(shí)度,有利于果樹(shù)根系的生長(zhǎng)和延伸。
土壤緊實(shí)度;園齡;施肥方式;種植模式;蘋果園;渭北地區(qū)
土壤緊實(shí)度又稱土壤硬度、土壤堅(jiān)實(shí)度、土壤穿透阻力,對(duì)土壤的水、肥、氣、熱及其物理、化學(xué)和生物學(xué)過(guò)程等都有調(diào)控作用[1],進(jìn)而影響植物對(duì)養(yǎng)分的吸收和植株根、葉等器官的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育[2]。研究表明,緊實(shí)適當(dāng)?shù)耐寥揽梢栽黾痈岛屯寥赖慕佑|程度,提高根系對(duì)養(yǎng)分的吸收利用率。土壤過(guò)于緊實(shí),一方面使土壤容重增加,大孔隙減少,水分滲透率和持水能力明顯降低;另一方面,使土壤機(jī)械阻力過(guò)大,根系生長(zhǎng)受阻,難以在土體中均勻分布,不利于根系吸收土壤中的養(yǎng)分[3-6]。渭北蘋果園土壤質(zhì)地屬于壤質(zhì)土,顆粒組成均勻性好。但是該土壤有機(jī)物貧瘠,土壤團(tuán)聚作用差,植果期間大量施用無(wú)機(jī)化肥,土壤脫鈣現(xiàn)象明顯,導(dǎo)致土壤團(tuán)聚體進(jìn)一步分散,黏粒移動(dòng),土壤淀積黏化過(guò)程明顯,在耕作層以下形成了相對(duì)緊實(shí)的心土層,這對(duì)果樹(shù)根系的正常生長(zhǎng)造成了一定影響。土壤緊實(shí)度是孔隙度和含水量共同作用的結(jié)果,孔隙度和含水量的遞減都會(huì)使緊實(shí)度增大。在相同的時(shí)間和自然條件下,渭北蘋果園的土壤含水量為17.64%~20.23%,相當(dāng)于該土壤田間持水量的80%。因此,在無(wú)土壤水分脅迫且各果園之間土壤水分差異不顯著的情況下,筆者分別測(cè)定了洛川、白水不同園齡及施肥方式下的蘋果園和對(duì)照農(nóng)田0~45 cm土層的土壤緊實(shí)度,并以兩地平均值作為渭北土壤緊實(shí)度,分析比較不同園齡、施肥方式、種植模式下土壤緊實(shí)度的變化規(guī)律,旨在為蘋果優(yōu)質(zhì)栽培提供基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)。
1.1研究區(qū)概況研究區(qū)為渭北旱塬北部植果歷史相對(duì)悠久、規(guī)?;潭容^高的洛川縣(109°13′14″~109°45′47″ E,35°26′29″~36°04′12″ N)和渭北旱塬南部的白水縣(109°16′~109°45′ E,35°4′~35°27′ N)境內(nèi),地處渭北黃土高原溝壑區(qū),屬暖溫帶半濕潤(rùn)大陸性季風(fēng)氣候,平均海拔1 100 m,雨熱同季,無(wú)霜期長(zhǎng),光照充足,土層深厚,晝夜溫差大,適合優(yōu)質(zhì)蘋果的生產(chǎn)。地帶性土壤類型為黑壚土(系統(tǒng)分類名稱為堆墊干潤(rùn)均腐土Cumuli-Ustic Isohumosols)、塿土(系統(tǒng)分類名稱為土墊旱耕人為土Earth-cumuli-Orthic Anthrosols),插花狀分布著黃綿土(系統(tǒng)分類名稱為簡(jiǎn)育干潤(rùn)雛形土,Hapli-Ustic Cambosols)。自20世紀(jì)70年代以來(lái),渭北蘋果種植面積不斷擴(kuò)大,規(guī)模效益逐步顯現(xiàn),蘋果已成為當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的主導(dǎo)產(chǎn)業(yè)和農(nóng)民收入的主要來(lái)源[7]。
1.2研究方法在位于渭北地區(qū)的洛川、白水兩地蘋果園分別選取土壤類型、地形地貌、管理水平基本一致,園齡≤10、11~15、16~20、21~25、>25 a的5個(gè)園齡蘋果園各3個(gè),長(zhǎng)期單施化肥和化肥與農(nóng)家肥配施的蘋果園各3個(gè),從未種過(guò)蘋果樹(shù)的農(nóng)田各3塊,用SC900型土壤緊實(shí)度儀分別測(cè)定0~45 cm土層的土壤緊實(shí)度。兩地同一類型的土壤緊實(shí)度測(cè)定值求平均,將其作為渭北地區(qū)土壤緊實(shí)度數(shù)據(jù)。
1.3數(shù)據(jù)處理采用Microsoft Excel 2007對(duì)試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析與處理。
2.1不同園齡對(duì)土壤緊實(shí)度的影響從圖1可以看出,渭北蘋果園土壤緊實(shí)度總體上隨園齡增加呈先下降后增加的趨勢(shì),這是由于園齡差異、樹(shù)冠隱蔽度和土壤水分蒸散能力不同導(dǎo)致土壤墑情差異。從垂直效應(yīng)看,隨著土層深度的增加,各園齡蘋果園土壤緊實(shí)度明顯增大。尤其是30~45 cm土層的土壤緊實(shí)度達(dá)到最大,說(shuō)明在垂直方向土壤緊實(shí)度主要是顆粒密實(shí)程度的作用結(jié)果,長(zhǎng)期植果導(dǎo)致深層土壤緊實(shí)化,與果園管理中黏粒與碳酸鹽的淋溶淀積有關(guān)。
有學(xué)者對(duì)制約作物根系延伸的土壤緊實(shí)度進(jìn)行了研究,當(dāng)土壤緊實(shí)度大于1 MPa時(shí),作物根系生長(zhǎng)將變緩;當(dāng)大于5 MPa時(shí),根系生長(zhǎng)基本停止[8]。Singhk等[9]研究表明,抑制根系生長(zhǎng)的機(jī)械阻力為800~5 000 kPa。以這些為判斷依據(jù),可以看出,該研究中園齡11~15和16~20 a果園10 cm以上土層,21~25和>25 a果園5 cm以上土層,≤10 a果園2.5 cm以上土層,對(duì)根系延伸無(wú)制約外,其余土層的緊實(shí)度均超過(guò)或遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)了限制根系的延伸標(biāo)準(zhǔn),須引起足夠重視。
圖1 不同園齡蘋果園土壤緊實(shí)度變化Fig.1 Soil compaction changes of different apple orchard ages
2.2不同施肥方式對(duì)土壤緊實(shí)度的影響從圖2可以看出,在長(zhǎng)期單施化學(xué)肥料和化學(xué)肥料與農(nóng)家肥配施兩種施肥方式下,渭北蘋果園0~45 cm土層內(nèi)土壤緊實(shí)度具有明顯差異。在0~30 cm土層內(nèi),兩種施肥方式下蘋果園土壤緊實(shí)度均隨土層深度的增加而急劇增大;在30~45 cm土層內(nèi),兩種施肥方式下蘋果園土壤緊實(shí)度變化不大,這與土壤黏粒的淋溶淀積和果園管理有關(guān)??傮w來(lái)看,長(zhǎng)期單施化學(xué)肥料的蘋果園土壤緊實(shí)度明顯高于化學(xué)肥料與農(nóng)家肥配施的蘋果園。這說(shuō)明化學(xué)肥料與農(nóng)家肥配施能顯著減少渭北蘋果園0~45 cm土層的緊實(shí)度,有利于根系生長(zhǎng)和延伸。
圖2 不同施肥方式下蘋果園土壤緊實(shí)度變化Fig.2 Soil compaction changes of different fertilizing methods
2.3不同種植模式對(duì)土壤緊實(shí)度的影響從圖3可以看出,在0~30 cm土層內(nèi),渭北蘋果園和農(nóng)田的土壤緊實(shí)度均隨土層深度的增加而急劇增大;在30~45 cm土層內(nèi),蘋果園和農(nóng)田的土壤緊實(shí)度變化均不大??傮w來(lái)看,蘋果園和農(nóng)田的土壤緊實(shí)度差異不明顯,說(shuō)明渭北蘋果園土壤的緊實(shí)化趨勢(shì)嚴(yán)重。
圖3 不同種植模式下蘋果園土壤緊實(shí)度變化Fig.3 Soil compaction changes of different planting patterns
渭北蘋果園土壤緊實(shí)度隨園齡增加呈先下降后增加的趨勢(shì)。在0~30 cm土層內(nèi),隨土層深度的增加,各園齡土壤緊實(shí)度急劇增大;30~45 cm土層內(nèi),各園齡土壤緊實(shí)度變化不大。蘋果園和農(nóng)田的土壤緊實(shí)度差異不明顯,說(shuō)明渭北蘋果園土壤的緊實(shí)化趨勢(shì)嚴(yán)重。長(zhǎng)期單施化學(xué)肥料的蘋果園土壤緊實(shí)度明顯高于化學(xué)肥料與農(nóng)家肥配施的蘋果園,說(shuō)明化學(xué)肥料與農(nóng)家肥配施能顯著減少渭北蘋果園0~45 cm土層的緊實(shí)度,有利于根系的生長(zhǎng)和延伸。
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Effects of Orchard Ages, Fertilizing Methods and Planting Patterns on Soil Compaction in Apple Orchards—A Case Study of Weibei Apple Orchard
LI Peng
(Guidance Center for the Development of “One Village One Brand” Campaign of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710003)
[Objective] Effects of different orchard ages, fertilizing methods and planting patterns on soil compaction in Weibei apple orchards were studied to reveal the orchard soil compaction problems in this region. [Method] Three replicates of ≤10, 11-15, 16-20, 21-25 and >25 year old orchards were selected respectively in Luochuan and Baishui of Weibei Region in Shaanxi Province. Three replicates with long-term utilization of chemical fertilizer and those with combined application of farmyard manure with chemical fertilizer were selected respectively. Three farmlands that had never planted apple trees before were selected. The soil compaction of 0-45 cm soil layer in this region was tested. The soil compaction differences among the apple orchards at different ages were also analyzed. [Result] Soil compaction of Weibei orchard soil generally changed with the increase of orchard age. In 0-30 cm soil layer, soil compaction in orchards at different ages increased dramatically with the increase of soil depth. There was only slight change of soil compaction in 30-45 cm soil layer. The difference between apple orchards and farmland in soil compaction was insignificant. The soil compaction of the apple orchards with long-term application of chemical fertilizer was significantly higher than those applying combined fertilization of chemical fertilizer and farmyard manure. [Conclusion] Soil compaction became a serious issue among Weibei apple orchards. Combined application of chemical fertilizer and farmyard manure could markedly reduce soil compaction in 0-45 cm soil layer of Weibei apple orchards, conductive to the root’s lengthening growth.
Soil compaction; Apple orchard ages; Fertilizing methods; Planting patterns; Apple orchard; Weibei Region
李鵬(1978- ),男,陜西丹鳳人,農(nóng)藝師,博士,從事果園土壤物理、土壤養(yǎng)分與土壤管理研究。
2016-06-06
S 606+.1
A
0517-6611(2016)21-098-02