江銀輝, 張 彪, 吳昌學(xué), 袁 清, 官志忠, 張婷婷**
(1.貴州醫(yī)科大學(xué) 分子生物學(xué)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室, 貴州 貴陽(yáng) 550004; 2.貴州醫(yī)科大學(xué) 生物工程學(xué)院, 貴州 貴陽(yáng) 550004)
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貴陽(yáng)市5所醫(yī)院呼吸科病房空氣中曲霉菌種類及攜帶真菌病毒調(diào)查*
江銀輝1, 張彪1, 吳昌學(xué)1, 袁清2, 官志忠1, 張婷婷2**
(1.貴州醫(yī)科大學(xué) 分子生物學(xué)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室, 貴州 貴陽(yáng)550004; 2.貴州醫(yī)科大學(xué) 生物工程學(xué)院, 貴州 貴陽(yáng)550004)
目的: 分析貴陽(yáng)市5所醫(yī)院呼吸科病房空氣中曲霉菌種類及攜帶真菌病毒的情況。方法: 采用含50 mg/L頭孢霉素的馬鈴薯葡萄糖瓊脂(PDA)平板敞口置于病房 24 h后收集平板培養(yǎng),檢測(cè)5所醫(yī)院呼吸科病房空氣中曲霉菌株;采用十六烷基三甲基溴化銨(CTAB)法提取真菌病毒DNA、纖維素吸附的方法提取菌病毒雙鏈RNA(dsRNA),瓊脂糖凝膠電泳檢測(cè)真菌病毒。結(jié)果: 共收集到曲霉菌597株,其中黃曲霉菌株467株,煙曲霉菌株90株,黑曲霉菌株40株;CTAB法未檢測(cè)到DNA病毒,纖維素吸附法檢測(cè)到dsRNA病毒,90株煙曲霉菌株中有11株含有dsRNA病毒,病毒電泳條帶類型有2種;467個(gè)黃曲霉菌株中有24株含有dsRNA病毒,病毒電泳的條帶類型有3種;40個(gè)黑曲霉菌株有9株含有dsRNA病毒,病毒電泳條帶類型只有1種。結(jié)論: 煙曲霉、黃曲霉和黑曲霉菌株中攜帶有較多dsRNA病毒。
曲霉菌; 抗真菌藥; 真菌病毒; RNA病毒; 瓊脂糖凝膠電泳; 貴陽(yáng)
[Abstract]Objective: To analyze the variety of aspergillus species in respiratory wards of 5 hospitals, and the mycoviruses in the collected aspergillus isolates. Methods: Potato dextrose agar (PDA) culture media plates containing 50 mg/L cephalosporin were placed in respiratory wards of 5 hospitals for 24 h, then the plates were collected for cultivating aspergillus isolates. Detection The aspergillus strains in air in respiratory wards of 5 hospitals was detected. DNA was extracted from fungal mycelia with the use of CTAB method, dsRNA (double strand RNA) was extracted from fungal mycelia using CF-11 cellulose column chromatography and agarose gel electrophoresis was adopted to detect mycoviruses. Result: In this research, 597 aspergillus isolates were collected, of which 467 wereA.flavusisolates, 90A.fumigatusisolates and 40A.nigerisolates. No DNA virus was detected in these isolates with CTAB method. There were dsRNA viruses in 11 isolates of 90A.fumigatusisolatesby CF-11 cellulose column chromatography, and there were 2 types of dsRNA viruses electrophoresis strip. There were dsRNA viruses in 24 isolates of 467A.flavusisolatesby CF-11 cellulose column chromatography, and there were 3 types of dsRNA viruses electrophoresis strip. There were dsRNA viruses in 9 isolates of 40A.nigerisolatesby CF-11 cellulose column chromatography, and there were only 1 type of dsRNA viruses electrophoresis strip. Conclusions:A.fumigatus,A.flavusandA.nigercarrya lot of dsRNA virus, which can provide the material for the study of related virus of the decline of aspergillus pathogenicity.
[Key words]aspergillus; antifungal agents; mycoviruses; dsRNA viruses; agarose gel electrophoresis; Guiyang
近年來(lái),隨著艾滋病等免疫受損人群的增加,腫瘤化療、糖皮質(zhì)激素和免疫抑制劑的廣泛使用,器官移植以及創(chuàng)傷性醫(yī)療操作等的增多,侵襲性真菌感染(invasive fungal infection, IFI)的發(fā)病率急劇上升,曲霉成為僅次于念珠菌的第2常見(jiàn)侵襲性真菌病病原菌,并在引起肺部感染的真菌中占首位[1-5]。目前被發(fā)現(xiàn)的曲霉屬有180余種,其中煙曲霉(A.fumigatus)是最主要的致病菌,其它還包括黃曲霉(A.flavus)、構(gòu)巢曲霉(A.nidulans)、黑曲霉(A.niger)和土曲霉(A.terreus)等[5]。煙曲霉感染的途徑主要是通過(guò)呼吸系統(tǒng),引起疾病的主要形式有過(guò)敏性支氣管肺曲菌病(allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, ABPA)、曲霉腫(Aspergilloma)及侵襲性肺曲霉病(Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, IPA)等[6-8]。因真菌和人體細(xì)胞均為真核細(xì)胞,真菌抗生素類藥物對(duì)人體的毒性更大,副作用也更強(qiáng),隨著兩性霉素B、伏立康唑、米卡芬凈等抗真菌藥物廣泛地用于臨床,使得曲霉菌的耐藥性逐年增加[9-10]。真菌病毒(fungal virus或mycovirus)是一類寄主為真菌的病毒,存在于各分類系統(tǒng)的真菌中[11-12]。部分真菌病毒的侵染能夠使宿主真菌生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育及致病性衰退(decline)或弱毒,因此真菌病毒具有治療真菌感染的潛力[13]。本研究對(duì)貴陽(yáng)市5所醫(yī)院呼吸科病房空氣中內(nèi)曲霉菌種類攜帶真菌病毒進(jìn)行調(diào)查,以期獲得具有應(yīng)用價(jià)值的真菌病毒。
1.1主要試劑
馬鈴薯葡萄糖瓊脂(PDA)培養(yǎng)基、十六烷基三甲基溴化銨(CTAB)提取緩沖液(2%CTAB,2%PVP,100 mol/L pH 8.0 Tris-HCl,25 mmol/L EDTA,2.0 mol/L NaCl),2×GPS緩沖液(甘氨酸15.0 g,Na2HPO414.2 g,NaCl 35.1 g,調(diào)節(jié)pH=9.6,加水定容至1 000 mL),10×STE(0.5 mol/L Tris,1 mol/L NaCl,10 mmol/L EDTA,pH=7.0),清洗緩沖液(10×STE 10 mL,95%乙醇17 mL,加DEPC-H2O定容至100 mL),頭孢霉素(上海生工公司),CF-11纖維素(美國(guó)Sigma公司),其它各種化學(xué)試劑為國(guó)產(chǎn)化學(xué)分析純。
1.2方法
1.2.1曲霉菌株的分離及保存于2014-2015年從貴陽(yáng)市5所醫(yī)院的呼吸科病房空氣中收集曲霉菌株。方法如下:將含有50 mg/L頭孢霉素的PDA平板敞口置于病房,離病房地面約1 m,24 h后收集平板,于37 ℃恒溫培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng),待菌落長(zhǎng)出后,挑取單個(gè)菌落,對(duì)所有成功分離獲得的菌株進(jìn)行編號(hào),并于PDA試管斜面上,4 ℃保存。
1.2.2曲霉菌菌絲的培養(yǎng)和收集將4 ℃保存的菌株,置于表面鋪有玻璃紙的PDA平板上,置于37 ℃恒溫培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)4 d后,刮取曲霉菌菌絲,于-80 ℃保存。
1.2.3真菌病毒DNA或dsRNA提取及檢測(cè)CTAB方法提取DNA,將菌絲在液氨中研磨成粉,裝入EP管中,加入65 ℃預(yù)熱的CTAB緩沖液600 μL,混勻后65 ℃水浴30 min(中間混勻1~2次);加入等體積的氯仿/異戊醇(24∶1)混勻,12 000 r/min離心10 min,取上清液(重復(fù)1次);加入2倍體積的乙醇,-20℃沉淀1 h,12 000 r/min離心10 min,收集沉淀,用75%乙醇洗2次,風(fēng)干后溶于去離子水中。纖維素吸附的方法提取dsRNA,將菌絲在液氨中研磨成粉,按每0.2 g菌絲依次加入2 × GPS 400 μL、Tris飽和酚(pH=8.0)400 μL、氯仿/異戊醇(24∶1)400 μL、10% SDS 92 μL,震蕩混勻,12 000 r/min離心10 min,取600 μL上清液加入114 μL無(wú)水乙醇和0.04 g纖維素粉,震蕩混勻,冰浴30 min;12 000 r/min離心1 min收集纖維素粉,加入600 μL清洗緩沖液,震蕩混勻,靜置3 min,12 000 r/min離心2 min,棄上清收集纖維素粉(重復(fù)1次);加入600 μL 1×STE,震蕩混勻,12 000 r/min離心5 min,取上清液,加入0.1倍體積的3 mol/L NaAc(pH=5.2)、等體積的異丙醇,-20 ℃下沉淀1 h;12 000 r/min離心15 min,收集沉淀,用75%乙醇洗1次,風(fēng)干后溶于DEPC-H2O中。用1%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳和溴化乙錠(0.5 μg/mL)染色檢測(cè)各菌株中DNA和dsRNA的片段。
2.1曲霉菌株的收集
共獲得絲狀真菌1 446株,曲霉菌株597株。其中黃曲霉菌株467株,煙曲霉菌株90株,黑曲霉菌株40株;各曲霉菌株的典型菌落和孢子頭見(jiàn)圖1,收集到的曲霉菌菌株分布見(jiàn)表1。
2.2597株曲霉菌中攜帶的真菌病毒類型
本研究未檢測(cè)到DNA病毒(圖2A),但檢測(cè)到dsRNA病毒(圖2B)。對(duì)90株煙曲霉中所含有的真菌病毒進(jìn)行檢測(cè),有11株煙曲霉含有dsRNA病毒,病毒電泳條帶類型有2種,在2~4 kbp之間有4條dsRNA片段,在1~2 kbp之間有2條dsRNA片段(圖2B泳道1和2);對(duì)467個(gè)黃曲霉菌株進(jìn)行真菌病毒檢測(cè),24個(gè)黃曲霉菌株含有dsRNA病毒,病毒電泳的條帶類型有3種,在1~2 kbp之間有3條dsRNA片段(圖2B泳道3和4),在1~3 kbp之間有4條片段(圖2B泳道5);對(duì)40個(gè)黑曲霉進(jìn)行真菌病毒檢測(cè),9個(gè)黑曲霉含有dsRNA病毒,病毒電泳條帶類型只有1種(圖2B泳道6)。
注:A為煙曲霉,B為黃曲霉,C為黑曲霉,D為煙曲霉孢子頭(初期),E為煙曲霉孢子頭(后期),F(xiàn)為黃曲霉孢子頭(初期),G為黃曲霉孢子頭(后期),H為黑曲霉孢子頭圖1 分離所得各曲霉菌的典型菌落和孢子頭形態(tài)Fig.1 The colony morphology and conidiophores form of aspergillus
采集地病房數(shù)煙曲霉黃曲霉黑曲霉醫(yī)院1131915822醫(yī)院2100152醫(yī)院3264867醫(yī)院42282693醫(yī)院52215196
在本研究中,在貴陽(yáng)市5所醫(yī)院呼吸科病房的空氣中共分離獲得597株曲霉菌,其中黃曲霉分離頻率最高,煙曲霉次之,結(jié)果與國(guó)內(nèi)研究一致[14-15]。有國(guó)外學(xué)者對(duì)醫(yī)院環(huán)境進(jìn)行監(jiān)測(cè),發(fā)現(xiàn)黑曲霉是醫(yī)院環(huán)境最常見(jiàn)曲霉,這與本研究的結(jié)果不同[16-17]。在國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者的研究中,致病力最強(qiáng)的煙曲霉反而分離頻率較低[14-17]。
真菌病毒大多數(shù)為dsRNA病毒,只有少數(shù)的DAN病毒[18-19]。本研究對(duì)597株曲霉進(jìn)行真菌病毒檢測(cè),沒(méi)有檢測(cè)到DNA病毒,但檢測(cè)到較多的dsRNA病毒。本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)有些不同的曲霉菌株含有的dsRNA病毒的片段在分子量和數(shù)量是相同的,說(shuō)明這些菌株可能攜帶同1種病毒;1個(gè)曲霉菌株中也存在多種類型的dsRNA片段,提示多種病毒可能混合侵染1個(gè)曲霉菌株。圖2泳道1和2的電泳條帶類型與煙曲霉中已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)的真菌病毒的A.fumigatuschrysovirus和A.fumigatuspartitivirus-1的條帶類型幾乎一樣,因此推斷它們可能是同一種病毒[20]。本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)其中一個(gè)病毒(圖2B泳道3)的侵染,可能導(dǎo)致黃曲霉的性狀發(fā)生變化,但是否對(duì)致病力產(chǎn)生影響,需要進(jìn)一步實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證。
綜上,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在曲霉菌中存在著較多的真菌病毒,都為dsRNA病毒,未檢出DNA病毒,為尋找曲霉菌致病力衰退相關(guān)病毒和利用病毒治療曲霉菌感染提供了dsRNA病毒研究材料。
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(2016-03-01收稿,2016-07-10修回)
中文編輯: 吳昌學(xué); 英文編輯: 劉華
Investigation of Aspergillus Varities and Carrying Mycoviruses from in Respiratory Ward Air of 5 Hospitals in Guiyang City
JIANG Yinhui1, ZHANG Biao1, WU Changxue1, YUAN Qing2, GUAN Zhizhong1, ZHANG Tingting2
(1.MolecularBiologyKeyLaboratory,GuizhouMedicalUniversity,Guiyang550004,Guizhou,China;2.CollegeofBiologicalEngineering,GuizhouMedicalUniversity,Guiyang550004,Guizhou,China)
貴州省科技廳重大專項(xiàng)[黔科合計(jì)Z字(2012)4010]; 貴州醫(yī)科大學(xué)博士啟動(dòng)基金[院博合J字(2014)035]; 貴州醫(yī)科大學(xué)2015年高等學(xué)校大學(xué)生創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)業(yè)訓(xùn)練計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(201510660044)
Email:291066032@qq.com
R519
A
1000-2707(2016)08-0907-04
10.19367/j.cnki.1000-2707.2016.08.010
**
網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版時(shí)間:2016-08-23網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版地址:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/52.5012.R.20160823.1343.038.html