刊首語

工業(yè)革命之后，城市迅速擴張，有關(guān)城市增長和自然保護的問題一直是城市研究的重要議題。如何實現(xiàn)城市對產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的推動？如何為不斷擴大的城市提供生存支持？如何在實現(xiàn)城市化發(fā)展與保護環(huán)境之間尋找平衡？如何為城市居民創(chuàng)造更加美好的生活？歷史上，這些問題促使城市研究人員根據(jù)不同時期的城市發(fā)展危機，深入思考現(xiàn)代城市的發(fā)展方式，提出了包括田園城市、光輝城市、廣畝城市、帶狀城市、指狀城市、緊湊城市、景觀都市主義、生態(tài)都市主義等一大批理想城市模型，并對城市發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了持續(xù)的影響。

城市是一個多元而動態(tài)的系統(tǒng)，需要協(xié)調(diào)一系列復(fù)雜的關(guān)系，其中最基本的就是自然系統(tǒng)和人工系統(tǒng)的關(guān)系問題。在處理這一問題上有兩個極端的方向——一個是純粹的自然保護優(yōu)先，另一個是夸張的工程技術(shù)干預(yù)。自然保護優(yōu)先的倡導(dǎo)者認(rèn)為人類城市會對自然造成破壞，在城市規(guī)劃中必須謹(jǐn)慎的利用土地，首先確保自然的形態(tài)和功能的完整性，保證對自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)干涉的最小化；而在現(xiàn)代工程干預(yù)思想的提倡者眼中，城市更多的被看作是一部“實用的機器”，可以通過工程技術(shù)的介入，為其重新建立一個人工的支撐系統(tǒng)，發(fā)揮自然的替代功能，并控制潛在的自然災(zāi)害影響。

目前來看，在城市中純粹的自然保護將面臨巨大的阻力，實施起來困難重重，其現(xiàn)實性也被廣泛的質(zhì)疑；而許多現(xiàn)代工程則完全屏蔽了自然，已經(jīng)使越來越多的城市變成自然的荒漠，環(huán)境問題日益凸現(xiàn)。這種自然保護與城市發(fā)展的矛盾迫使我們必須創(chuàng)造性地思考如何在現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟和技術(shù)條件下，在城市中重新建立人與自然的和諧關(guān)系，實現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展與自然生態(tài)保護的共贏。

風(fēng)景園林正在努力為自然在城市中尋找一個合適的落腳點。協(xié)調(diào)這兩個系統(tǒng)的關(guān)鍵問題是：在快速城市化過程中，如何減少人類活動對自然環(huán)境的負(fù)面影響？如何讓自然的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)功能為城市帶來更多的利益？未來的生態(tài)城市將突破自然與工程的界限，在城市中通過工程技術(shù)的介入來更好地管理和經(jīng)營自然，并將自然融入城市的各類建筑和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，探索二者之間更具創(chuàng)造性的融合模式，構(gòu)建一個新的“城市自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)”。

圍繞這些問題，我們也許可以從以下這幾個方面來尋找答案。

城市與自然的共生需要一定的生存智慧。在中國幾千年的發(fā)展歷史中，產(chǎn)生過相當(dāng)數(shù)量的人工系統(tǒng)與自然系統(tǒng)緊密融合的傳統(tǒng)生態(tài)城市，積累了大量寶貴的建設(shè)經(jīng)驗。在快速城市化過程中，這些凝聚了傳統(tǒng)生態(tài)智慧的城市特征正在不斷地喪失，取而代之的是由現(xiàn)代工程手段帶來的雷同的建設(shè)模式。重新挖掘這些智慧，結(jié)合現(xiàn)代城市的功能需求，探索將其運用到當(dāng)今的城市建設(shè)之中，將為生態(tài)城市建設(shè)提供寶貴經(jīng)驗。

現(xiàn)代城市發(fā)展面臨著土地資源緊張的問題，生態(tài)建設(shè)需要從城市的存量空間中尋找潛力。今天的城市空間正在被重新定義，過去被忽視、未充分利用、遭廢棄、被污染和需要進行產(chǎn)業(yè)更新的空間都可以被重新激活，通過風(fēng)景園林的手段賦予其新的城市功能和生態(tài)功能。人工與自然在這些空間中可以依托現(xiàn)代技術(shù)實現(xiàn)更加深度的融合。

彈性城市是一種未來的城市建設(shè)趨勢。長期以來城市的動態(tài)性一直被忽視，其中所蘊藏的大量能源、物質(zhì)和生態(tài)流都被抑制，需要將城市重新看作一個復(fù)雜的有機體，更好的認(rèn)識這種變化特征，迎合和引導(dǎo)變化使其朝向更利于城市增長和生態(tài)健康的方向發(fā)展，構(gòu)建一個具有生態(tài)適應(yīng)性的彈性城市。

城市是人類發(fā)展的進步，城市化是一種必然趨勢。我們需要不斷地探索如何在現(xiàn)代城市中重建經(jīng)濟、生態(tài)、社會和文化等多元價值的動態(tài)平衡。這是生態(tài)城市的核心，也是決定它是否可以真正持續(xù)存在的關(guān)鍵。

編輯部

2016年5月18日

With rapid urban sprawl， the problem between natural area conservation and the urban zone growth has been a core issue in urban research from the Industrial Revolution. Urban development how to drive the economy growth？ We how to support such on-going urbanizations？ How to create the better quality of life for residents？ Depending on the individual crisis generated from different periods of urban development， we raised the various modes for modern city to develop to， including garden city， linear city， compact city， landscape urbanism and ecological urbanism. These ideal city models make a great impact on urban evolution without doubt.

City is a complex system， which would coordinate multiple relationships. The issue between the natural systems and artificial system will definitely is one of the most basic one. Basically， we will provide two means: one is the completely natural protection priority， the other one is the fully engineering technical intervention. For the former one， the advocates proposed the designer must be careful using of land in the urban planning due to construction influences the natural environment. Designers have to make sure the integrity of the natural form and function， to minimize the impact on the natural ecological system. However for another side， they pointed that treat the city as a “practical machine”， which through the engineering technology， could re-establish an artificial support system to be an alternative for natural system. The same， control the potential of natural disasters.

Currently， it is very difficult to carry out the nature conservation rules completely while the city is in construction. How to protect the ecological conditions has been widely questioned by the industry. Yet， a large number of engineering projects ignore the natural context， raising diverse environmental problems. Such a pressing issue pushes us to innovatively consider about how to re-establish the harmonious relationship between man and nature in the modern economy and technology. Achieve urban sustainable development and green economy.

The landscape architecture discipline will play a critical role in balancing urban construction and natural conservation. The key points we must concern are how to reduce the negative impact of human activities on the natural environment especially in such rapid urbanization context； and how to make the natural ecosystem better service for the city future. Building an ecological city， we will break the boundary line and connect the nature with engineering technique. In the urban development， utilize the engineering technology to help manage on the natural resources more effectively，and lead natural items could blend into the various types of buildings in the city， along with the urban infrastructure constructions. We will find out an innovative approach on combination these two， accomplishing a fresh urban ecological system.

Given all of this， in the sections that follow we will try briefly to propose the solutions.

Apparently， it must accumulate a wealth of knowledge and wisdom to make city cooperate harmoniously with the natural context. Among the several thousand years development history in China， we have gained rich experiences and have successfully developed a considerable traditional ecological cities that integrate well with their natural systems. Nevertheless， such unique ability and valuable experience on how to build an ecological city is gradually lose due to the rapid urbanization. Instead， by means of current modern engineering techniques， create lots of repetitive construction projects. As an urban planner， we have the obligation to retrieve and learn how to fulfill currently functional requirements of city， to apply it to today's urban construction and provide valuable references for establishing the ecological city in the near-future.

Increasing land resources issue is facing the urban development at present. The ecological construction has to seek for the opportunities within the limited urban space. Today's urban spatial composition has obviously been re-built. No wonder that the neglected land， underutilized district， abandoned or even contaminated zones will update and would be re-activated by landscape planning and sending them the new roles and ecological functions. To rely on the modern technology， human and the nature get a closer connection with each other.

It is a necessary trend for urban future， turning to grow the resilient city. For a long time， the city contains a large amount of energy sources， substances and ecological flow that all were suppressed to some extent. As said， treat the city as a complex system and recognize its characteristic. Drive the changing trends toward the ecological health and more sustainable direction， to build a city with the adaptability of ecological resilience.

Urban civilization is the progress of human development and the urbanization is an inevitable result. We are asked to constantly study on how to balance the multi-values across economy， ecology， society and culture in modern city. Eventually， performing these will lead significant implications for building ecological city and promoting sustainable development in the future.

May 18, 2016

Editorial Office

PREFACE