建筑設(shè)計(jì)：熱帶空間

居住獎(jiǎng)：白蟻穴住宅，峴港市，越南

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：熱帶空間

白蟻穴住宅位于越南的重要港口城市峴港。峴港市因占婆古國的燒結(jié)磚塔遺址而聞名。建筑師的靈感來源于該地區(qū)白蟻建造的獨(dú)特巢穴。住宅圍繞一個(gè)寬敞的公共空間為中心，在這里布置了廚房、餐桌以及游戲吧。這個(gè)類似“門廳”的空間可以通向不同的功能區(qū)，例如衛(wèi)生間、起居室和臥室。所有房間之間的連接都巧妙而舒適。在夾層還有另一間臥室、祈禱室以及一間小圖書室。閣樓是一個(gè)開敞的休憩區(qū)，周圍垂掛著葡萄藤。這座住宅為三口之家設(shè)計(jì)，除了祈禱室和臥室外不需要太多的隔墻。同時(shí)，在住宅中的共享區(qū)域，家庭成員們還能通過墻上的孔洞彼此看到并交談，孔洞的排布看似隨機(jī)，實(shí)際則像真正的白蟻穴那樣合乎科學(xué)。

住宅的主要材料為燒結(jié)磚，它是該地區(qū)的一種傳統(tǒng)材料，同時(shí)也是建造神秘古老的占婆佛塔的材料。室內(nèi)屋頂由清水混凝土澆筑，地板則覆以深色水磨石。所有家具都是用老房子屋頂?shù)哪静闹谱鞯模@大大降低了住宅的實(shí)際造價(jià)。

由于墻體完全由燒結(jié)磚砌筑，住宅在夏季十分涼爽，因?yàn)檫@種磚能夠在一定程度上調(diào)控整座住宅的濕度?！半p層皮”的獨(dú)特建造技術(shù)在外部采用磚墻，內(nèi)部采用鋁框玻璃幕墻，由此就在墻體間形成一個(gè)空間，作為兩層山墻之間的緩沖區(qū)。另外，將廁所和儲(chǔ)物間沿著墻體布置的設(shè)計(jì)，不僅有利于阻擋暴雨季節(jié)的強(qiáng)風(fēng)，而且引導(dǎo)氣流通過縫隙直通屋頂。這是由極大的壓力差導(dǎo)致的。屋頂上，建筑師通過反梁樓板體系，創(chuàng)造出一片可以種植植物的小花園，這個(gè)空間將是全家人在悶熱的夏季納涼休憩的理想去處。

穿孔磚墻以及較大層高的特殊設(shè)計(jì)，將風(fēng)和光線引入住宅的每個(gè)角落，包括那些最難以到達(dá)的區(qū)域。在起居室、餐桌或是廚房，主人們還能欣賞白天的碧空，或是夜晚的月光。每天的不同時(shí)候，從層間墻的空隙穿入的光線變換著強(qiáng)度，使磚墻在早上看是淺紅色，中午是正紅色，下午是深紅色，傍晚時(shí)分則接近紫色。

在薄暮及夜晚，住宅宛如一盞巨大的燈籠，透過四處的孔洞閃爍著微光。周圍的磚墻裝點(diǎn)著一些粗糙的磚，從而形成陰影。每一塊半燒透的磚的形狀及顏色，都因此而煥發(fā)出迷人的魅力。

此外同樣重要的是，設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)希望通過使用當(dāng)?shù)爻Ｓ貌牧弦约皞鹘y(tǒng)建造技術(shù)，為當(dāng)下及未來的居住空間營造帶去不同的視角和方法。白蟻穴住宅能夠真正“自呼吸”，這源自自然通風(fēng)及自然采光的設(shè)計(jì)。更關(guān)鍵的是，我們?cè)谧畲蟪潭壬瞎?jié)約了建筑造價(jià)。同樣的模式可以應(yīng)用到峴港市更多的中等收入家庭的郊區(qū)住宅，或拓展到全世界氣候相似的熱帶地區(qū)。（黃華青 譯）

2　立面細(xì)部/Detail of the facade

The Termitary House was built in Da Nang，a central coastal city of Vietnam. Da Nang is wellknown for the remains of Champa baked-brick Towers. Inspired by the termites’ special ability to build their nests in the local area， the architect has designed the house with a large sharing space in the center where a cooking counter， a dining table， and an entertaining corner are found. This "lobby" then leads to different functional areas in the house such as the rest room， the living room， and the bedrooms. All are connected artistically and comfortably. The mezzanine is where another bedroom， an altar room， and a small library are found. The attic is an open relaxing area with curtains of vines. Designed for three people， the house does not need a lot of partitions except the ones for the altar room and the bedrooms. Meanwhile， in the sharing areas in the house， the family members can still see and chat to each other through the walls with holes arranged as randomly but scientifically as in an actual termitary.

The house is mainly built with baked bricks， the traditional material in the local area. They are the very material to have been used for the construction of the mysterious ancient Champa towers. The ceilings are casted with original concrete， and the floors are covered with terrazzo in dark colors. All furniture is made with the timber from the roof of the old house， which helps make the total actual cost of the construction a significant saving.

That the walls are entirely built with baked bricks makes the house cool in the summer； for this kind of bricks can function as a certain factor to keep the entire house humid. The special constructing technique of "double skins" with two layers of one brick wall covering outside and one glass-aluminum frame inside creates a space within a wall， which functions as a buffer layer at both gables. Besides，the arrangement of the toilets and the storage rooms along the walls not only helps block the strong winds during the stormy season but also leads them towards and through the gaps straight to the roof. This is due to the remarkable difference in pressure. On the roof， architects use a system of girders and upside down floors to create a small garden for plants – an ideal place for the whole family to relax and enjoy thebreeze during the hot and muggy summer days.

The special design of the baked-brick walls with a lot of holes， together with the large interfloor space， allows breeze and light to get to all the corners of the house， even the hardest-to-access areas. The house owners are also able to enjoy the blue sky during the daytime or the moonlight nighttime from the living room， the dining table or the kitchen. At different times during the day， the variety of the light intensity getting through the inter-floor holes makes the brick wall colors change，from the light red in the morning， red at noon， to dark red in the afternoon and more purple in the late afternoon and early evening.

In the evening and at night， the house looks like a giant lantern with lights here and there from the holes. The surrounding brick walls are decorated with some rough bricks to make shadows. This improve the beauty and charm of every single samelbrick regarding its own shape and color.

Last but not least， the design team wants to bring a different perspective to the process of organizing living space in the present and the future by using local popular materials and traditional construction techniques. The Termitary House can truly "selfbreathing" due to self-ventilation and natural lighting. And most importantly， the cost of construction is maximal saving. This model can be applied to build houses for families in the suburban areas and who have average income in Da Nang City of Viet Nam and tropical climates around the world.

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and data

客戶/Client: 私人/Private

建筑用途/Building's Purpose: 獨(dú)戶住宅/Single-family house

責(zé)任建筑師/Architect In Charge: Nguyen Hai Long

項(xiàng)目建筑師/Project Architects: Phan Quang Vinh， Tran Thi Ngu Ngon， Trinh Thanh Tu

基地面積/Site Area: 190m2

建筑面積/Usable Floor Area: 80m2

層數(shù)/Number of Floors: 2 （1首層，1夾層/1 ground floor， 1 mezzanine）

投資總額/Total Investment Cost: $27，000

施工造價(jià)/Construction Cost: $22，000

室內(nèi)裝修造價(jià)/Interior Decoration Cost: $5000

磚材類型/Brick Type: 實(shí)心磚/Solid bricks

建造周期/Construction Period: 2014.04 – 2014.08

攝影/Photos: Oki Hiroyuki

3　夜景/Night view

4　剖面/Section

評(píng)委評(píng)語

勞拉·安德烈尼：白蟻穴住宅是一座為核心家庭設(shè)計(jì)的住宅。它的結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，但對(duì)于磚的設(shè)計(jì)十分獨(dú)特。建筑師對(duì)于磚的使用遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出了純粹的審美范疇，是對(duì)建筑項(xiàng)目所面臨的諸多額外挑戰(zhàn)的回應(yīng)。首先，磚是該地區(qū)的傳統(tǒng)建筑材料，這體現(xiàn)了對(duì)文脈的尊重。其次，它也是對(duì)越南氣候的恰當(dāng)回應(yīng)。建筑師專門設(shè)計(jì)了由磚墻和鋁合金玻璃幕墻組成的雙層幕墻體系，形成一個(gè)氣腔來應(yīng)對(duì)極端的氣候變化。最后，磚表皮形成了迷人的光影效果，對(duì)于居住者或是晚上走過的路人都是美妙的視覺享受。（黃華青 譯）

Jury Statement

Laura Andreini: The Termitary house is designed for a single family. Though it has a simple structure， its focus on bricks is very special， and their use is much more than a purely aesthetic decision. The choice of material is an answer to numerous challenges that must be solved in an architectural project. The house shows respect for the context， as brick is the traditional building material in the region. In addition，brick is used in order to provide an appropriate response to the Vietnamese climate. The purpose-built double facade， comprised of aluminum， glass， and two layers of brick creates a voided space that counteracts the extreme variations in climate. Lastly， the surface brickwork makes for fascinating plays of light that delight not only the residents inside， but also those who happen to pass by from outside at night.

5　內(nèi)景/Interior view

6　首層平面/Floor 0 plan

評(píng)論

韓孟臻：該設(shè)計(jì)呈現(xiàn)出一類基于發(fā)現(xiàn)與詮釋的創(chuàng)新：建筑師基于專業(yè)素養(yǎng)敏銳地發(fā)現(xiàn)了蘊(yùn)藏于當(dāng)?shù)厮究找姂T之中的設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)會(huì)，并在低技術(shù)條件下，使用當(dāng)?shù)夭牧希蛡虍?dāng)?shù)毓そ?，用符合設(shè)計(jì)行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的語言進(jìn)行重新詮釋，發(fā)展出由全球化所定義的地域主義建筑。這種基于全球化視野與在地發(fā)現(xiàn)的創(chuàng)新，也使人聯(lián)想起中國方興未艾的“鄉(xiāng)建”大潮。然而，這種源于當(dāng)?shù)氐脑O(shè)計(jì)，是否與居住者的日常生活具有真正的關(guān)聯(lián)呢？抑或借助“建構(gòu)”的手段，提供了符合他者關(guān)于地域主義建筑想象的圖景。當(dāng)使用者的生活也因全球化而傾向于一致，并不再迷信建筑師推送的“生活模式”時(shí)，源于生活的住宅設(shè)計(jì)創(chuàng)新，相比基于發(fā)現(xiàn)地方材料與工藝的再詮釋而言，的確困難得多。

Comments

HAN Mengzhen: This innovative design is based on discovery and construction. Professional architects have discovered a new design opportunity among the commonly-found vernacular. They utilize low-tech， local materials， hire local craftsmen， and construct to a professional standard， in order to create regionalist architecture in the current age of globalization. This innovation is founded on an international perspective， combined with local material exploration， and can be associated with the growing trend of rural construction in China. However， does this regionally-inspired design really connect to the daily life of local residents？Or does this kind of design provide merely an image of regionalist architecture to others？ When the users' life becomes assimilated due to globalization， and the belief in a particular mode of life which was advocated by architects is halted， innovation in residential design inspired from everyday life is certainly more difficult than innovation that is based on discovery of local materials and technology.

青鋒：整個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)的核心是以磚這種傳統(tǒng)材料應(yīng)對(duì)熱帶氣候的挑戰(zhàn)。磚靈活的砌筑方式使得墻體可以獲得不同程度的通透性。當(dāng)光線穿過孔洞在墻面上留下一行行光斑，你會(huì)意識(shí)到磚的砌筑其實(shí)是一種編織，在厚重與輕盈之間，磚并沒有被束縛。建筑師熟練地駕馭了混凝土、木頭與玻璃等輔助性材質(zhì)，這給予這個(gè)小建筑路易·康一般的清晰性。但這也有相應(yīng)的代價(jià)，潔凈的秩序與日常的柴米油鹽之間如何調(diào)和？此外，出于常識(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，我們也會(huì)擔(dān)心一個(gè)沒有空調(diào)的建筑是否能像建筑師所介紹的那樣在熱帶提供良好的居住環(huán)境。建筑師對(duì)完美的執(zhí)著不應(yīng)被指責(zé)，但是路易·康也提醒我們，服務(wù)空間與被服務(wù)空間同樣重要，在這個(gè)建筑中，這一方面似乎并沒有得到足夠的重視。

QING Feng: The core purpose of this design is to utilize traditional brick materials to meet the challenges of a tropical climate. The flexible usage of masonry offers varying degrees of permeability. When natural light enters through the wall cavities and renders a pattern of lights on the wall， one realizes the brickwork resembles a kind of weaving， simultaneously thick， light and unrestricted. The architect has masterly managed the secondary materials including concrete，wood and glass， which allows this small building to possess clarity， much like Louis Khan's architectural style. However， every coin has two sides. How can we coordinate a neat design with our messy daily life？ Furthermore， from a practical standpoint， we would worry that this building， devoid of air-conditioning， could provide a decent living environment in the tropics， as its architect intended. An architects' pursuit of perfection should not be criticized. However， Khan reminded us that a service space ought to be as important as a serviced space. In this case，the Mr. Kahn's view seems to have been disregarded.

Category Winner in Residential Use: Termitary House， Da Nang City， Vietnam， 2014

Architects: Tropical Space